“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first of the second month, in the second year of their exodus from the land of Egypt, saying” (Numbers 1:1). “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “[Your righteousness is like the mighty mountains]; Your justice is like the great depths” (Psalms 36:7).1“Great depths” refers to punishment of the wicked. Rabbi Meir said: It is analogized to the righteous in their abode, and it is analogized to the wicked in their abode. It is analogized to the righteous in their abode: “In a good pasture I will herd them, and on the mountains of the height of Israel will be their grazing place” (Ezekiel 34:14). It is analogized to the wicked in their abode: “So said the Lord God: On the day that it descended to the grave I caused mourning; I covered the depths for it” (Ezekiel 31:15). With what are the wicked covered when they descend to the grave? It is with the depths. Ḥizkiya bar Rabbi Ḥiyya said: This vat, with what does one cover it? It is with an earthenware vessel, what it is from; just as it is from earthenware, so one covers it with earthenware. So it is with the wicked. What is written in their regard? “Their actions are in the dark, and they say: Who sees us and who knows of us?” (Isaiah 29:15). Because [their actions] are dark, the Holy One blessed be He sends them down to the grave, which is dark, and covers them with the depths that are dark, as it is stated: “And darkness upon the surface of the depths” (Genesis 1:2). That is, “Your righteousness is like the mighty mountains” – the righteousness that you bring upon the world is as conspicuous as these mountains. “Your justice is like the great depths” – the justice that You perform in this world; “the great depths” – just as the depths are concealed, so the justice that you effect is concealed. How so? When Jerusalem was destroyed, it was destroyed on the ninth of Av. When He shows it to Ezekiel, He shows it to him on the first of the month.2The prophecy in Ezekiel 26:1–2 references the destruction of Jerusalem. The date the midrash gives is the first day of the month, but it does not mention which month. The midrash is stating that God showed the Destruction to Ezekiel on a different day than it actually occurred. Why? It was so as not to reveal on which day it was destroyed. However, when He comes to exalt Israel, he reveals: which day, which place, which month, which year, which era: “[The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first of the second month, in the second year] of their exodus from the land of Egypt, saying” (Numbers 1:1). What did He say to them? “Take a census of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2).
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “You, the generation, see the word of the Lord: Have I been a wilderness for Israel or a land of deep darkness?…” (Jeremiah 2:31). The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘Because you said to Moses: “Why did you take us up from Egypt to die in the wilderness?” (Numbers 21:5). Was I like a wilderness for Israel; did I act with them like in the wilderness? The way of the world is that a king of flesh and blood who goes out to the wilderness, does he find tranquility there as he would find it in the palace, or eating or drinking? You were slaves in Egypt and I took you out of there; I lay you down on fine beds,’ as it is stated: “God led the people roundabout [vayasev] via the wilderness” (Exodus 13:18). What is vayasev?1This root can also mean to recline on a bed. The midrash interprets vayasev as a verb meaning that he caused them to recline. It is that he lay them down in the manner of kings, recumbent upon their beds. Did I not place three caretakers for them: Moses, Aaron, and Miriam? Due to the merit of Moses you would eat the manna that the holy fathers did not see, as it is stated: “He fed you the manna that you did not know, and your fathers did not know” (Deuteronomy 8:3). Due to the merit of Aaron, I surrounded you with the clouds of glory, as it is stated: “He spread a cloud like a curtain” (Psalms 105:39). How many clouds of glory surrounded Israel in the wilderness? Rabbi Hoshaya and Rabbi Yoshiya: Rabbi Yoshiya said: Five; four in the four directions, and one going before them. Rabbi Hoshaya said: Seven; four in the four directions of the heavens, one above them, one below them, and one going before them at a distance of three days, and it would strike the snakes, the scorpions, the serpents, and the boulders before them. If there was a low place, it would elevate it; if it was an elevated place, it would lower it and render it a plain, as it is stated: “Every valley will be elevated, and every mountain and hill will be lowered” (Isaiah 40:4). The well was due to the merit of Miriam, who recited song at the sea, as it is stated: “Miriam called to them: Sing to the Lord” (Exodus 15:21), and regarding the water of the well: Then Israel sang this song” (Numbers 21:17). Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Levi: A king of flesh and blood who has a province and he dispatched prominent people into it to conduct their affairs and administer their justice, who must be responsible for their sustenance? Is it not the residents of that province who must be responsible for them? But the Holy One blessed be He did not do so. Rather, he dispatched Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as it is stated: “I sent before you Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.” (Micah 6:4), and yet, it was due to their merit that [the people] were sustained. The manna was due to the merit of Moses. Know that it is due to the merit of Moses; when Moses departed, “The manna ceased on the following day” (Joshua 5:12). The clouds of glory were due to the merit of Aaron. From where do we derive it? When Aaron departed, what is written: “The spirit of the people became restive on the way” (Numbers 21:4), as the sun was beating down on them. The well was due to the merit of Miriam. What is written? “Miriam died there and was buried there” (Numbers 20:1). What is written thereafter? “There was no water for the congregation” (Numbers 20:2). Of what was the well constituted? It was a boulder. It was like a beehive, and it would roll and come with them on their journeys. When the banners would encamp and the Tabernacle would stand, that boulder would come and settle in the courtyard of the Tent of Meeting. The princes would stand over it and say: “Rise, well” (Numbers 21:17). Then I brought you the quails. “Have I been a wilderness for Israel” (Jeremiah 2:31) – did I conduct myself with you like a wilderness? Or was I “a land of deep darkness” (Jeremiah 2:31) – was it not I, by My own hand that I illuminated for you, as it is stated: “The Lord was going before them by day…[to illuminate for them]” (Exodus 13:21). Another matter: “Or a land of mapelya” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is mapelya? Did I, perhaps, say to you that I am bringing good for you and I delayed it? Mapelya is nothing other than delay, as it is states: “But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, as they ripen late [afilot]” (Exodus 9:32).2The "p" in mapelya and the "f" in afilot represent the same Hebrew letter. No matter that the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel was lacking, as Joshua said: “Nothing of all the good things that the Lord spoke to the house of Israel was lacking; everything came about” (Joshua 21:43). “Why did My people say: We separated from You [radnu]; [we will not come to You any longer]?” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is radnu? It is the language of the Mishna: One who removes [harodeh] hot bread.3Terumot 10:3. Israel said: When the bread is baked in the oven and removed from it, can it be affixed in the oven again? We were in His hand like in an oven, as it is stated: “An oven for Him in Jerusalem” (Isaiah 31:9), and He exiled us to Babylon. What more can He ask from us?4After the exile there were those who said that just as the baked bread cannot be returned to the oven, so too the exiled Israelites cannot be reconnected to God (Maharzu). Another matter: “Why did My people say: We separated from You [radnu]; we will not come to You any longer?” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is radnu? It is just as it says: “For he ruled [rodeh] the entire region beyond the river” (I Kings 5:4). They said to Him: ‘You smashed the Temple, removed Your Divine Presence from us. What do you want from us? “We will not come to You any longer.”’ He said to them: ‘If only I were in the wilderness now. Where are all the miracles that I performed on your behalf?’ Likewise He says: “Would that I would be in the wilderness, in a wayfarers’ lodge, and I would leave my people…” (Jeremiah 9:11), where I would be lauded, as it is stated: “Let the wilderness and its cities raise their voice, the villages that Kedar inhabits; rock dwellers will sing” (Isaiah 42:11). This is analogous to a prince who entered a province, and the residents of the province saw him and fled. He entered the second, and they fled from before him. He entered a city in ruins, and they greeted him and were lauding him. The prince said: This city is better than all the provinces. Here I will build a fine throne; here I will reside. So, when the Holy One blessed be He came to the sea, it fled from before Him, as it is stated: “The sea saw and fled” (Psalms 114:3), and likewise, “the mountains danced like rams” (Psalms 114:4). He came to the desolate wilderness; it greeted Him and lauded Him, as it is stated: “Let the wilderness and its cities raise their voice, with courtyards inhabited by Kedar; rock dwellers will sing.” He said: This city is better for Me than all the provinces. In it, I will build an inn and reside within it. They began rejoicing that the Holy One blessed be He resides in it, as it is stated: “Wilderness and wasteland will be glad, [and the desert shall rejoice]” (Isaiah 35:1).
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – Before the Tent of Meeting stood, He spoke with him at the bush, as it is stated: “God called to him from within the bush” (Exodus 3:4). Then, “God said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying.” (Exodus 12:1) He spoke with him in Midian, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in Midian” (Exodus 4:19). He spoke to him in Sinai, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…saying.” Once the Tent of Meeting stood, He said: Modesty [tzeniut] is preferable, as it is stated: “And to walk humbly [hatzne’a] with your God” (Micah 6:8) – He speaks with him in the Tent of Meeting. Likewise, David said: “All of the glory of a king’s daughter is within, her dress interwoven with gold” (Psalms 45:14). “A king’s daughter” – this is Moses, as it is stated: “I will deliver Egypt into the hand of a harsh master” (Isaiah 19:4) – these are the plagues that came upon Egypt. “And a strong [oz] king will rule over them” (Isaiah 19:4) – this is Moses, who was the king of the Torah, which is called oz, as it is stated: “The Lord will give strength [oz] to His people” (Psalms 29:11). Therefore, “all of the glory of a king’s daughter is within.”5Thus, the verse that implies that modesty is appropriate for the king's daughter refers to Moses, to whom God spoke from within the Tent of Meeting. “[All of the glory [kevudah] of a king’s daughter is within,] her dress interwoven [mimishbetzot] with gold” – this is Aaron, as it is stated: “You shall make settings [mishbetzot] of gold” (Exodus 28:13). From here they said: A woman who conducts herself modestly, even if she is an Israelite, is worthy to marry a priest and to produce High Priests, as it is stated: “Her dress interwoven [mimishbetzot] with gold.” The Holy One blessed be He said: This is My honor [kavod], that I will speak within. As it is stated: “When Moses went into the Tent of Meeting [to speak with Him]” (Numbers 7:89). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: If the nations of the world would know how much the Temple benefited them, they would have surrounded it with fortifications to protect it, as it was more beneficial for them than it was for Israel, as Solomon prayed: “To the foreigner, as well, who is not of Your people Israel” (I Kings 8:41), and it is written: “You will act in accordance with everything that the foreigner calls to You” (I Kings 8:43). But when he comes to Israel, what is written? “May You grant to each man according to all his ways, as you know his heart” (II Chronicles 6:30) – if he was worthy of it, He would give to him; if not, He would not give to him. Do not say: The Temple [alone benefits all nations]; rather, were it not for Israel, rain would not fall, the sun would not shine, as it is due to their merit that the Holy One blessed be He brings wellbeing to the world. In the World to Come, the nations of the world will see Israel, how the Holy One blessed be He is with them, and they will come to cleave to them, as it is stated: “[So said the Lord of hosts:] In those days, ten men of all the languages of the nations will take hold; [they will take hold of the corner of the garment of a Judean man, saying: Let us go with you, as we have heard that God is with you]” (Zechariah 8:23).
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “Your navel is a moon-shaped goblet” (Song of Songs 7:3); it is speaking of the Sanhedrin that was situated in the Chamber of Hewn Stone and is analogized to the navel. Why is it analogized to the navel? It is, that just as this navel is situated in the middle of the body, so, the Sanhedrin is situated in the middle of the Temple. “May it not lack blended wine [al yeḥsar hamazeg]”(Song of Songs 7:3) – what is “al yeḥsar hamazeg”? That there were never less than one-third of them. “Al yeḥsar hamazeg” – one who dilutes [mozeg] properly, dilutes with one-third of the cup wine and two parts water. So, the Sanhedrin would convene there from the daily morning offering until the daily afternoon offering, and no one of them would leave to tend to his own affairs. What would they do if one of them sought to leave? He would count; if there were twenty-three there, he would leave, if not, he would not leave.6The Sanhedrin had seventy members. Twenty-three is just under one third. Why? It is because it is written: “May it not lack blended wine [al yeḥsar hamazeg]” that one-third of them were never missing. Therefore, al yeḥsar hamazeg. “Your belly is a pile of wheat” (Song of Songs 7:3) – Israel was likened to a pile of wheat; just as this wheat enters the storehouse by number, so, the Holy One blessed be He said that Israel should be counted at all times.7This is a sign of importance. That is why it is stated: “Your belly is a pile of wheat.” But straw and stubble are not counted and not measured; so, the nations of the world were likened to straw and stubble, as it is stated: “Like stubble before the wind” (Psalms 83:14), and likewise: “The house of Esau to stubble” (Obadiah 1:18). Why? It is because the Holy One blessed be He derives no pleasure from them, as it is stated: “All the nations are as nothing before Him” (Isaiah 40:17). But Israel, the Holy One blessed be He derives pleasure from them; they recite Shema, pray, and bless the name of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, every day. That is why they are counted at all times and that is why they were likened to wheat. “Your belly is a pile of wheat.”
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – this is what the verse said: “He did not do so for every nation” (Psalms 147:20), and likewise: “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14). This is analogous to a king who took a first wife and did not write her a marriage contract, divorced her, and did not write her a bill of divorce, and so to the second and to the third; he did not write them a marriage contract and not a bill of divorce. What, then, did he do? He saw a young orphan girl, well born, and he sought to take her as a wife. He said to his groomsman: ‘Do not act with her like with the first ones; she is well born, modest, and upright. Write her a marriage contract, [specifying] in which seven-year period, in which year, in which month, in which district,’ just as it is written regarding Esther: “Esther was taken to King Aḥashverosh, to his royal palace, in the tenth month, which is the month of Tevet, in the seventh year of his reign” (Esther 2:16). So, the Holy One blessed be He created the generation of the Flood, but He did not write when He created them. He eliminated them from the world, and did not write when He eliminated them, but only, “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depth were breached” (Genesis 7:11). Likewise, regarding the generation of the Dispersion and likewise regarding Egypt, He did not write when they were created and when they died. But when Israel stood, the Holy One blessed be He said: I will not act with these like those first ones. These are the descendants of the patriarchs, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Go, write for them which month, how many days in the month, which year, which district, and in which city I raised their horn. “In the Tent of Meeting" – that is the district; “in the second year” – that is the year; “of the second month” – that is the month; “on the first of the month” – that is how many days into the month. The era was also written.8The era was, “of their exodus from the land of Egypt.” Why “take a census of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2)? To realize what is stated: “He did not do so for every nation.” What did He do? “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14).
“The Lord spoke to Moses” – happy is Moses that six hundred thousand were standing; the priests, the Levites, and the elders were all standing there, and from all of them He spoke only with Moses.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – why in the wilderness of Sinai? From here the Sages taught that the Torah was given with three elements: With fire, with water, and in the wilderness. With fire, from where is it derived? “Mount Sinai was all smoke, [because the Lord had descended upon it in fire]” (Exodus 19:18). In water, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “Indeed, the heavens dripped, indeed, the clouds dripped water” (Judges 5:4).9The verse is a reference to the giving of the Torah. In the wilderness, from where is it derived? “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai.” Why was it given with these three elements? It is, that just as these are free for all mankind, so, matters of Torah are free, as it is stated: “Ho, everyone who is thirsty go to water” (Isaiah 55:1).10“Incline your ear and go to Me; take heed and your soul will live” (Isaiah 55:3), a reference to Torah, is written two verses later. Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – it is, that anyone who does not render himself like a wilderness, accessible to all, is unable to acquire wisdom and the Torah. That is why it is stated: “In the wilderness of Sinai.”
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – it was called six names: The mountain of God, Mount Bashan, Mount Gavnunim, Mount Moriah11From the continuation of the midrash it is clear that Mount Ḥamad should appear in the text rather than Mount Moriah., Mount Ḥorev, Mount Sinai. The mountain of God, because God sat there in judgment, as it is stated: “These are the ordinances [mishpatim]” (Exodus 21:1).12Mishpat can also mean judgment. Mount Bashan, as the Holy One blessed be He came there [ba sham]. Mount Gavnunim, the mountain that disqualified all the mountains, just as it says: “Or a hunchback [giben] or a dwarf [.… shall not approach to sacrifice the offerings of the Lord]” (Leviticus 21:20–21). Mount Ḥamad, because the Holy One blessed be He desired [ḥamad] to abide there, as it is stated: “The mountain that God desired for His abode” (Psalms 68:17). Mount Ḥorev, because a sword [ḥerev] was wielded upon it, as it is stated: “The adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death” (Leviticus 20:10); the murderer shall be put to death” (Numbers 35:16).13Verses 17–18 contain this command as well. Mount Sinai, where the nations of the world became hated [nisne’u] to the Holy One blessed be He, and he issued a death sentence against them, as it is stated: “The nations will be entirely destroyed [ḥarov yeḥeravu]” (Isaiah 60:12). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: The nations will be destroyed from Ḥorev, as they received their death sentence.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – He said to him: “Take a census [se’u et rosh]” (Numbers 1:2). The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: I was not fond of any creature more than you; therefore I accorded you preeminence [telui rosh] and likened you to Me. Just as I have preeminence over all mankind, as it is stated: “Yours, Lord, is the greatness […and the preeminence over every head [vehamitnaseh lekhol lerosh]]” (I Chronicles 29:11), so, I accorded you preeminence. That is why it is stated: Se’u et rosh, to realize what is stated: “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14). Likewise it says: “The Lord your God will place you uppermost over all the nations of the earth” (Deuteronomy 28:1).
“All those counted were six hundred three thousand, five hundred and fifty” (Numbers 1:46). “All those counted were six hundred [three] thousand [five hundred and fifty]” – you find that this census equals the census in which Israel was counted in the construction of the Tabernacle, as it is stated: “The silver of those who were counted of the congregation [was one hundred talents and one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five shekels, in the sacred shekel]” (Exodus 38:25).14A calculation of the number of half-shekels yields 603,550 people. That was in the first year, as when they received the Ten Commandments, Moses immediately ascended to receive the Tablets, they sinned with the act of the calf, and immediately they crafted the Tabernacle and it was erected on the first of Nisan in the second year, as it is stated: “It was in the first month during the second year, on the first of the month, that the Tabernacle was erected” (Exodus 40:17). When was this census? It was on the first of Iyar in the second year, as it is stated: “They assembled the entire congregation [on the first of the second month…from twenty years old and above, by their head count]” (Numbers 1:18). In that census in which he counted them when Israel departed from Egypt on the fifteenth of Nisan, how many were they? “Six hundred thousand men on foot, besides children” (Exodus 12:37). When he came to count them in the second year on the first of the second month, he found that they were an additional three thousand five hundred and fifty, but we do not know [regarding] these additional ones whether he counts them as twenty from the New Moon of Nisan of the second year from their exodus from Egypt, or whether he counts them as twenty from the New Year, which is the New Moon of Tishrei, and it is the first year from their exodus from Egypt. Go out and learn from the bases,15Most of the silver collected from the half-shekel each person brought was used for the bases of the boards of wood which served as the walls of the Tabernacle. as it is stated: “The silver of those who were counted of the congregation was one hundred talents.… One beka per head, one-half shekel” (Exodus 38:25–26). When did they bring the shekels? It was on the day after Yom Kippur, and in two mornings they brought the entire contribution to the Tabernacle, as it is stated: “They brought him more contributions morning after morning” (Exodus 36:3). If you say that they did not count those who departed from Egypt less than twenty years old, [because] they did not count them [in the census of those over] twenty until the month of Nisan of the second year; if so, you find among the shekels a surplus of three thousand five hundred and fifty shekels. Rather, what must you say? It is that they counted them as twenty from Tishrei, which is the New Year for the creation of Adam the first man. This is why it presented the tally in this manner, to inform us that although they entered one month into the second year from their exodus from Egypt, those who reached twenty years were not added in their tally beyond those who contributed for the bases of the Tabernacle; to inform you that they do not count them from Nisan, but rather from Tishrei.
“But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers were not counted among them” (Numbers 1:47). “But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers” – the verse comes to say: Because the Holy One blessed be He did not say to Moses initially that he should count the tribe of Levi, as you find that he did not enumerate a prince for the tribe of Levi when he enumerated the princes of the tribes, Moses too did not count it, as Moses said: Had it been the will of the Holy One blessed be He that I count them, He would have told me. That is why it is stated: “But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers were not counted among them,” as he did not wish to count them. Immediately, Moses was standing and wondering why the Holy One blessed be He did not command him to count his tribe, and he did not know whether he would count them or not. The Holy One blessed be He saw that he was wondering; He immediately explained to him why he did not command him to count. That is what is written: “The Lord spoke.… However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:48–49). Rabbi Pinḥas bar Idi said: What is written at the beginning of the book? “Take a census [se’u et rosh] of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2). It is not stated, “Elevate the head,” “promote the head,” but rather se’u et rosh,16Se’u et rosh literally means “lift up the head.” like a person who says to the executioner: Remove the head of so-and-so. He thereby made an allusion. Why se’u et rosh? If they merit they will ascend to greatness, just as it says: “Pharaoh will lift up your head and restore you to your position” (Genesis 40:13). If they do not merit, they will all die, just as it says: “Pharaoh will lift up your head from upon you, and hang you on a tree” (Genesis 40:19). It was revealed before the Holy One blessed be He that they would all die in the wilderness, and their heads will be removed; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count…] among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Among the children of Israel you shall not count them, but by themselves, count them. Why? The Holy One blessed be He said: If the tribe of Levi is counted with Israel and intermingles with them, the angel of death will come to kill Israel and the decree will be issued against them that they will not enter the land, but rather, they will die in the wilderness, as it is stated: “In this wilderness, your carcasses will fall, and all those of you who were counted in any of your censuses” (Numbers 14:29), and he will find the tribe of Levi intermingled with them and they will intermingle with Israel to die. That is why he did not count them with Israel, but rather separated them in the tally. And that is also why the language that is written regarding Israel, se’u et rosh, was not stated in their regard, but rather: “Count [pekod] the children of Levi” (Numbers 3:15).
Another matter: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count” (Numbers 1:49) – why were they not counted with Israel? It is because the tribe of Levi was the palace guard. This is analogous to a king who had several legions, and he said to his chief of staff: Go count the legions, except for the legion that stands before me. That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count]…among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Among the children of Israel you shall not count them, but by themselves, count them, as it is not in keeping with the king’s honor that his legion should be counted with the legions. That is why Israel was counted by itself and the tribe of Levi was counted by itself. From where do you say that it is for that reason that He said it to him? It is because it is written thereafter: “And you, appoint the Levites over the Tabernacle of the Testimony…” (Numbers 1:50). When the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:49), Moses grew afraid and said: Is there perhaps a disqualification in my tribe, due to which the Holy One blessed be He does not wish me to count them? The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: I said so to you only to exclude them from the decree, so that they will not die with them. That is what is written: “And you shall not take a census of them [ve’et rosham lo tisa] among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Why? It is because the Levites are Mine: “The Levites shall be Mine” (Numbers 3:12, 45). As, anyone who draws Me near, I draw him near. They drew near to Me, as it is stated: “Moses…said: Whoever is for the Lord, come to me; and all the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). They drew Me near, and I draw them near: “The Levites shall be Mine.” Moreover, because they were found to be loyal to Me, as they observed my admonition: “You shall have no other gods…” (Exodus 20:3), therefore, they are worthy to be the trustees of My house. “And you, appoint the Levites [over the Tabernacle of the Testimony…and they shall encamp around the Tabernacle]” – likewise it says: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell with Me.” (Psalms 101:6). You find that anyone who is put to the test regarding a matter,17And he passes the test. the Holy One blessed be He loves him forever. As, you find regarding Joshua that he was put to the test with Amalek, and he performed there in accordance with the Torah and the mitzva, as it is stated: “Joshua weakened [Amalek and its people by sword]” (Exodus 17:13). The Omnipresent said to him: From your tribe, I will establish one who will exact retribution against Amalek forever: “From Ephraim came those who uprooted Amalek” (Judges 5:14). Saul, who was put to the test but did not properly fulfill his command, but rather: “Saul and the people spared [Agag…and all that was good, and would not utterly destroy them]” (I Samuel 15:9), He caused him to fall back [le’aḥorav], and his kingdom was taken from him: “After you [aḥarekha], Benjamin” (Judges 5:14). This tribe, too, I put them to the test, and they were found observant, and they gave their lives for sanctification of My name, as it is stated: “Each man, place his sword upon his thigh…[and each slay his brother, each his neighbor, each his relative]. The sons of Levi acted in accordance with the word of Moses…” (Exodus 32:27–28); “Who said of his father, and of his mother: [I did not see him, and his brothers he did not recognize, and his children he did not know, because they observed Your saying, and Your covenant they upheld]” (Deuteronomy 33:9). Here, too, I will draw them near and make them My palace guard, and I entrust My sanctity and the function of My house to them. That is what is written: “And you, appoint the Levites [over the Tabernacle of the Testimony]” (Numbers 1:50). Why? It is because they are loyal to Me. During its dismantling and its erecting, too, I do not want others to dismantle it and erect it, only them. That is what is written: “And when the Tabernacle travels, [the Levites shall dismantle it, and when the Tabernacle encamps, the Levites shall erect it]” (Numbers 1:51). Is it possible that the mitzvais incumbent upon the Levites, but if an Israelite did so it is permitted? The verse stated: “And the stranger who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 1:51). Likewise it says: I hate doers of perversity” (Psalms 101:3) – this is Israel that strayed from after the Omnipresent and crafted the calf, and the Holy One blessed be He despised them from being His trustees. Do not say that it was that Israel would not touch it [only] during the journeys, rather, also during the encampments, only the children of Levi would approach it. That is what is written: “The children of Israel shall encamp, each in his camp.… And the Levites shall encamp around the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 1:52–53). Why do I caution them that Israel should distance themselves from the Tabernacle? It is so there would not be fury upon them, as they are unworthy to approach it. That is what is written: “And there will not be fury against the congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:53). But the Levites will protect it; that is what is written: “The Levites will protect the watch of the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 1:53). “The children of Israel did according to everything that the Lord commanded Moses, so they did” (Numbers 1:54) – as they distanced themselves from the Tabernacle and provided room for the Levites to encamp around the Tabernacle.
וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי (במדבר א, א), זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים לו, ז): מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר מָשַׁל אֶת הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדִירָתָן וְאֶת הָרְשָׁעִים בְּדִירָתָן, מָשַׁל אֶת הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדִירָתָן (יחזקאל לד, יד): בְּמִרְעֶה טּוֹב אֶרְעֶה אֹתָם וּבְהָרֵי מְרוֹם יִשְׂרָאֵל יִהְיֶה נְוֵהֶם, וּמָשַׁל אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים בְּדִירָתָן (יחזקאל לא, טו): כֹּה אָמַר ה' אֱלֹהִים בְּיוֹם רִדְתּוֹ שְׁאוֹלָה הֶאֱבַלְתִּי כִּסֵּתִי עָלָיו אֶת תְּהוֹם, בַּמֶּה רְשָׁעִים מִתְכַּסִּים כְּשֶׁהֵן יוֹרְדִין לַשְּׁאוֹל, בַּתְּהוֹם. חִזְקִיָּה בַּר רַבִּי חִיָּא אָמַר הַגִּיגִית הַזּוֹ בַּמֶּה מְכַסִּין אוֹתָהּ, בִּכְלִי חֶרֶס, מִמַּהִי בָהּ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל חֶרֶס כָּךְ מְכַסִּין אוֹתָהּ בִּכְלִי חֶרֶס, כָּךְ הֵן הָרְשָׁעִים, מַה כְּתִיב בָּהֶם (ישעיה כט, טו): וְהָיָה בְמַחְשָׁךְ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וַיֹּאמְרוּ מִי רֹאֵנוּ וּמִי יֹדְעֵנוּ, וּלְפִי שֶׁהֵן חֲשׁוּכִין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹרִידָן לִשְׁאוֹל שֶׁהִיא חֲשׁוּכָה וּמְכַסֶּה עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הַתְּהוֹם שֶׁהוּא חשֶׁךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, ב): וְחשֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, הֱוֵי (תהלים לו, ז): צִדְקָתְךָ כְּהַרְרֵי אֵל, צְדָקָה שֶׁאַתָּה מֵבִיא עַל הָעוֹלָם מְפֻרְסֶמֶת כַּהָרִים הַלָּלוּ. (תהלים לו, ז): מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, מִשְׁפָּט שֶׁאַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, מָה הַתְּהוֹם בְּסֵתֶר אַף מִשְׁפָּט שֶׁאַתָּה מֵבִיא בְּסֵתֶר. כֵּיצַד, כֵּיוָן שֶׁחָרְבָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב חָרְבָה, וּכְשֶׁמַּרְאֶה לִיחֶזְקֵאל הוּא מַרְאֶה לוֹ בְּאֶחָד בַּחֹדֶשׁ, לָמָּה, שֶׁלֹא לְפַרְסֵם בְּאֵי זֶה, יוֹם חָרְבָה, אֲבָל מִי שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְגַדֵּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, מְפַרְסֵם אֵי זֶה יוֹם, אֵי זֶה מָקוֹם, אֵי זֶה חֹדֶשׁ, אֵי זוֹ שָׁנָה, אֵי זוֹ אִפָּטֶיָאה, (במדבר א, א): לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר, מָה אָמַר לָהֶם (במדבר א, ב): שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ כָּל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first of the second month, in the second year of their exodus from the land of Egypt, saying” (Numbers 1:1).
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “[Your righteousness is like the mighty mountains]; Your justice is like the great depths” (Psalms 36:7).1“Great depths” refers to punishment of the wicked. Rabbi Meir said: It is analogized to the righteous in their abode, and it is analogized to the wicked in their abode. It is analogized to the righteous in their abode: “In a good pasture I will herd them, and on the mountains of the height of Israel will be their grazing place” (Ezekiel 34:14). It is analogized to the wicked in their abode: “So said the Lord God: On the day that it descended to the grave I caused mourning; I covered the depths for it” (Ezekiel 31:15). With what are the wicked covered when they descend to the grave? It is with the depths.
Ḥizkiya bar Rabbi Ḥiyya said: This vat, with what does one cover it? It is with an earthenware vessel, what it is from; just as it is from earthenware, so one covers it with earthenware. So it is with the wicked. What is written in their regard? “Their actions are in the dark, and they say: Who sees us and who knows of us?” (Isaiah 29:15). Because [their actions] are dark, the Holy One blessed be He sends them down to the grave, which is dark, and covers them with the depths that are dark, as it is stated: “And darkness upon the surface of the depths” (Genesis 1:2). That is, “Your righteousness is like the mighty mountains” – the righteousness that you bring upon the world is as conspicuous as these mountains. “Your justice is like the great depths” – the justice that You perform in this world; “the great depths” – just as the depths are concealed, so the justice that you effect is concealed. How so? When Jerusalem was destroyed, it was destroyed on the ninth of Av. When He shows it to Ezekiel, He shows it to him on the first of the month.2The prophecy in Ezekiel 26:1–2 references the destruction of Jerusalem. The date the midrash gives is the first day of the month, but it does not mention which month. The midrash is stating that God showed the Destruction to Ezekiel on a different day than it actually occurred. Why? It was so as not to reveal on which day it was destroyed. However, when He comes to exalt Israel, he reveals: which day, which place, which month, which year, which era: “[The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first of the second month, in the second year] of their exodus from the land of Egypt, saying” (Numbers 1:1). What did He say to them? “Take a census of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (ירמיה ב, לא): הַדּוֹר אַתֶּם רְאוּ דְבַר ה' הֲמִדְבָּר הָיִיתִי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אִם אֶרֶץ מַאְפֵּלְיָה וגו'. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, עַל שֶׁאֲמַרְתֶּם לְמשֶׁה (במדבר כא, ה): לָמָּה הֶעֱלִיתֻנוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם לָמוּת בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְכִי כַּמִּדְבָּר הָיִיתִי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכִי כַּמִּדְבָּר עָשִׂיתִי עִמָּהֶם, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁיָּצָא לַמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁמָּא מוֹצֵא הוּא שָׁם שַׁלְוָה כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהָיָה מוֹצֵא בַּפָּלָטִין, אוֹ אֲכִילָה אוֹ שְׁתִיָּה, וְאַתֶּם הֱיִיתֶם עֲבָדִים לְמִצְרַיִם, וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מִשָּׁם, הִרְבַּצְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בַּסִּיגְמָטִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יג, יח): וַיַּסֵּב אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָעָם דֶּרֶךְ הַמִּדְבָּר, מַהוּ וַיַּסֵּב, שֶׁהִרְבִּיצָם כְּדַרְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים, רְבוּצִין עַל מִטּוֹתֵיהֶם, וְלֹא הֶעֱמַדְתִּי לָהֶם שְׁלשָׁה פַּדְגוֹגִין משֶׁה אַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם, שֶׁבִּזְכוּת משֶׁה הֱיִיתֶם אוֹכְלִים אֶת הַמָּן מַה שֶׁלֹא רָאוּ אָבוֹת הַקְּדוֹשִׁים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ח, ג): וַיַּאֲכִלְךָ אֶת הַמָּן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדַעְתָּ וְלֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ. וּבִזְכוּת אַהֲרֹן הִקַּפְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בְּעַנְּנֵי כָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קה, לט): פָּרַשׂ עָנָן לְמָסָךְ, וְכַמָּה עַנְנֵי כָּבוֹד הָיוּ מַקִּיפִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה וְרַבִּי יֹאשִׁיָּה, רַבִּי יֹאשִׁיָּה אָמַר חֲמִשָּׁה, אַרְבָּעָה לְאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת וְאֶחָד מְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם. רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה אָמַר שִׁבְעָה, אַרְבָּעָה לְאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְאֶחָד מִלְּמַעְלָן, וְאֶחָד מִלְּמַטָּן, וְאֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם רָחוֹק שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים, וְהָיָה מַכֶּה לִפְנֵיהֶם אֶת הַנְּחָשִׁים וְאֶת הָעַקְרַבִּים וְאֶת הַשְֹּׂרָפִים וְאֶת הַסְּלָעִים, וְאִם הָיָה מָקוֹם נָמוּךְ הָיָה מַגְבִּיהוֹ, וְאִם הָיָה מָקוֹם גָּבוֹהַּ הָיָה מַשְׁפִּילוֹ וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָם מִישׁוֹר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מ, ד): כָּל גֶּיא יִנָּשֵׂא וְכָל הַר וְגִבְעָה יִשְׁפָּלוּ. וְהַבְּאֵר בִּזְכוּת מִרְיָם, שֶׁאָמְרָה שִׁירָה עַל הַמַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, כא): וַתַּעַן לָהֶם מִרְיָם שִׁירוּ לַה', וּבְמֵי בְּאֵר (במדבר כא, יז): אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה הַכֹּהֵן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מְדִינָה וְהוּא מְשַׁלֵּחַ בְּנֵי אָדָם גְּדוֹלִים לְתוֹכָהּ שֶׁיְהוּ נוֹשְׂאִים מַשֹּׂוֹאֵיהֶם וְעוֹשִׂים מִשְׁפְּטֵיהֶם, מִי צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת זָקוּק לִמְזוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם לֹא בְּנֵי מְדִינָה צְרִיכִין לִהְיוֹת זְקוּקִין לָהֶם, אֲבָל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא עָשָׂה כֵן אֶלָּא שָׁלַח לְמשֶׁה וּלְאַהֲרֹן וּלְמִרְיָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מיכה ו, ד): וָאֶשְׁלַח לְפָנֶיךָ אֶת משֶׁה אַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן בִּזְכוּתָן הָיוּ מִתְנַהֲגִין, הַמָּן בִּזְכוּת משֶׁה, תֵּדַע לָךְ שֶׁהוּא בִּזְכוּת משֶׁה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּסְתַּלֵּק משֶׁה (יהושע ה, יב): וַיִּשְׁבֹּת הַמָּן מִמָּחֳרָת, וְעַנְּנֵי כָּבוֹד בִּזְכוּתוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן, מְנָא לָן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּסְתַּלֵּק אַהֲרֹן מַה כְּתִיב (במדבר כא, ד): וַתִּקְצַר נֶפֶשׁ הָעָם בַּדָּרֶךְ, שֶׁהָיְתָה הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ קוֹפַחַת עֲלֵיהֶם. וְהַבְּאֵר בִּזְכוּת מִרְיָם, מַה כְּתִיב (במדבר כ, א): וַתָּמָת שָׁם מִרְיָם וַתִּקָּבֵר שָׁם, וּמַה כְּתִיב אַחַר כָּךְ (במדבר כ, ב): וְלֹא הָיָה מַיִם לָעֵדָה, וְהֵיאַךְ הָיְתָה הַבְּאֵר עֲשׂוּיָה, סֶלַע, כְּמִין כַּוֶּרֶת הָיְתָה וּמִתְגַּלְגֶּלֶת וּבָאת עִמָּהֶם בַּמַּסָּעוֹת, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהָיוּ הַדְּגָלִים חוֹנִים וְהַמִּשְׁכָּן עוֹמֵד, הָיָה אוֹתוֹ הַסֶּלַע בָּא וְיוֹשֵׁב לוֹ בַּחֲצַר אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְהַנְּשִׂיאִים בָּאִים וְעוֹמְדִים עַל גַּבָּיו וְאוֹמְרִים: עֲלִי בְאֵר, וְהָיְתָה עוֹלָה. וְאַחַר כָּךְ הֵבֵאתִי לָכֶם שַׂלְוִים. הֲמִדְבָּר הָיִיתִי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁמָּא כַּמִּדְבָּר נָהַגְתִּי עִמָּכֶם, אֶלָּא אִם אֶרֶץ מַאְפֵּלְיָה, לֹא אֲנִי בְּיָדִי הָיִיתִי מֵאִיר לָכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יג, כא): וַה' הֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם יוֹמָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִם אֶרֶץ מַאְפֵּלְיָה, מַהוּ מַאְפֵּלְיָה, שֶׁמָּא אָמַרְתִּי לָכֶם שֶׁאֲנִי מֵבִיא לָכֶם טוֹבָה וְהִלְקַשְׁתִּי אוֹתָהּ. וְאֵין מַאְפֵּלְיָה אֶלָּא הַלְקָשָׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ט, לב): וְהַחִטָּה וְהַכֻּסֶּמֶת לֹא נֻכּוּ כִּי אֲפִילֹת הֵנָּה, לֹא נָפַל דָּבָר מִמַּה שֶּׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁכֵּן אָמַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (יהושע כא, מג): לֹא נָפַל דָּבָר מִכֹּל הַדָּבָר הַטּוֹב אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' אֶל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל הַכֹּל בָּא. (ירמיה ב, לא): מַדּוּעַ אָמְרוּ עַמִּי רַדְנוּ, מַהוּ רַדְנוּ לְשׁוֹן מִשְׁנָה הוּא (משנה תרומות י-ג): הָרוֹדֶה פַּת חַמָּה, אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁהַפַּת נִתְבַּשְׁלָה בַּתַּנּוּר וְנִטֶּלֶת מִמֶּנּוּ יְכוֹלָה הִיא לִקָּבַע בַּתַּנּוּר עוֹד, וְאָנוּ הָיִינוּ בְּיָדָם כִּבְתַנּוּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לא, ט): וְתַנּוּר לוֹ בִּיְרוּשָׁלָיִם, וְהִגְלִיתָנוּ לְבָבֶל, וּמָה אַתְּ מְבַקֵּשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ עוֹד. דָּבָר אַחֵר, (ירמיה ב, לא): מַדּוּעַ אָמְרוּ עַמִּי רַדְנוּ לוֹא נָבוֹא עוֹד אֵלֶיךָ, מַהוּ רַדְנוּ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר. אָמְרוּ לוֹ נִתַּצְתָּ לָנוּ אֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְסִלַקְתָּ שְׁכִינָתְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ וּמָה אַתְּ מְבַקֵּשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ וְלוֹא נָבוֹא עוֹד אֵלֶיךָ, אָמַר לָהֶם וּמִי יִתֵּן לִי וְהָיִיתִי בַּמִּדְבָּר עַכְשָׁו, הֵיכָן כָּל אוֹתָן הַנִּסִּים שֶׁעָשִׂיתִי לָכֶם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ירמיה ט, א): מִי יִתְּנֵנִי בַמִּדְבָּר מְלוֹן אֹרְחִים וְאֶעֶזְבָה אֶת עַמִּי וגו', הֵיכָן שֶׁהָיִיתִי מִתְקַלֵּס, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מב, יא): יִשְׂאוּ מִדְבָּר וְעָרָיו חֲצֵרִים תֵּשֵׁב קֵדָר יָרֹנּוּ ישְׁבֵי סֶלַע, לְנָשִׂיא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לִמְּדִינָה וְרָאוּ אוֹתוֹ בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה וּבָרְחוּ, נִכְנַס לַשְּׁנִיָה וּבָרְחוּ מִלְּפָנָיו, נִכְנַס לְעִיר חֲרֵבָה וְקִדְּמוּ אוֹתוֹ וְהָיוּ מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ, אָמַר הַנָּשִׂיא זוֹ הָעִיר טוֹבָה הִיא מִכָּל הַמְּדִינוֹת, כָּאן אֲנִי בּוֹנֶה כֵּס נָאֶה, כָּאן אֲנִי דָר. כָּךְ כְּשֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַיָּם בָּרַח מִלְּפָנָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיד, ג): הַיָּם רָאָה וַיָּנֹס, וְכֵן (תהלים קיד, ד): הֶהָרִים רָקְדוּ כְאֵילִים, בָּא בְּמִדְבַּר חָרְבָּה, קִדְּמָה אוֹתוֹ וְקִלְּסָה אוֹתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יִשְׂאוּ מִדְבָּר וְעָרָיו חֲצֵרִים תֵּשֵׁב קֵדָר יָרֹנּוּ ישְׁבֵי סֶלַע, אָמַר זוֹ הָעִיר טוֹבָה לִי מִכָּל הַמְּדִינוֹת, בּוֹ אֲנִי בּוֹנֶה כְּנֵסִיָה וְדָר בְּתוֹכָהּ, הִתְחִילוּ שְׂמֵחִים שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דָּר בְּתוֹכָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לה, א): יְשֻׂשׂוּם מִדְבָּר וְצִיָּה.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “You, the generation, see the word of the Lord: Have I been a wilderness for Israel or a land of deep darkness?…” (Jeremiah 2:31). The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘Because you said to Moses: “Why did you take us up from Egypt to die in the wilderness?” (Numbers 21:5). Was I like a wilderness for Israel; did I act with them like in the wilderness? The way of the world is that a king of flesh and blood who goes out to the wilderness, does he find tranquility there as he would find it in the palace, or eating or drinking? You were slaves in Egypt and I took you out of there; I lay you down on fine beds,’ as it is stated: “God led the people roundabout [vayasev] via the wilderness” (Exodus 13:18). What is vayasev?1 This root can also mean to recline on a bed. The midrash interprets vayasev as a verb meaning that he caused them to recline. It is that he lay them down in the manner of kings, recumbent upon their beds. Did I not place three caretakers for them: Moses, Aaron, and Miriam? Due to the merit of Moses you would eat the manna that the holy fathers did not see, as it is stated: “He fed you the manna that you did not know, and your fathers did not know” (Deuteronomy 8:3). Due to the merit of Aaron, I surrounded you with the clouds of glory, as it is stated: “He spread a cloud like a curtain” (Psalms 105:39).
How many clouds of glory surrounded Israel in the wilderness? Rabbi Hoshaya and Rabbi Yoshiya: Rabbi Yoshiya said: Five; four in the four directions, and one going before them. Rabbi Hoshaya said: Seven; four in the four directions of the heavens, one above them, one below them, and one going before them at a distance of three days, and it would strike the snakes, the scorpions, the serpents, and the boulders before them. If there was a low place, it would elevate it; if it was an elevated place, it would lower it and render it a plain, as it is stated: “Every valley will be elevated, and every mountain and hill will be lowered” (Isaiah 40:4). The well was due to the merit of Miriam, who recited song at the sea, as it is stated: “Miriam called to them: Sing to the Lord” (Exodus 15:21), and regarding the water of the well: Then Israel sang this song” (Numbers 21:17).
Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Levi: A king of flesh and blood who has a province and he dispatched prominent people into it to conduct their affairs and administer their justice, who must be responsible for their sustenance? Is it not the residents of that province who must be responsible for them? But the Holy One blessed be He did not do so. Rather, he dispatched Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as it is stated: “I sent before you Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.” (Micah 6:4), and yet, it was due to their merit that [the people] were sustained. The manna was due to the merit of Moses. Know that it is due to the merit of Moses; when Moses departed, “The manna ceased on the following day” (Joshua 5:12). The clouds of glory were due to the merit of Aaron. From where do we derive it? When Aaron departed, what is written: “The spirit of the people became restive on the way” (Numbers 21:4), as the sun was beating down on them. The well was due to the merit of Miriam. What is written? “Miriam died there and was buried there” (Numbers 20:1). What is written thereafter? “There was no water for the congregation” (Numbers 20:2). Of what was the well constituted? It was a boulder. It was like a beehive, and it would roll and come with them on their journeys. When the banners would encamp and the Tabernacle would stand, that boulder would come and settle in the courtyard of the Tent of Meeting. The princes would stand over it and say: “Rise, well” (Numbers 21:17). Then I brought you the quails. “Have I been a wilderness for Israel” (Jeremiah 2:31) – did I conduct myself with you like a wilderness? Or was I “a land of deep darkness” (Jeremiah 2:31) – was it not I, by My own hand that I illuminated for you, as it is stated: “The Lord was going before them by day…[to illuminate for them]” (Exodus 13:21).
Another matter: “Or a land of mapelya” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is mapelya? Did I, perhaps, say to you that I am bringing good for you and I delayed it? Mapelya is nothing other than delay, as it is states: “But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, as they ripen late [afilot]” (Exodus 9:32).2The "p" in mapelya and the "f" in afilot represent the same Hebrew letter. No matter that the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel was lacking, as Joshua said: “Nothing of all the good things that the Lord spoke to the house of Israel was lacking; everything came about” (Joshua 21:43).
“Why did My people say: We separated from You [radnu]; [we will not come to You any longer]?” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is radnu? It is the language of the Mishna: One who removes [harodeh] hot bread.3Terumot 10:3. Israel said: When the bread is baked in the oven and removed from it, can it be affixed in the oven again? We were in His hand like in an oven, as it is stated: “An oven for Him in Jerusalem” (Isaiah 31:9), and He exiled us to Babylon. What more can He ask from us?4After the exile there were those who said that just as the baked bread cannot be returned to the oven, so too the exiled Israelites cannot be reconnected to God (Maharzu).
Another matter: “Why did My people say: We separated from You [radnu]; we will not come to You any longer?” (Jeremiah 2:31) – what is radnu? It is just as it says: “For he ruled [rodeh] the entire region beyond the river” (I Kings 5:4). They said to Him: ‘You smashed the Temple, removed Your Divine Presence from us. What do you want from us? “We will not come to You any longer.”’ He said to them: ‘If only I were in the wilderness now. Where are all the miracles that I performed on your behalf?’ Likewise He says: “Would that I would be in the wilderness, in a wayfarers’ lodge, and I would leave my people…” (Jeremiah 9:11), where I would be lauded, as it is stated: “Let the wilderness and its cities raise their voice, the villages that Kedar inhabits; rock dwellers will sing” (Isaiah 42:11). This is analogous to a prince who entered a province, and the residents of the province saw him and fled. He entered the second, and they fled from before him. He entered a city in ruins, and they greeted him and were lauding him. The prince said: This city is better than all the provinces. Here I will build a fine throne; here I will reside. So, when the Holy One blessed be He came to the sea, it fled from before Him, as it is stated: “The sea saw and fled” (Psalms 114:3), and likewise, “the mountains danced like rams” (Psalms 114:4). He came to the desolate wilderness; it greeted Him and lauded Him, as it is stated: “Let the wilderness and its cities raise their voice, with courtyards inhabited by Kedar; rock dwellers will sing.” He said: This city is better for Me than all the provinces. In it, I will build an inn and reside within it. They began rejoicing that the Holy One blessed be He resides in it, as it is stated: “Wilderness and wasteland will be glad, [and the desert shall rejoice]” (Isaiah 35:1).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, עַד שֶׁלֹא עָמַד אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד דִּבֶּר עִמּוֹ בַּסְּנֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ד): וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו אֱלֹהִים מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (שמות יב, א): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר. וְדִבֵּר עִמּוֹ בְּמִדְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ד, יט): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְיָן. וְדִבֵּר עִמּוֹ בְּסִינַי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר א, א): וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי לֵאמֹר. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁעָמַד אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אָמַר יָפָה הִיא הַצְּנִיעוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מיכה ו, ח): וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם אֱלֹהֶיךָ, הֲרֵי הוּא מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד. וְכֵן דָּוִד אָמַר (תהלים מה, יד): כָּל כְּבוּדָּה בַת מֶלֶךְ פְּנִימָה מִמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת זָהָב לְבוּשָׁהּ. בַּת מֶלֶךְ זֶה משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה יט, ד): וְסִכַּרְתִּי אֶת מִצְרַיִם בְּיַד אֲדֹנִים קָשֶׁה, אֵלּוּ הֵן הַמַּכּוֹת שֶׁבָּאוּ עַל מִצְרַיִם, (ישעיה יט, ד): וּמֶלֶךְ עַז יִמְשָׁל בָּם, זֶה משֶׁה, שֶׁהָיָה מַלְכָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת עֹז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כט, יא): ה' עֹז לְעַמּוֹ יִתֵּן, לְפִיכָךְ: כָּל כְּבוּדָּה בַת מֶלֶךְ פְּנִימָה מִמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת זָהָב לְבוּשָׁהּ, זֶה אַהֲרֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כח, יג): וְעָשִׂיתָ מִשְׁבְּצֹת זָהָב. מִיכָּן אָמְרוּ אִשָּׁה שֶׁהִיא מַצְנַעַת עַצְמָהּ אֲפִלּוּ הִיא יִשְׂרְאֵלִית רְאוּיָה הִיא שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לְכֹהֵן וְתַעֲמִיד כֹּהֲנִים גְּדוֹלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מִמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת זָהָב לְבוּשָׁהּ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּךְ הוּא כְּבוֹדִי שֶׁאֱהֵא מְדַבֵּר מִלִּפְנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ז, פט): וּבְבֹא משֶׁה אֶל אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, אִלּוּ הָיוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם יוֹדְעִים מָה הָיָה הַמִּקְדָּשׁ יָפֶה לָהֶם, קַסְטְרִיּוֹת הָיוּ מַקִּיפִים אוֹתוֹ כְּדֵי לְשָׁמְרוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה יָפֶה לָהֶם יוֹתֵר מִשֶּׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁכֵּן שְׁלֹמֹה סִדֵּר תְּפִלָּה (מלכים א ח, מא): וְגַם אֶל הַנָּכְרִי אֲשֶׁר לֹא מֵעַמְּךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל הוּא, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א ח, מג): וְעָשִׂיתָ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר יִקְרָא אֵלֶיךָ הַנָּכְרִי. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁהוּא בָּא אֵצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַה כְּתִיב (דברי הימים ב ו, ל): וְנָתַתָּה לָאִישׁ כְּכָל דְּרָכָיו אֲשֶׁר תֵּדַע אֶת לְבָבוֹ, אִם הָיָה רָאוּי לוֹ הָיָה נוֹתֵן לוֹ, וְאִם לָאו לֹא הָיָה נוֹתֵן לוֹ. וְלֹא תֹאמַר בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֶלָּא אִלּוּלֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הָיָה מָטָר יוֹרֵד, וְלֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ זוֹרַחַת, שֶׁבִּזְכוּתָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַרְוִיחַ בְּעוֹלָמוֹ, וְלָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם רוֹאִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵיאךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִמָּהֶם, וְהֵן בָּאִין לְהִדָּבֵק לָהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה ח, כג): בַּיָּמִים הָהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר יַחֲזִיקוּ עֲשָׂרָה אֲנָשִׁים מִכֹּל לְשֹׁנוֹת הַגּוֹיִם.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – Before the Tent of Meeting stood, He spoke with him at the bush, as it is stated: “God called to him from within the bush” (Exodus 3:4). Then, “God said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying.” (Exodus 12:1) He spoke with him in Midian, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in Midian” (Exodus 4:19). He spoke to him in Sinai, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…saying.” Once the Tent of Meeting stood, He said: Modesty [tzeniut] is preferable, as it is stated: “And to walk humbly [hatzne’a] with your God” (Micah 6:8) – He speaks with him in the Tent of Meeting.
Likewise, David said: “All of the glory of a king’s daughter is within, her dress interwoven with gold” (Psalms 45:14). “A king’s daughter” – this is Moses, as it is stated: “I will deliver Egypt into the hand of a harsh master” (Isaiah 19:4) – these are the plagues that came upon Egypt. “And a strong [oz] king will rule over them” (Isaiah 19:4) – this is Moses, who was the king of the Torah, which is called oz, as it is stated: “The Lord will give strength [oz] to His people” (Psalms 29:11). Therefore, “all of the glory of a king’s daughter is within.”5Thus, the verse that implies that modesty is appropriate for the king's daughter refers to Moses, to whom God spoke from within the Tent of Meeting.
“[All of the glory [kevudah] of a king’s daughter is within,] her dress interwoven [mimishbetzot] with gold” – this is Aaron, as it is stated: “You shall make settings [mishbetzot] of gold” (Exodus 28:13). From here they said: A woman who conducts herself modestly, even if she is an Israelite, is worthy to marry a priest and to produce High Priests, as it is stated: “Her dress interwoven [mimishbetzot] with gold.” The Holy One blessed be He said: This is My honor [kavod], that I will speak within. As it is stated: “When Moses went into the Tent of Meeting [to speak with Him]” (Numbers 7:89).
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: If the nations of the world would know how much the Temple benefited them, they would have surrounded it with fortifications to protect it, as it was more beneficial for them than it was for Israel, as Solomon prayed: “To the foreigner, as well, who is not of Your people Israel” (I Kings 8:41), and it is written: “You will act in accordance with everything that the foreigner calls to You” (I Kings 8:43). But when he comes to Israel, what is written? “May You grant to each man according to all his ways, as you know his heart” (II Chronicles 6:30) – if he was worthy of it, He would give to him; if not, He would not give to him. Do not say: The Temple [alone benefits all nations]; rather, were it not for Israel, rain would not fall, the sun would not shine, as it is due to their merit that the Holy One blessed be He brings wellbeing to the world. In the World to Come, the nations of the world will see Israel, how the Holy One blessed be He is with them, and they will come to cleave to them, as it is stated: “[So said the Lord of hosts:] In those days, ten men of all the languages of the nations will take hold; [they will take hold of the corner of the garment of a Judean man, saying: Let us go with you, as we have heard that God is with you]” (Zechariah 8:23).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (שיר השירים ז, ג): שָׁרְרֵךְ אַגַּן הַסַּהַר, מְדַבֵּר בַּסַּנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁהָיְתָה נְתוּנָה בְּלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית וְהִיא מְשׁוּלָה בַּשֹּׁרֶר, וְלָמָּה מְשׁוּלָה בַּשֹּׁרֶר אֶלָּא מָה הַשֹּׁרֶר הַזֶּה נָתוּן בְּאֶמְצַע הַגּוּף, כָּךְ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל נְתוּנָה בְּאֶמְצָעוֹ שֶׁל בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. (שיר השירים ז, ג): אַל יֶחְסַר הַמָּזֶג, מַהוּ אַל יֶחְסַר הַמָּזֶג, שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ חֲסֵרִים אֶחָד מִשְׁלָשְׁתָּן. אַל יֶחְסַר הַמָּזֶג, מִי שֶׁהוּא מוֹזֵג כָּרָאוּי מוֹזֵג שְׁלִישׁוֹ שֶׁל כּוֹס יַיִן וּשְׁנֵי חֲלָקִים מַיִם, כָּךְ הָיְתָה סַנְהֶדְּרִין יוֹשֶׁבֶת מִתָּמִיד הַשַּׁחַר עַד תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם וְלֹא הָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶם נִפְנֶה לְצָרְכּוֹ, וּמָה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂים כְּשֶׁהָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶם מְבַקֵּשׁ לָצֵאת, הָיָה סוֹפֵר, אִם הָיָה שָׁם עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁלשָׁה הָיָה יוֹצֵא וְאִם לָאו לֹא הָיָה יוֹצֵא, לָמָּה, שֶׁכָּתוּב: אַל יֶחְסַר הַמָּזֶג, שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ חֲסֵרִים אֶחָד מִשְׁלָשְׁתָּן, לְפִיכָךְ אַל יֶחְסַר הַמָּזֶג. (שיר השירים ז, ג): בִּטְנֵךְ עֲרֵמַת חִטִּים, נִמְשְׁלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּעֲרֵמָה שֶׁל חִטִּים, מָה הַחִטִּים הַלָּלוּ נִכְנָסוֹת לָאוֹצָר בְּמִנְיַן, כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיִהְיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִמְנִים בְּכָל שָׁעָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: בִּטְנֵךְ עֲרֵמַת חִטִּים, אֲבָל הַתֶּבֶן וְהַקַּשׁ אֵינָן נִמְנִים וְלֹא נִמְדָדִין, כָּךְ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם נִמְשְׁלוּ כַּתֶּבֶן וְכַקַּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פג, יד): כְּקַשׁ לִפְנֵי רוּחַ, וְכֵן (עובדיה א, יח): וּבֵית עֵשָׂו לְקַשׁ, לָמָּה, שֶׁאֵין לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲנָיָה מֵהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מ, יז): כָּל הַגּוֹיִם כְּאַיִן נֶגְדוֹ, אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲנָיָה מֵהֶם, קוֹרִין שְׁמַע, מִתְפַּלְּלִין וּמְבָרְכִין שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּכָל יוֹם, לְפִיכָךְ נִמְנִים בְּכָל שָׁעָה, לְכָךְ נִמְשְׁלוּ כַּחִטִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בִּטְנֵךְ עֲרֵמַת חִטִּים.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – that is what the verse said: “Your navel is a moon-shaped goblet” (Song of Songs 7:3); it is speaking of the Sanhedrin that was situated in the Chamber of Hewn Stone and is analogized to the navel. Why is it analogized to the navel? It is, that just as this navel is situated in the middle of the body, so, the Sanhedrin is situated in the middle of the Temple. “May it not lack blended wine [al yeḥsar hamazeg]” (Song of Songs 7:3) – what is “al yeḥsar hamazeg”? That there were never less than one-third of them. “Al yeḥsar hamazeg” – one who dilutes [mozeg] properly, dilutes with one-third of the cup wine and two parts water. So, the Sanhedrin would convene there from the daily morning offering until the daily afternoon offering, and no one of them would leave to tend to his own affairs. What would they do if one of them sought to leave? He would count; if there were twenty-three there, he would leave, if not, he would not leave.6The Sanhedrin had seventy members. Twenty-three is just under one third. Why? It is because it is written: “May it not lack blended wine [al yeḥsar hamazeg]” that one-third of them were never missing. Therefore, al yeḥsar hamazeg.
“Your belly is a pile of wheat” (Song of Songs 7:3) – Israel was likened to a pile of wheat; just as this wheat enters the storehouse by number, so, the Holy One blessed be He said that Israel should be counted at all times.7This is a sign of importance. That is why it is stated: “Your belly is a pile of wheat.” But straw and stubble are not counted and not measured; so, the nations of the world were likened to straw and stubble, as it is stated: “Like stubble before the wind” (Psalms 83:14), and likewise: “The house of Esau to stubble” (Obadiah 1:18). Why? It is because the Holy One blessed be He derives no pleasure from them, as it is stated: “All the nations are as nothing before Him” (Isaiah 40:17). But Israel, the Holy One blessed be He derives pleasure from them; they recite Shema, pray, and bless the name of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, every day. That is why they are counted at all times and that is why they were likened to wheat. “Your belly is a pile of wheat.”
וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים קמז, כ): לֹא עָשָׂה כֵן לְכָל גּוֹי, וְכֵן (תהלים קמח, יד): וַיָּרֶם קֶרֶן לְעַמּוֹ, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁנָּטַל אִשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה וְלֹא כָתַב לָהּ כְּתֻבָּה, גֵּרְשָׁהּ וְלֹא כָתַב לָהּ גֵּט, כָּךְ לַשְּׁנִיָּה וְלַשְּׁלִישִׁית וְלֹא הָיָה כוֹתֵב לָהֶם כְּתֻבָּה וְלֹא גֵט, אֶלָּא מֶה עָשָׂה רָאָה עֲנִיָּה יְתוֹמָה בַּת אָבוֹת בִּקֵּשׁ לִטֹּל אוֹתָהּ, אָמַר לְשׁוֹשְׁבִינוֹ אַל תִּנְהַג בָּהּ כָּרִאשׁוֹנוֹת, זוֹ בַּת אָבוֹת הִיא, צְנוּעָה הִיא בְּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ וּכְשֵׁרָה, וּכְתֹב לָהּ כְּתֻבָּה בְּאֵי זֶה שָׁבוּעַ בְּאֵי זוֹ שָׁנָה בְּאֵי זֶה חֹדֶשׁ בְּכַמָּה בַּחֹדֶשׁ בְּאֵיזוֹ אִיפַּרְכְיָּא, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּאֶסְתֵּר (אסתר ב, טז): וַתִּלָּקַח אֶסְתֵּר אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ אֶל בֵּית מַלְכוּתוֹ בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִי הוּא חֹדֶשׁ טֵבֵת בִּשְׁנַת שֶׁבַע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ, כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּרָא לְדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וְלֹא כָתַב אֵימָתַי בְּרָאָן, הֶעֱבִירָן מִן הָעוֹלָם וְלֹא כָּתַב אֵימָתַי הֶעֱבִירָן, אֶלָּא (בראשית ז, יא): בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִבְקְעוּ כָּל מַעְיְנֹת תְּהוֹם רַבָּה, וְכֵן לְדוֹר הַפְלָגָה וְכֵן לַמִּצְרִים לֹא הָיָה כוֹתֵב אֵימָתַי נִבְרְאוּ וְאֵימָתַי מֵתוּ, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָמְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אֵינִי נוֹהֵג בְּאֵלּוּ כְּאוֹתָן הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, אֵלּוּ בְּנֵי אָבוֹת הֵם, בְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, לֵךְ כְּתֹב לָהֶם בְּאֵיזֶה חֹדֶשׁ בְּכַמָּה בַּחֹדֶשׁ וּבְאֵיזוֹ שָׁנָה בְּאֵיזוֹ אִיפַּרְכִיָּא וּבְאֵיזֶה עִיר רוֹמַמְתִּי קַרְנָם וְנָתַתִּי לָהֶם תְּלוּי רֹאשׁ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, הֲרֵי אִיפַּרְכִיָּא. בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, הֲרֵי מְדִינָה. בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית, זוֹ שָׁנָה. בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי, זֶה הַחֹדֶשׁ. בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ, בְּכַמָּה בַּחֹדֶשׁ, הֲרֵי נִכְתְּבָא אוֹפָטֶיָאה, לָמָּה (במדבר א, ב): שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ כָּל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר: לֹא עָשָׂה כֵן לְכָל גּוֹי, וּמֶה עָשָׂה, וַיָּרֶם קֶרֶן לְעַמּוֹ.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – this is what the verse said: “He did not do so for every nation” (Psalms 147:20), and likewise: “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14). This is analogous to a king who took a first wife and did not write her a marriage contract, divorced her, and did not write her a bill of divorce, and so to the second and to the third; he did not write them a marriage contract and not a bill of divorce. What, then, did he do? He saw a young orphan girl, well born, and he sought to take her as a wife. He said to his groomsman: ‘Do not act with her like with the first ones; she is well born, modest, and upright. Write her a marriage contract, [specifying] in which seven-year period, in which year, in which month, in which district,’ just as it is written regarding Esther: “Esther was taken to King Aḥashverosh, to his royal palace, in the tenth month, which is the month of Tevet, in the seventh year of his reign” (Esther 2:16). So, the Holy One blessed be He created the generation of the Flood, but He did not write when He created them. He eliminated them from the world, and did not write when He eliminated them, but only, “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depth were breached” (Genesis 7:11). Likewise, regarding the generation of the Dispersion and likewise regarding Egypt, He did not write when they were created and when they died. But when Israel stood, the Holy One blessed be He said: I will not act with these like those first ones. These are the descendants of the patriarchs, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Go, write for them which month, how many days in the month, which year, which district, and in which city I raised their horn. “In the Tent of Meeting" – that is the district; “in the second year” – that is the year; “of the second month” – that is the month; “on the first of the month” – that is how many days into the month. The era was also written.8The era was, “of their exodus from the land of Egypt.” Why “take a census of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2)? To realize what is stated: “He did not do so for every nation.” What did He do? “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה, אַשְׁרָיו שֶׁל משֶׁה, שֶׁשִּׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא עוֹמְדִים, וְהַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַלְוִים וְהַזְּקֵנִים הַכֹּל עוֹמְדִים שָׁם, וּמִכֻּלָּם לֹא נִדְבַּר אֶלָּא עִם משֶׁה.
“The Lord spoke to Moses” – happy is Moses that six hundred thousand were standing; the priests, the Levites, and the elders were all standing there, and from all of them He spoke only with Moses.
וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי (במדבר א, א), לָמָּה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, מִכָּאן שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים בִּשְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים נִתְּנָה הַתּוֹרָה, בָּאֵשׁ, וּבַמַּיִם, וּבַמִּדְבָּר. בָּאֵשׁ מִנַּיִן (שמות יט, יח): וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ וגו'. וּבַמַּיִם מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים ה, ד): גַּם שָׁמַיִם נָטָפוּ גַּם עָבִים נָטְפוּ מָיִם. וּבַמִּדְבָּר מִנַּיִן וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, וְלָמָּה נִתְּנָה בִּשְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים הַלָּלוּ, אֶלָּא מָה אֵלּוּ חִנָּם לְכָל בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם כָּךְ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה חִנָּם הֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נה, א): הוֹי כָּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם, דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, אֶלָּא כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה עַצְמוֹ כַּמִּדְבָּר, הֶפְקֵר, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִקְנוֹת אֶת הַחָכְמָה וְהַתּוֹרָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: בְּמִדְבַּר סִינָי.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – why in the wilderness of Sinai? From here the Sages taught that the Torah was given with three elements: With fire, with water, and in the wilderness. With fire, from where is it derived? “Mount Sinai was all smoke, [because the Lord had descended upon it in fire]” (Exodus 19:18). In water, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “Indeed, the heavens dripped, indeed, the clouds dripped water” (Judges 5:4).9The verse is a reference to the giving of the Torah. In the wilderness, from where is it derived? “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai.” Why was it given with these three elements? It is, that just as these are free for all mankind, so, matters of Torah are free, as it is stated: “Ho, everyone who is thirsty go to water” (Isaiah 55:1).10“Incline your ear and go to Me; take heed and your soul will live” (Isaiah 55:3), a reference to Torah, is written two verses later.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – it is, that anyone who does not render himself like a wilderness, accessible to all, is unable to acquire wisdom and the Torah. That is why it is stated: “In the wilderness of Sinai.”
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, שִׁשָּׁה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ לוֹ, הַר אֱלֹהִים, הַר בָּשָׁן, הַר גַּבְנֻנִּים, הַר מוֹרִיָה, הַר חוֹרֵב, הַר סִינַי. הַר אֱלֹהִים לָמָּה, שֶׁיָּשַׁב בּוֹ הָאֱלֹהִים בַּדִּין, שֶׁנֱּאֱמַר (שמות כא, א): וְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים. הַר בָּשָׁן, שֶׁבָּא שָׁם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. הַר גַּבְנֻנִּים, הַר שֶׁפָּסַל כָּל הֶהָרִים, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאַתָּה אוֹמֵר (ויקרא כא, כ): אוֹ גִּבֵּן אוֹ דַּק. הַר חָמַד, שֶׁחָמַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֵישֵׁב שָׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים סח, יז): הָהָר חָמַד אֱלֹהִים לְשִׁבְתּוֹ. הַר חוֹרֵב, שֶׁעָלָיו נִשְׁמְטָה הֶחָרֶב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כ, י): מוֹת יוּמַת הַנֹּאֵף וְהַנֹּאָפֶת, (במדבר לה, טז יח): מוֹת יוּמַת הָרֹצֵחַ. הַר סִינַי, שֶׁבּוֹ נִשְׂנְאוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְנָתַן לָהֶם אִיפּוֹפָסִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס, יב): וְהַגּוֹיִם חָרֹב יֶחֱרָבוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, וְהַגּוֹיִם מֵחוֹרֵב יֶחֱרָבוּ, שֶׁנָּטְלוּ אִיפּוֹפָסִים שֶׁלָּהֶם.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – it was called six names: The mountain of God, Mount Bashan, Mount Gavnunim, Mount Moriah11From the continuation of the midrash it is clear that Mount Ḥamad should appear in the text rather than Mount Moriah., Mount Ḥorev, Mount Sinai. The mountain of God, because God sat there in judgment, as it is stated: “These are the ordinances [mishpatim]” (Exodus 21:1).12Mishpat can also mean judgment. Mount Bashan, as the Holy One blessed be He came there [ba sham]. Mount Gavnunim, the mountain that disqualified all the mountains, just as it says: “Or a hunchback [giben] or a dwarf [.… shall not approach to sacrifice the offerings of the Lord]” (Leviticus 21:20–21). Mount Ḥamad, because the Holy One blessed be He desired [ḥamad] to abide there, as it is stated: “The mountain that God desired for His abode” (Psalms 68:17). Mount Ḥorev, because a sword [ḥerev] was wielded upon it, as it is stated: “The adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death” (Leviticus 20:10); the murderer shall be put to death” (Numbers 35:16).13Verses 17–18 contain this command as well. Mount Sinai, where the nations of the world became hated [nisne’u] to the Holy One blessed be He, and he issued a death sentence against them, as it is stated: “The nations will be entirely destroyed [ḥarov yeḥeravu]” (Isaiah 60:12). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: The nations will be destroyed from Ḥorev, as they received their death sentence.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי. אָמַר לוֹ (במדבר א, ב): שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא חִבַּבְתִּי בְּרִיָּה יוֹתֵר מִכֶּם, לְכָךְ נָתַתִּי לָכֶם תְּלוּי רֹאשׁ, וְדִמִּיתִי אֶתְכֶם לִי, שֶׁכְּשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי תְּלוּי רֹאשׁ עַל כָּל בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כט, יא): לְךָ ה' הַגְּדֻלָּה, כָּךְ לָכֶם עָשִׂיתִי לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם תְּלוּי רֹאשׁ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמח, יד): וַיָּרֶם קֶרֶן לְעַמּוֹ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים כח, א): וּנְתָנְךָ ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ עֶלְיוֹן עַל כָּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ.
Another matter: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai” – He said to him: “Take a census [se’u et rosh]” (Numbers 1:2). The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: I was not fond of any creature more than you; therefore I accorded you preeminence [telui rosh] and likened you to Me. Just as I have preeminence over all mankind, as it is stated: “Yours, Lord, is the greatness […and the preeminence over every head [vehamitnaseh lekhol lerosh]]” (I Chronicles 29:11), so, I accorded you preeminence. That is why it is stated: Se’u et rosh, to realize what is stated: “He raised a horn for His people” (Psalms 148:14). Likewise it says: “The Lord your God will place you uppermost over all the nations of the earth” (Deuteronomy 28:1).
וַיִּהְיוּ כָּל הַפְּקֻדִּים שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף וגו' (במדבר א, מו), אַתְּ מוֹצֵא הַמִּנְיָן הַזֶּה שָׁוֶה לַמִּנְיָן שֶׁנִּמְנוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּמְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לח, כה): וְכֶסֶף פְּקוּדֵי הָעֵדָה וגו', וְהוּא הָיָה בְּשָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, שֶׁהֲרֵי כְּשֶׁקִּבְּלוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת מִיָּד עָלָה משֶׁה לְקַבֵּל הַלּוּחוֹת, וְחָטְאוּ עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, וּמִיָּד עָשׂוּ מִשְׁכָּן וְהוּקַם בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן בְּשָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות מ, יז): וַיְהִי בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְאֵימָתַי הָיָה הַמִּנְיָן הַזֶּה, בְּאֶחָד בְּאִיָּר בְּשָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר א, יח): וְאֵת כָּל הָעֵדָה הִקְהִילוּ וגו', בְּאוֹתוֹ מִנְיָן שֶׁמְּנָאָן כְּשֶׁיָּצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בְּנִיסָן כַּמָּה הָיוּ (שמות יב, לז): שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף רַגְלִי הַגְּבָרִים לְבַד מִטָּף, וּכְשֶׁבָּא לִמְנוֹתָן בְּשָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי הוּא מוֹצֵא אוֹתָן יְתֵרִים שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁים, וְאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים אֵלּוּ הַיְתֵרִים אִם מוֹנֶה לָהֶם עֶשְׂרִים מֵרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן שֶׁל שָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה לִיצִיאָתָם מִמִּצְרַיִם, אוֹ מוֹנֶה לָהֶם עֶשְׂרִים מֵרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁהוּא רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ תִּשְׁרֵי וְהִיא שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה לִיצִיאָתָם מִמִּצְרָיִם. צֵא וּלְמַד מִן הָאֲדָנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לח, כה כו): וְכֶסֶף פְּקוּדֵי הָעֵדָה מְאַת כִּכָּר וגו' בֶּקַע לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל וגו', אֵימָתַי הֵבִיאוּ הַשְּׁקָלִים מִמָּחֳרַת יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, וְלִשְׁנֵי בְּקָרִים הֵבִיאוּ כָּל הַנְּדָבָה לִמְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לו, ג): וְהֵם הֵבִיאוּ אֵלָיו עוֹד נְדָבָה וגו', וְאִם אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹא מָנוּ לְאוֹתָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם שֶׁהָיוּ פָּחוֹת מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים לֹא מָנוּ לָהֶם עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה עַד חֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן שֶׁל שָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה, אִם כֵּן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בַּשְּׁקָלִים שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁים שְׁקָלִים יְתֵרִים, אֶלָּא מַה יֵּשׁ לְךָ לוֹמַר מִתִּשְׁרֵי מָנוּ לָהֶם עֶשְׂרִים שֶׁהוּא רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לִבְרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, וּלְכָךְ כָּלַל הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן כָּךְ, לְהוֹדִיעֵנוּ שֶׁהֲרֵי נִכְנְסוּ חֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד בְּשָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה לְצֵאתָם מִמִּצְרַיִם וְלֹא נִתּוֹסְפוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁל עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה בְּמִנְיָנָם עַל אוֹתָן שֶׁנָּתְנוּ לְאַדְנֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן, לוֹמַר לָךְ שֶׁאֵין מוֹנִין לָהֶן מִנִּיסָן אֶלָּא מִתִּשְׁרֵי.
“All those counted were six hundred three thousand, five hundred and fifty” (Numbers 1:46).
“All those counted were six hundred [three] thousand [five hundred and fifty]” – you find that this census equals the census in which Israel was counted in the construction of the Tabernacle, as it is stated: “The silver of those who were counted of the congregation [was one hundred talents and one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five shekels, in the sacred shekel]” (Exodus 38:25).14A calculation of the number of half-shekels yields 603,550 people. That was in the first year, as when they received the Ten Commandments, Moses immediately ascended to receive the Tablets, they sinned with the act of the calf, and immediately they crafted the Tabernacle and it was erected on the first of Nisan in the second year, as it is stated: “It was in the first month during the second year, on the first of the month, that the Tabernacle was erected” (Exodus 40:17). When was this census? It was on the first of Iyar in the second year, as it is stated: “They assembled the entire congregation [on the first of the second month…from twenty years old and above, by their head count]” (Numbers 1:18).
In that census in which he counted them when Israel departed from Egypt on the fifteenth of Nisan, how many were they? “Six hundred thousand men on foot, besides children” (Exodus 12:37). When he came to count them in the second year on the first of the second month, he found that they were an additional three thousand five hundred and fifty, but we do not know [regarding] these additional ones whether he counts them as twenty from the New Moon of Nisan of the second year from their exodus from Egypt, or whether he counts them as twenty from the New Year, which is the New Moon of Tishrei, and it is the first year from their exodus from Egypt. Go out and learn from the bases,15Most of the silver collected from the half-shekel each person brought was used for the bases of the boards of wood which served as the walls of the Tabernacle. as it is stated: “The silver of those who were counted of the congregation was one hundred talents.… One beka per head, one-half shekel” (Exodus 38:25–26). When did they bring the shekels? It was on the day after Yom Kippur, and in two mornings they brought the entire contribution to the Tabernacle, as it is stated: “They brought him more contributions morning after morning” (Exodus 36:3). If you say that they did not count those who departed from Egypt less than twenty years old, [because] they did not count them [in the census of those over] twenty until the month of Nisan of the second year; if so, you find among the shekels a surplus of three thousand five hundred and fifty shekels. Rather, what must you say? It is that they counted them as twenty from Tishrei, which is the New Year for the creation of Adam the first man. This is why it presented the tally in this manner, to inform us that although they entered one month into the second year from their exodus from Egypt, those who reached twenty years were not added in their tally beyond those who contributed for the bases of the Tabernacle; to inform you that they do not count them from Nisan, but rather from Tishrei.
וְהַלְוִיִּם לְמַטֵּה אֲבֹתָם וגו' (במדבר א, מז), בָּא הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר לְפִי שֶׁלֹא אָמַר לֵיהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה בַּתְּחִלָּה שֶׁיִּמְנֶה שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי, שֶׁכֵּן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁלֹא מָנָה נָשִׂיא לְשֵׁבֶט לֵוִי בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמָּנָה נְשִׂיאֵי הַשְּׁבָטִים, אַף משֶׁה לֹא מְנָאוֹ שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה אִלּוּ הָיָה חֶפְצוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֶמְנֶנּוּ הָיָה אוֹמֵר לִי, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וְהַלְוִיִּם לְמַטֵּה אֲבֹתָם וגו' שֶׁלֹא רָצָה לִמְנוֹתָן. מִיָּד הָיָה משֶׁה עוֹמֵד תָּמֵהַּ לָמָּה לֹא צִוָּהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִמְנוֹת שִׁבְטוֹ, וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ אִם מוֹנֶה אִם לָאו, רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהוּא תָּמֵהַּ מִיָּד פֵּרַשׁ לוֹ לָמָּה לֹא צִוָּהוּ לִמְנוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, מח מט): וַיְדַבֵּר ה' וגו' אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי לֹא תִפְקֹד וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בַּר אִידֵי, מַה כְּתִיב בְּרֹאשׁ הַסֵּפֶר (במדבר א, ב): שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ כָּל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, רוֹמֵם אֶת רֹאשׁ, גַּדֵּל אֶת רֹאשׁ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ, כְּאָדָם הָאוֹמֵר לַקּוֹסְטִינָר סַב רֵישֵׁיהּ דִּפְלַן, כָּךְ נָתַן רֶמֶז, לָמָּה שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ, שֶׁאִם יִזְכּוּ יַעֲלוּ לִגְדֻלָּה, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (בראשית מ, יג): יִשָֹּׂא פַרְעֹה אֶת רֹאשֶׁךָ וַהֲשִׁיבְךָ עַל כַּנֶּךָ, אִם לֹא יִזְכּוּ, יָמוּתוּ כֻּלָּם, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (בראשית מ, יט): יִשָֹּׂא פַרְעֹה אֶת רֹאשְׁךָ מֵעָלֶיךָ וְתָלָה אוֹתְךָ עַל עֵץ, וְהָיָה גָּלוּי לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁיָּמוּתוּ כֻּלָּם בַּמִּדְבָּר וְיִנָּטְלוּ רָאשֵׁיהֶן, לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה: אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֵין אַתָּה מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן, אֲבָל לְעַצְמָן מְנֵה אוֹתָן, לָמָּה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם נִמְנֶה שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִתְעָרֵב עִמָּהֶם יָבוֹא מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת לַהֲרֹג אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַגְּזֵרָה יוֹצֵאת עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא מֵתִים בַּמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יד, כט): בַּמִּדְבָּר הַזֶּה יִפְּלוּ פִגְרֵיכֶם וְכָל פְּקֻדֵיכֶם לְכָל מִסְפַּרְכֶם, וְהוּא מוֹצֵא לְשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי מְעֹרָב עִמָּהֶם וְהֵם מִתְעָרְבִים עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל לָמוּת, לְפִיכָךְ לֹא מָנָה אוֹתָן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא הִפְרִישָׁם בַּמִּנְיָן, וּלְכָךְ אַף בַּלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר בָּהֶן אֶלָּא (במדבר ג, טו): פְּקֹד אֶת בְּנֵי לֵוִי.
“But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers were not counted among them” (Numbers 1:47).
“But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers” – the verse comes to say: Because the Holy One blessed be He did not say to Moses initially that he should count the tribe of Levi, as you find that he did not enumerate a prince for the tribe of Levi when he enumerated the princes of the tribes, Moses too did not count it, as Moses said: Had it been the will of the Holy One blessed be He that I count them, He would have told me. That is why it is stated: “But the Levites by the tribe of their fathers were not counted among them,” as he did not wish to count them. Immediately, Moses was standing and wondering why the Holy One blessed be He did not command him to count his tribe, and he did not know whether he would count them or not. The Holy One blessed be He saw that he was wondering; He immediately explained to him why he did not command him to count. That is what is written: “The Lord spoke.… However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:48–49).
Rabbi Pinḥas bar Idi said: What is written at the beginning of the book? “Take a census [se’u et rosh] of the entire congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:2). It is not stated, “Elevate the head,” “promote the head,” but rather se’u et rosh,16Se’u et rosh literally means “lift up the head.” like a person who says to the executioner: Remove the head of so-and-so. He thereby made an allusion. Why se’u et rosh? If they merit they will ascend to greatness, just as it says: “Pharaoh will lift up your head and restore you to your position” (Genesis 40:13). If they do not merit, they will all die, just as it says: “Pharaoh will lift up your head from upon you, and hang you on a tree” (Genesis 40:19).
It was revealed before the Holy One blessed be He that they would all die in the wilderness, and their heads will be removed; therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count…] among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Among the children of Israel you shall not count them, but by themselves, count them. Why? The Holy One blessed be He said: If the tribe of Levi is counted with Israel and intermingles with them, the angel of death will come to kill Israel and the decree will be issued against them that they will not enter the land, but rather, they will die in the wilderness, as it is stated: “In this wilderness, your carcasses will fall, and all those of you who were counted in any of your censuses” (Numbers 14:29), and he will find the tribe of Levi intermingled with them and they will intermingle with Israel to die. That is why he did not count them with Israel, but rather separated them in the tally. And that is also why the language that is written regarding Israel, se’u et rosh, was not stated in their regard, but rather: “Count [pekod] the children of Levi” (Numbers 3:15).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי לֹא תִפְקֹד, לָמָּה לֹא נִמְנוּ עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֶלָּא שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי פָּלָטְיָנִין הָיוּ, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לִגְיוֹנוֹת הַרְבֵּה וְאוֹמֵר לַפְּרוֹפָּסִיטוֹט לֵךְ מְנֵה אֶת הַלִּגְיוֹנוֹת חוּץ מִן הַלִּגְיוֹן הָעוֹמֵד לְפָנַי. לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה: אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֵין אַתָּה מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן, אֲבָל לְעַצְמָן מְנֵה אוֹתָן, שֶׁאֵין שִׁבְחוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ שֶׁיִּמָּנֶה לִגְיוֹנוֹ עִם הַלִּגְיוֹנוֹת, לְפִיכָךְ נִמְנוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְעַצְמָן וְשֵׁבֶט לֵוִי לְעַצְמָן, וּמִנַּיִן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁמִּטַּעַם הַזֶּה אָמַר לוֹ, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב אַחֲרָיו (במדבר א, נ): וְאַתָּה הַפְקֵד אֶת הַלְוִיִּם עַל מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדֻת וגו'. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי לֹא תִפְקֹד וגו', נִתְיָרֵא משֶׁה וְאָמַר שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ פְּסוּל בְּשִׁבְטִי שֶׁאֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָפֵץ שֶׁאֶמְנֶנּוּ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה לֹא אָמַרְתִּי לְךָ כֵּן אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיאָן מִן הַגְּזֵרָה שֶׁלֹא יָמוּתוּ עִמָּהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: וְאֶת רֹאשָׁם לֹא תִשָֹּׂא בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לָמָּה, שֶׁהַלְוִיִּם שֶׁלִּי הֵן (במדבר ג, יב מה): וְהָיוּ לִי הַלְוִיִּם, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְקָרֵב אוֹתִי אֲנִי מְקָרְבוֹ, הֵם קֵרְבוּ עַצְמָן לִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כו): וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה מִי לַה' אֵלָי וַיֵּאָסְפוּ אֵלָיו כָּל בְּנֵי לֵוִי, הֵן קֵרְבוּ אוֹתִי וַאֲנִי מְקָרְבָן, וְהָיוּ לִי הַלְוִיִּם. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא לְפִי שֶׁנִּמְצְאוּ עִמִּי נֶאֱמָנִים, שֶׁשָּׁמְרוּ אַזְהָרָתִי (שמות כ, ג): לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים וגו', לְפִיכָךְ הֵן רְאוּיִין שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נֶאֶמְנֵי בֵּיתִי. וְאַתָּה הַפְקֵד אֶת הַלְוִיִּם וגו', וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קא, ו): עֵינַי בְּנֶאֶמְנֵי אֶרֶץ לָשֶׁבֶת עִמָּדִי, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּל מִי שֶׁנִּבְדַּק בְּדָבָר, הַמָּקוֹם אֲהֵבוֹ לְעוֹלָם, שֶׁכֵּן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בִּיהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁנִּבְדַּק בַּעֲמָלֵק וְעָשָׂה בּוֹ כַּתּוֹרָה וְכַמִּצְוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יז, יג): וַיַּחֲלשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וגו' אָמַר לוֹ הַמָּקוֹם מִשִּׁבְטְךָ אֲנִי מַעֲמִיד פּוֹרֵעַ לַעֲמָלֵק לְעוֹלָם, (שופטים ה, יד): מִנִּי אֶפְרַיִם שָׁרְשָׁם בַּעֲמָלֵק. שָׁאוּל שֶׁנִּבְדַּק וְלֹא נִמְצָא נָאֶה בְּפִקּוּדוֹ, אֶלָּא (שמואל א טו, ט): וַיַּחְמֹל שָׁאוּל וְהָעָם, הֶחֱזִירוֹ לְאַחוֹרָיו וְנִטְּלָה הֵימֶנּוּ מַלְכוּתוֹ, (שופטים ה, יד): אַחֲרֶיךָ בִנְיָמִין, וְאַף הַשֵּׁבֶט הַזֶּה בְּדַקְתִּיו וְנִמְצְאוּ שְׁמוּרִים וְנָתְנוּ נַפְשָׁם עַל קְדֻשַּׁת שְׁמִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כז כח): שִׂימוּ אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ וגו' וַיַּעֲשׂוּ בְנֵי לֵוִי כִּדְבַר משֶׁה וגו' (דברים לג, ט): הָאֹמֵר לְאָבִיו וּלְאִמּוֹ וגו', אַף כָּן אֲנִי מְקָרְבָן וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן בְּנֵי פְּלָטִירִי וַאֲנִי מַאֲמִין קְדֻשָּׁתִי וְתַשְׁמִישׁ בֵּיתִי עֲלֵיהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְאַתָּה הַפְקֵד אֶת הַלְוִיִּם וגו', לָמָּה שֶׁהֵם נֶאֱמָנִים לִי. אַף בִּשְׁעַת פֵּרוּקוֹ וַהֲקָמָתוֹ אֵינִי חָפֵץ בַּאֲחֵרִים שֶׁיִּפְרְקוּהוּ וִיקִימוּהוּ אֶלָּא הֵם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, נא): וּבִנְסֹעַ הַמִּשְׁכָּן וגו', יָכוֹל הַמִּצְוָה עַל הַלְוִיִּם אֲבָל אִם עָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל רְשׁוּת, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר א, נא): וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קא, ג): עֲשׂה סֵטִים שָׂנֵאתִי וגו', אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁסָּטוּ מֵאַחֲרֵי הַמָּקוֹם וְעָשׂוּ אֶת הָעֵגֶל וּשְׂנָאָן הַמָּקוֹם לִהְיוֹת גִּזְבָּרִין שֶׁלּוֹ, וְלֹא תֹאמַר שֶׁלֹא יִגְעוּ בוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּשְׁעַת מַסָּעוֹת אֶלָּא אַף בִּשְׁעַת הַמַּחֲנוֹת לֹא יִקְרְבוּ אֵלָיו אֶלָּא בְּנֵי לֵוִי, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, נב נג): וְחָנוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ עַל מַחֲנֵהוּ וגו' וְהַלְוִיִּם יַחֲנוּ סָבִיב לְמִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדֻת, וְלָמָּה אֲנִי מַזְהִירָן שֶׁיַּרְחִיקוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַצְמָן מִן הַמִּשְׁכָּן, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִהְיֶה קֶצֶף עֲלֵיהֶן, שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיִין לְהִתְקָרֵב אֶצְלוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, נג): וְלֹא יִהְיֶה קֶצֶף עַל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֲבָל הַלְוִיִּם הֵם יִשְׁמְרוּהוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, נג): וְשָׁמְרוּ הַלְוִיִּם אֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדוּת, (במדבר א, נד): וַיַּעֲשׂוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' אֶת משֶׁה כֵּן עָשׂוּ, שֶׁרִחֲקוּ עַצְמָן מִן הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְנָתְנוּ מָקוֹם לַלְוִיִּם לַחֲנוֹת סָבִיב לַמִּשְׁכָּן.
Another matter: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count” (Numbers 1:49) – why were they not counted with Israel? It is because the tribe of Levi was the palace guard. This is analogous to a king who had several legions, and he said to his chief of staff: Go count the legions, except for the legion that stands before me. That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count]…among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Among the children of Israel you shall not count them, but by themselves, count them, as it is not in keeping with the king’s honor that his legion should be counted with the legions. That is why Israel was counted by itself and the tribe of Levi was counted by itself.
From where do you say that it is for that reason that He said it to him? It is because it is written thereafter: “And you, appoint the Levites over the Tabernacle of the Testimony…” (Numbers 1:50). When the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:49), Moses grew afraid and said: Is there perhaps a disqualification in my tribe, due to which the Holy One blessed be He does not wish me to count them? The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: I said so to you only to exclude them from the decree, so that they will not die with them. That is what is written: “And you shall not take a census of them [ve’et rosham lo tisa] among the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:49). Why? It is because the Levites are Mine: “The Levites shall be Mine” (Numbers 3:12, 45). As, anyone who draws Me near, I draw him near. They drew near to Me, as it is stated: “Moses…said: Whoever is for the Lord, come to me; and all the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). They drew Me near, and I draw them near: “The Levites shall be Mine.” Moreover, because they were found to be loyal to Me, as they observed my admonition: “You shall have no other gods…” (Exodus 20:3), therefore, they are worthy to be the trustees of My house. “And you, appoint the Levites [over the Tabernacle of the Testimony…and they shall encamp around the Tabernacle]” – likewise it says: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell with Me.” (Psalms 101:6).
You find that anyone who is put to the test regarding a matter,17And he passes the test. the Holy One blessed be He loves him forever. As, you find regarding Joshua that he was put to the test with Amalek, and he performed there in accordance with the Torah and the mitzva, as it is stated: “Joshua weakened [Amalek and its people by sword]” (Exodus 17:13). The Omnipresent said to him: From your tribe, I will establish one who will exact retribution against Amalek forever: “From Ephraim came those who uprooted Amalek” (Judges 5:14). Saul, who was put to the test but did not properly fulfill his command, but rather: “Saul and the people spared [Agag…and all that was good, and would not utterly destroy them]” (I Samuel 15:9), He caused him to fall back [le’aḥorav], and his kingdom was taken from him: “After you [aḥarekha], Benjamin” (Judges 5:14).
This tribe, too, I put them to the test, and they were found observant, and they gave their lives for sanctification of My name, as it is stated: “Each man, place his sword upon his thigh…[and each slay his brother, each his neighbor, each his relative]. The sons of Levi acted in accordance with the word of Moses…” (Exodus 32:27–28); “Who said of his father, and of his mother: [I did not see him, and his brothers he did not recognize, and his children he did not know, because they observed Your saying, and Your covenant they upheld]” (Deuteronomy 33:9). Here, too, I will draw them near and make them My palace guard, and I entrust My sanctity and the function of My house to them. That is what is written: “And you, appoint the Levites [over the Tabernacle of the Testimony]” (Numbers 1:50). Why? It is because they are loyal to Me. During its dismantling and its erecting, too, I do not want others to dismantle it and erect it, only them. That is what is written: “And when the Tabernacle travels, [the Levites shall dismantle it, and when the Tabernacle encamps, the Levites shall erect it]” (Numbers 1:51). Is it possible that the mitzva is incumbent upon the Levites, but if an Israelite did so it is permitted? The verse stated: “And the stranger who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 1:51). Likewise it says: I hate doers of perversity” (Psalms 101:3) – this is Israel that strayed from after the Omnipresent and crafted the calf, and the Holy One blessed be He despised them from being His trustees.
Do not say that it was that Israel would not touch it [only] during the journeys, rather, also during the encampments, only the children of Levi would approach it. That is what is written: “The children of Israel shall encamp, each in his camp.… And the Levites shall encamp around the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 1:52–53). Why do I caution them that Israel should distance themselves from the Tabernacle? It is so there would not be fury upon them, as they are unworthy to approach it. That is what is written: “And there will not be fury against the congregation of the children of Israel” (Numbers 1:53). But the Levites will protect it; that is what is written: “The Levites will protect the watch of the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 1:53). “The children of Israel did according to everything that the Lord commanded Moses, so they did” (Numbers 1:54) – as they distanced themselves from the Tabernacle and provided room for the Levites to encamp around the Tabernacle.