R. Hiya opened a discourse on the text: The king by justice establisheth the land; but he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it (Prov. 29, 4). ‘When God’, he said, ‘created the upper world, He so constituted it as to send forth celestial radiations in all directions, and He created the upper heaven and the upper earth in such a way that they should provide for the sustenance of the lower denizens.
The “king” here is an allusion to the Holy One, blessed be He, while “justice” signifies Jacob, who forms the basis of the world, since the basis of the world is justice, which establishes the earth with all requirements and provides for its sustenance.
Alternatively, the “king” is the Holy One, blessed be He, while “justice” refers to Joseph, who established the land, as it is written: “And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph to buy corn”; God chose for Himself Jacob, He caused Joseph to be ruler over the land.’
R. Jose said: ‘The “king” signifies Joseph, while the words “by justice establisheth the land” allude to Jacob, seeing that before Jacob arrived in Egypt the existence of the people was jeopardized by the famine; but as soon as Jacob set foot in Egypt the famine ceased through his merits and the world was made secure.
Alternatively, the king who by justice establisheth the land is exemplified in King David, of whom it is written: “and David executed justice and righteousness unto all his people” (II Sam. 8, 15); for David thereby upheld the world, which was preserved after him for the sake of his merits. “But he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it”: this is exemplified in Rehoboam.
For God for the sake of the righteous withholds punishment even when it has been decreed against the world; hence, during David’s lifetime the land was upheld and after his death it was preserved for his sake, as we read: “and I will defend the city for mine own sake, and for my servant David’s sake” (II Kings 20, 6). Similarly, during the lifetime of Jacob, as well as that of Joseph, no punishment was enforced against the world.
Again, “he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it” is exemplified in Pharaoh, inasmuch as by hardening his heart before God he brought ruin on the land of Egypt, whereas before the land was preserved through Joseph in conjunction with Pharaoh’s dreams.
AND, BEHOLD, THERE CAME UP OUT OF THE RIVER SEVEN KINE, WELL FAVOURED AND FATFLESHED; AND THEY FED IN THE REED GRASS. The river is mentioned because from it all the lower grades receive their blessings. For the (supernal) stream which flows perpetually waters and feeds the whole, and Joseph was himself the river by means of which the whole of Egypt was blessed.
By that (upper) river seven grades are irrigated and blessed, they being “well favoured and fatfleshed”, AND THEY FED IN THE REED GRASS (ahu). The word aku (meadow, or brotherhood) signifies that there is no separation between them. The number seven has everywhere a similar symbolism, e.g. the seven maidens and the seven chamberlains mentioned in the Book of Esther (Esther 2, 9; I, 10).
R. Isaac said that the seven good kine symbolize the superior grades, and the seven lean and ill-favoured kine other and lower grades; the former of the side of holiness, and the latter of the side of defilement.
SEVEN EARS OF CORN. R. Judah said: ‘The first seven ears were good, as they came from the right side, of which it is written “that it was good” (Gen. 1, 4), and the second seven were ill, as being lower than the others; the first ones proceeded from the side of purity, and the others from the side of impurity. They all symbolized two series of grades corresponding with each other; and Pharaoh saw them all in his dream.
R. Jesse remarked: ‘Can it indeed be that the wicked Pharaoh was shown all these?’ R. Judah in reply said: ‘He only saw their counterparts rising in a corresponding series: he saw this through the medium of the lower grades.
For, as we have learnt, what a man is shown in a dream corresponds to his own character, and his soul ascends just so far as to obtain for him the information suitable for his grade. Pharaoh thus saw as far as he was permitted to, see and no more.’
AND IT CAME TO PASS AT THE END. R. Hizkiah quoted here the verse: To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven (Eccl. 3, 1). ‘For every thing that the Almighty has made in the lower world,’ he said, ‘He has appointed a fixed term and limit. He has appointed a time for light and for darkness. He has fixed a term for the light of the other nations who are now the rulers of the world; and a term for the darkness of the exile of Israel who are now subjected to their rule. And so there is a term for every purpose in the lower world.’
According to another explanation, the word ‘eth (time) is the name of an angelic power charged to see that everything takes place at its appointed time.
וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁנָתַיִם. רִבִּי חִיָּיא פָּתַח וְאֲמַר, (משלי כ״ט:ד׳) מֶלֶךְ בַּמִּשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ וְאִישׁ תְּרוּמוֹת יֶהֶרְסֶנָּה, תָּא חֲזֵי, כַּד בָּרָא קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא עַלְמָא עִלָּאָה, אַתְקִין כֹּלָּא כְּדְקָא יְאוּת, וְאַפִּיק נְהוֹרִין עִלָּאִין מְנַהֲרִין לְכָל סִטְרִין, וְכֹלָּא אִיהוּ חַד. וּבָרָא שָׁמַיִם דִלְעֵילָא וְאֶרֶץ דִּלְעֵילָא, לְאִתְתַּקְנָא כֻּלְּהוּ כְּחֲדָא, לְתוֹעַלְתָּא דְתַתָּאֵי.
R. Hiya opened a discourse on the text: The king by justice establisheth the land; but he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it (Prov. 29, 4). ‘When God’, he said, ‘created the upper world, He so constituted it as to send forth celestial radiations in all directions, and He created the upper heaven and the upper earth in such a way that they should provide for the sustenance of the lower denizens.
תָּא חֲזֵי, מֶלֶךְ בַּמִּשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ. מַאן מֶלֶךְ, דָּא קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא. בַּמִּשְׁפָּט, דָּא יַעֲקֹב, דְּאִיהוּ קִיּוּמָא דְאַרְעָא. וְעַל דָּא, ו' אִתְּזָן מִן ה' עִלָּאָה, ה' תַּתָּאָה אִתְּזָנַת מִן ו', דְּקִיּוּמָא דְאַרְעָא אִיהוּ בְּמִשְׁפָּט. דְּהָא מִשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרְץ בְּכָל תִּקּוּנוֹי, וְזָן לָהּ.
The “king” here is an allusion to the Holy One, blessed be He, while “justice” signifies Jacob, who forms the basis of the world, since the basis of the world is justice, which establishes the earth with all requirements and provides for its sustenance.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֶלֶךְ, דָּא קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא. בַּמִּשְׁפָּט, דָּא יוֹסֵף. יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית מ״א:נ״ז) וְכָל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה לִשְׁבּוֹר אֶל יוֹסֵף. וּבְגִין דְּקוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אִתְרָעֵי בֵּיהּ בְּיַעֲקֹב, עֲבַד לֵיהּ לְיוֹסֵף שַׁלִּיטָא עַל אַרְעָא.
Alternatively, the “king” is the Holy One, blessed be He, while “justice” refers to Joseph, who established the land, as it is written: “And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph to buy corn”; God chose for Himself Jacob, He caused Joseph to be ruler over the land.’
רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמַר, מֶלֶךְ, דָּא יוֹסֵף. בַּמִּשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ, דָּא יַעֲקֹב. דְּהָא עַד לָא אֲתָא יַעֲקֹב לְמִצְרַיִם, לָא הֲוָה קִיּוּמָא בְּאַרְעָא, מִגּוֹ כַּפְנָא. כֵּיוָן דְּאֲתָא יַעֲקֹב לְמִצְרַיִם, בִּזְכוּתֵיהּ אִסְתַּלַּק כַּפְנָא, וְאִתְקְיַּים אַרְעָא.
R. Jose said: ‘The “king” signifies Joseph, while the words “by justice establisheth the land” allude to Jacob, seeing that before Jacob arrived in Egypt the existence of the people was jeopardized by the famine; but as soon as Jacob set foot in Egypt the famine ceased through his merits and the world was made secure.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֶלֶךְ בַּמִּשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ, דָּא דָּוִד מַלְכָּא, דִּכְתִיב, (שמואל ב ח׳:ט״ו) וַיְהִי דָּוִד עוֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה לְכָל עַמּוֹ, וְאִיהוּ קִיֵּים אַרְעָא, וּבִזְכוּתֵיהּ קָיְימָא לְבָתַר דְּנָא. וְאִישׁ תְּרוּמוֹת יֶהֶרְסֶנָּה, דָּא רְחַבְעָם.
Alternatively, the king who by justice establisheth the land is exemplified in King David, of whom it is written: “and David executed justice and righteousness unto all his people” (II Sam. 8, 15); for David thereby upheld the world, which was preserved after him for the sake of his merits. “But he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it”: this is exemplified in Rehoboam.
תָּא חֲזֵי, קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא בְּגִינֵיהוֹן דְּצַדִּיקַיָא, אַף עַל גַּב דְּפוּרְעֲנוּתָא אִתְגְּזַר עַל עַלְמָא, מִתְעַכְּבָא בְּגִינֵיהוֹן וְלָא שָׁלְטָא עַל עַלְמָא. כָּל יוֹמוֹי דְּדָוִד מַלְכָּא אִתְקָיְימָא אַרְעָא בְּגִינֵיהּ, לְבָתַר דְּמִית אִתְקָיְימָא בִּזְכוּתֵיהּ. דִּכְתִיב, (מלכים ב כ׳:ו׳) וְגַנּוֹתִי עַל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת לְהוֹשִׁיעָהּ לְמַעֲנִי וּלְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדִּי. כְּגַוְונָא דָּא, כָּל יוֹמוֹי דְיַעֲקֹב וְכָל יוֹמוֹי דְיוֹסֵף, לָא שָׁלְטָא פּוּרְעֲנוּתָא בְּעַלְמָא.
For God for the sake of the righteous withholds punishment even when it has been decreed against the world; hence, during David’s lifetime the land was upheld and after his death it was preserved for his sake, as we read: “and I will defend the city for mine own sake, and for my servant David’s sake” (II Kings 20, 6). Similarly, during the lifetime of Jacob, as well as that of Joseph, no punishment was enforced against the world.
תָּא חֲזֵי, מֶלֶךְ בַּמִּשְׁפָּט יַעֲמִיד אֶרֶץ, דָּא יוֹסֵף. וְאִישׁ תְּרוּמוֹת יֶהֶרְסֶנָּה, דָּא פַּרְעֹה. דְּהָא בְּגִין דְּאַקְשֵׁי לִבֵּיהּ לְגַבֵּי דְּקוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא, חָרִיב אַרְעָא דְמִצְרַיִם. וּבְקַדְמִיתָא עַל יְדָא דְיוֹסֵף אִתְקְיַּים אַרְעָא בְּהַהוּא חֶלְמָא דְּחָלַם. דִּכְתִיב, וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים וְגו'.
Again, “he that exacteth gifts overthroweth it” is exemplified in Pharaoh, inasmuch as by hardening his heart before God he brought ruin on the land of Egypt, whereas before the land was preserved through Joseph in conjunction with Pharaoh’s dreams.
וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ וְגו'. רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר פָּתַח וְאֲמַר, (תהילים י״ח:מ״ז) חַי יְיָ וּבָרוּךְ צוּרִי וְיָרוּם אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׁעִי. אֱלוֹהֵי כְּתִיב, בְּוי"ו. הַאי קְרָא אִית לְאִסְתַּכָּלָא בֵּיהּ. חַי יְיָ, דָּא חַי צַדִּיקָא יְסוֹדָא דְעַלְמָא, דְּאִקְרֵי חַי דְעָלְמִין. וּבָרוּךְ צוּרִי, דָּא (ס"א הוד) הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהילים קמ״ד:א׳) בָּרוּךְ יְיָ צוּרִי, וְדָא עַלְמָא דְאִתְקְיַּים עֲלֵיהּ צַדִּיקָא דָא. וְיָרוּם אֱלהֵי יִשְׁעִי. וְיָרוּם דָּא עַלְמָא עִלָּאָה. אֱלוֹהֵי בְּוא"ו, דָּא שָׁמַיִם, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (תהלים קטז) הַשָּׁמַיִם שָׁמַיִם לַיְיָ.
תָּא חֲזֵי, (כמה דאת אמר) (תהילים ס״ח:כ׳) בָּרוּךְ אֲדֹנָ"י יוֹם יוֹם יַעֲמָס לָנוּ. בָּרוּךְ אֲדֹנָ"י, בְּאָלֶ"ף דָּלֶ"ת נוּ"ן יוּ"ד, וְהַאי קְרָא רָזָא דְּחָכְמְתָא אִיהוּ. יוֹם יוֹם, אֵלּוּ שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים וּפַרְעֹה חוֹלֵם וְהִנֵּה עוֹמֵד עַל הַיְאוֹר, רָזָא אִיהוּ, כְּמָה דְאִתְּמָר דָּא יוֹסֵף. דְּנָהָר (ס"א דכל נהר) דָּא, יוֹסֵף הַצַּדִּיק הוּא.
וְהִנֵּה מִן הַיְאוֹר עוֹלוֹת שֶׁבַע פָּרוֹת יְפוֹת מַרְאֶה וּבְרִיאוֹת בָּשָׂר וַתִּרְעֶינָה בָּאָחוּ. וְהִנֵּה מִן הַיְאוֹר, דְּהָא מִנָּהָר דָּא אִתְבָּרְכָאן כָּל אִינוּן דַּרְגִּין דִּלְתַתָּא. בְּגִין דְּהַהוּא נָהָר דְּנָגִיד וְנָפִיק, אִיהוּ אַשְׁקֵי וְזָן לְכֹלָּא. וְיוֹסֵף אִיהוּ נָהָר, לְאִתְבָּרְכָא כָּל אַרְעָא דְמִצְרַיִם בְּגִינֵיהּ.
AND, BEHOLD, THERE CAME UP OUT OF THE RIVER SEVEN KINE, WELL FAVOURED AND FATFLESHED; AND THEY FED IN THE REED GRASS. The river is mentioned because from it all the lower grades receive their blessings. For the (supernal) stream which flows perpetually waters and feeds the whole, and Joseph was himself the river by means of which the whole of Egypt was blessed.
וְתָּא חֲזֵי, הַהוּא נָהָר, שֶׁבַע דַּרְגִין אִתְשַׁקְיָין וְאִתְבָּרְכָן מִנֵּיהּ, וְאִלֵּין אִינוּן יְפוֹת מַרְאֶה וּבְרִיאוֹת בָּשָׂר. וַתִּרְעֶינָה בָּאָחוּ, בְּחִבּוּרָא בְּאַחְוָותָא דְּלָא אִשְׁתַּכַּח בְּהוּ פִּירוּדָא. וְכֻלְּהוּ לְשַׁבָּחָא קָיְימִין, דְּהָא כָּל הַנֵּי דַרְגִּין שֶׁבַע דְּקָאֲמָרָן, רָזָא אִיהוּ. כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר, (אסתר ב׳:ט׳) וְאֵת שֶׁבַע הַנְּעָרוֹת הָרְאוּיוֹת לָתֵת לָהּ מִבֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ וְגו'. וְעַל דָּא שֶׁבַע פָּרוֹת יְפוֹת מַרְאֶה, וְלָקֳבֵל דָּא כְּתִיב שִׁבְעַת הַסָּרִיסִים הַמְשָׁרְתִים אֶת פְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וְגו'.
By that (upper) river seven grades are irrigated and blessed, they being “well favoured and fatfleshed”, AND THEY FED IN THE REED GRASS (ahu). The word aku (meadow, or brotherhood) signifies that there is no separation between them. The number seven has everywhere a similar symbolism, e.g. the seven maidens and the seven chamberlains mentioned in the Book of Esther (Esther 2, 9; I, 10).
רִבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר, שֶׁבַע פָּרוֹת הַטּוֹבוֹת, דַּרְגִּין אִינוּן עִלָּאִין עַל אָחֳרָנִין. וְשֶׁבַע הַפָּרוֹת הָרָעוֹת, דַּרְגִּין אָחֳרָנִין דִּלְתַתָּא. אִלֵּין מִסִּטְרָא דִקְדוּשָׁה, וְאִלֵּין מִסִּטְרָא דִּמְסָאֲבָא.
R. Isaac said that the seven good kine symbolize the superior grades, and the seven lean and ill-favoured kine other and lower grades; the former of the side of holiness, and the latter of the side of defilement.
שֶׁבַע הַשִּׁבֳּלִים, רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר, אִלֵּין קֳדָמָאי אִינוּן טָבִין, בְּגִין דְּאִינוּן מִסִּטְרָא דִימִינָא דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ כִּי טוֹב. וְאִלֵּין בִּישִׁין אִינוּן לְתַתָּא מִנַּיְיהוּ. שֶׁבַע הַשִּׁבֳּלִים אִינוּן מִסִּטְרָא דְּדַכְיוּ, וְאִלֵּין מִסִּטְרָא דִּמְסָאֲבוּ, וְכֻלְּהוּ דַּרְגִּין קָיְימִין אִלֵּין עַל אִלֵּין, וְאִלֵּין לָקֳבֵל אִלֵּין, וְכֻלְּהוּ קָא חָמָא פַּרְעֹה בְּחֶלְמֵיהּ.
SEVEN EARS OF CORN. R. Judah said: ‘The first seven ears were good, as they came from the right side, of which it is written “that it was good” (Gen. 1, 4), and the second seven were ill, as being lower than the others; the first ones proceeded from the side of purity, and the others from the side of impurity. They all symbolized two series of grades corresponding with each other; and Pharaoh saw them all in his dream.
אָמַר רִבִּי יֵיסָא, וְכִי לְהַהוּא חַיָּיבָא דְפַרְעֹה אַחְזְיָין לֵיהּ כָּל הַנִּי. אָמַר לֵיהּ רִבִּי יְהוּדָה, כְּגַוְונָא דִלְהוֹן חָמָא. דְּכַמָּה דַּרְגִּין עַל דַּרְגִּין, אִלֵּין לָקֳבֵל אִלֵּין, וְאִלֵּין עַל אִלֵּין, וְאִיהוּ חָמָא בְּאִינוּן דַּרְגִּין דִּלְתַתָּא.
R. Jesse remarked: ‘Can it indeed be that the wicked Pharaoh was shown all these?’ R. Judah in reply said: ‘He only saw their counterparts rising in a corresponding series: he saw this through the medium of the lower grades.
וְהָא תָּנִינָן, דְּהָא כְּמָה דְאִיהוּ בַּר נָשׁ, הָכִי אַחְזְיוּ לֵיהּ בְּחֶלְמֵיהּ, וְהָכִי חָמֵי. וְנִשְׁמָתָא הָכִי סָלְקַת לְאִשְׁתְּמוֹדְעָא. כָּל חַד וְחַד כְּפוּם דַּרְגֵּיהּ כְּדְקָא חָזֵי לֵיהּ, וּבְגִין כָּךְ פַּרְעֹה חָמָא כְּדְקָא חָזֵי לֵיהּ, וְלָא יַתִּיר:
For, as we have learnt, what a man is shown in a dream corresponds to his own character, and his soul ascends just so far as to obtain for him the information suitable for his grade. Pharaoh thus saw as far as he was permitted to, see and no more.’
וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ וְגו', רִבִּי חִזְקִיָּה פָּתַח וְאָמַר, (קהלת ג׳:א׳) לַכֹּל זְמַן וְעֵת לְכָל חֵפֶץ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם. תָּא חֲזֵי, כָּל מַה דְּעֲבַד קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לְתַתָּא, לְכֹלָּא שַׁוֵּי זִמְנָא וּזְמַן קָצוּב. זְמַן שַׁוֵּי לִנְהוֹרָא וְלַחֲשׁוֹכָא, זִמְנָא שַׁוֵּי לִנְהוֹרָא דִּשְׁאָר עַמִּין, דְּאִינוּן שָׁלְטִין הַשְׁתָּא עַל עַלְמָא. וְזִמְנָא שַׁוֵּי לַחֲשׁוֹכָא, דְּאִיהוּ גָלוּתָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל תְּחוֹת שָׁלְטָנוּתָא דִלְהוֹן. זִמְנָא שַׁוֵּי קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לְכֹלָּא, בְגִין כָּךְ לַכֹּל זְמַן וְעֵת לְכָל חֵפֶץ. מַאי וְעֵת לְכָל חֵפֶץ. זִמְנָא וְעִדָּן הוּא לְכֹלָּא, לְכָל הַהוּא רְעוּתָא דְּאִשְׁתַּכַּח לְתַתָּא.
AND IT CAME TO PASS AT THE END. R. Hizkiah quoted here the verse: To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven (Eccl. 3, 1). ‘For every thing that the Almighty has made in the lower world,’ he said, ‘He has appointed a fixed term and limit. He has appointed a time for light and for darkness. He has fixed a term for the light of the other nations who are now the rulers of the world; and a term for the darkness of the exile of Israel who are now subjected to their rule. And so there is a term for every purpose in the lower world.’
דָּבָר אַחֵר וְעֵת לְכָל חֵפֶץ, מַאי עֵת. כְּדִכְתִיב, (תהילים קי״ט:קכ״ו) עֵת לַעֲשׂוֹת לַיְיָ הֵפֵרוּ תוֹרָתֶךָ. וּכְתִיב, (ויקרא יז) וְאַל יָבֹא בְכָל עֵת אֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ. וְאִיהוּ דַרְגָּא מְמַנָּא, וְהָא אוּקְמוּהָ. וּבְגִין כָּךְ עֵת אִיהוּ מְמַנָּא, לְכָל חֵפֶץ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם. וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים, מִסִּטְרָא דְהַהוּא קֵץ דְּחשֶׁךְ חָמָא פַּרְעֹה בְּחֶלְמֵיהּ, וּמִתַּמָּן יָדַע וְאִתְגְּלִי לֵיהּ הַהוּא חֶלְמָא.
According to another explanation, the word ‘eth (time) is the name of an angelic power charged to see that everything takes place at its appointed time.