“Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying: So you shall bless the children of Israel; say to them:” (Numbers 6:23). “So you shall bless the children of Israel…” – that is what is written: “Do not envy a man of villainy, and do not choose any of his ways” (Proverbs 3:31). “A man of villainy” – this is the wicked Esau; “man” – just as it says: “Esau was a man who knew hunting” (Genesis 25:27); “villainy” – just as it says: “For the villainy to your brother Jacob” (Obadiah 1:10). What is it that it said: “Do not envy”? It is because it was revealed before the Holy One blessed be He that Israel is destined to be subjugated to Edom1Edom is considered the nation of Esau. and would be hard pressed and overburdened in their midst, and Israel is destined to protest this, just as Malachi said: “You said: It is vain to worship God and what is the profit in our having kept His commission.… Now we praise the wicked; the evildoers, too, prosper; they also test God and escape” (Malachi 3:14–15). That is why the Divine Presence said by means of Solomon: “Do not envy a man of villainy” – do not envy the tranquility of the wicked Esau; “and do not choose any of his ways” – you shall not perform any of his actions. Why? Look to the end of the matter, as, behold, the day will come when God will despise everyone who would impugn [maliz] the mitzvot. That is what is written: “For the devious person [naloz] is an abomination to the Lord” (Proverbs 3:32). Likewise it says: “The Lord abhors a man of bloodshed and deceit” (Psalms 5:7). However, one whose path is upright before Him will be among His confidants; that is what is written: “And His secret is with the upright” (Proverbs 3:32). Likewise, it says: “Now, it will be said to Jacob [and to Israel what God has wrought]” (Numbers 23:23). And it says: “The secret of the Lord is to those who fear Him…” (Psalms 25:14). And it says: “You will return and see the difference between the righteous and the wicked, between one who serves God and one who does not serve Him” (Malachi 3:18). “The curse of the Lord is on the house of the wicked” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is Esau the wicked, just as it says: “[If Edom will say:] We are ruined, but we will return and build the ruins, so said the Lord of hosts: They will build, and I will destroy; [they will be called the boundary of wickedness]” (Malachi 1:4). “And He blesses the abode of the righteous” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is Israel, in whose regard it is written: “Your people, they are all righteous, they will inherit the land forever” (Isaiah 60:21). “Your eyes will see, and you will say: May the Lord be exalted [beyond the boundary of Israel]” (Malachi 1:5). “If it is to scoffers, He will scoff” (Proverbs 3:34) – these are the Edomites, who are called scoffers, as it is stated: “A wicked and arrogant man, scoffer is his name” (Proverbs 21:24). And they are called wicked, just as it says: “Now we praise the wicked” (Malachi 3:15). From where is it derived that the verse is speaking of the Edomites? As it is written: “The evildoers [osei risha], too, prosper” (Malachi 3:15) – these are the Edomites, just as it says: “They will be called the boundary of wickedness [risha]” (Malachi 1:4). And they scoff at Israel every day, about the troubles that befall them, just as it says: “You were haughty against Me with your mouths, and you increased your words against Me; I heard” (Ezekiel 35:13). “He will scoff” – the Holy One blessed be He is destined to mete out to them according to their measure, just as it says: “As you have done, so will be done to you; your retribution will return upon your head” (Obadiah 1:15). “But to the humble He gives favor” (Proverbs 3:34) – this is Israel, who are poor among them2This is a reference to the Edomites mentioned above, and refers in general to all of the oppressors of Israel. and walk humbly in their midst and bear their yoke upon them in order to sanctify the name of the Holy One blessed be He. That the Holy One blessed be He is destined to be gracious to these and punish those, just as it says: “Therefore, the Lord will wait to be gracious to you […for the Lord is a God of justice]” (Isaiah 30:18). And it says: “The humble will increase their joy in the Lord” (Isaiah 29:19). And it says: “For a people will live in Zion, in Jerusalem; you will not weep” (Isaiah 30:19). “The wise will inherit honor” (Proverbs 3:35) – this is Israel, who are called wise when they perform the Torah and the mitzvot, as it is stated: “You shall observe and you shall perform, as this is your wisdom and your understanding…” (Deuteronomy 4:6). Because Israel observes the Torah in their midst, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to bequeath to them a throne of glory, just as it says: “He will bequeath to them a throne of glory” (I Samuel 2:8), as the Holy One blessed be He is destined to restore the monarchy to Israel, just as it says: “The kingdom, the dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the entire heavens [will be given to the holy people of the Most High]” (Daniel 7:27). “And fools carry away disgrace” (Proverbs 3:35) – these are the Edomites, just as it says: “I will eliminate the wise from Edom, and wisdom from the mountain of Esau” (Obadiah 1:8). And it says: “[Concerning Edom, so said the Lord of hosts:] Is there no longer wisdom in Teman? Is counsel lost from the children? Has their wisdom spoiled” (Jeremiah 49:7)? What is “carry away disgrace [kalon]”? It means that they will carry away disgrace in their portion, as their end will be that they will go into fire. Kalon is nothing other than fire, just as it says: “Whom the king of Babylon roasted [kalam] in the fire” (Jeremiah 29:22). And it says: “Just ripened, roasted [kalui] in fire” (Leviticus 2:14). Likewise it says: “[The house of Jacob will be fire,] and the house of Joseph a flame, [and the house of Esau for straw, and they will ignite them and consume them]” (Obadiah 1:18). And it says: “I was seeing until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and it was relegated to the burning of fire” (Daniel 7:11). That is, “and fools carry away disgrace.” Another matter: “Do not envy a man [of villainy]” (Proverbs 3:31) – it is speaking of an adulterer, who, when he consorts with the wife of another and she is impregnated by him, he robs money from the children of the woman’s husband and gives it to the mamzer, as the husband thinks that he is his son, but he is not his son, and he bequeaths him the inheritance with his sons. It is regarding this matter that the adulterer is called “a man of villainy.”3Villainy is a translation of ḥamas,which also refers to theft. What is “do not envy”? It is that anyone who sees the adulterer, who realizes the lust in his heart with the wife of another and she feeds him and gives him to drink, should not envy his tranquility and should not choose any of his ways. Why? It is because the adulterer is called an abomination: “They are six that the Lord hates, and seven that are an abomination to His soul” (Proverbs 6:16). “One who incites discord among brethren” (Proverbs 6:19) is one of the abominations. This is the adulterer, who incites discord between a man and his wife, just as it says: “And a spirit of jealousy overcame him, [and he warned his wife]” (Numbers 5:14). That is why it is stated: “For the devious [naloz] person is an abomination to the Lord” – this is the adulterer, in whose regard it is written: “And are devious [unlozim] in their tracks” (Proverbs 2:15–16). “And His secret is with the upright” (Proverbs 3:32) – this is one who sees his actions and abstains from wine in order to render his paths upright, just as it says: “Who render their paths upright” (Proverbs 9:15). What is His secret? It is that the Holy One blessed be He teaches him how to save himself from her, just as it says: “I have guided you on the path of wisdom” (Proverbs 4:11). The numerical value of wine [yayin] is seventy4Yod – 10; yod –10; nun – 50; the sum is 70. and of secret [sod] is seventy.5Samekh – 60; vav – 6; dalet – 4; the sum is 70. He abstains from wine that totals seventy, and he merits the secret of wisdom that totals seventy. Wine enters, a secret emerges, wine remains out, a secret enters. That is, “and His secret is with the upright.” “The curse of the Lord is on the house of the wicked” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is the adulterer. What is the curse [hame’era]? It is that the water that causes curse [hame’arerim] will examine him just as they examine her. That is, “the curse of the Lord,” just as it says: “May the Lord render you as a curse…” (Numbers 5:21). “And He blesses the abode of the righteous” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is the male nazirite and the female nazirite, who, if they abstained from wine to protect themselves from sin, merit a blessing. That is why it juxtaposed the portion of the Priestly Benediction after the portion of the nazirite, because he merits receiving the blessings of the Priestly Benediction. That is, “and He blesses the abode of the righteous,” just as it says: “May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24). “If it is to scoffers,” (Proverbs 3:34) – this is the adulterer, who errs due to wine, who is called a scoffer, just as it says: “Wine is a scoffer, intoxicating drink is tumultuous…” (Proverbs 20:1). “He will scoff” (Proverbs 3:34) – as everyone scoffs at the adulterer, as he is a curse and an oath for My chosen ones. “But to the humble, He is gracious” (Proverbs 3:34) – these are the nazirites, who adopt humility for themselves, who abstain from wine and grow their hair in order to torment themselves and protect themselves from transgression. The Holy One blessed be He is gracious with them, just as it is written: “And be gracious to you” (Numbers 6:25). “The wise will inherit honor” (Proverbs 3:35) – because the nazirites feared sin they were called wise men, just as it says: “Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom” (Psalms 111:10). And it says: “Behold, fear of the Lord is wisdom” (Job 28:28). They inherit honor, as the Holy One blessed be He lifts His countenance to them and grants them peace, as when a person sits peacefully in his home, that is his honor. Likewise, it says: “Preserve your honor and stay at home” (II Kings 14:10), as after the portion of the nazirite, the Priestly Benediction is written, in which it is written: “And grant you peace” (Numbers 6:26). “And fools carry away disgrace” (Proverbs 3:35) – these are the adulterer and the adulteress, and they are called fools. The adulterer, from where is it derived? “Whoever is a simpleton let him turn here” (Proverbs (9:16). The adulteress, as it is written: “The woman of folly is loud” (Proverbs 9:13). “Carry away disgrace” – “he shall expose the head of the woman” (Numbers 5:18), and it says: “Her belly will distend…” (Numbers 5:27); do you have any disgrace greater than that? That is, “carry away disgrace.” This is why the portion of the Priestly Benediction is stated after the portion of the nazirite, as anyone who abstains from wine for the sake of Heaven merits all the blessings stated in the Priestly Benediction. From where is it derived? It is just as it says: “So you shall bless [the children of Israel]” (Numbers 6:23).
“My beloved is like a gazelle or a fawn [ofer ha’ayalim]…” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe, in truth you came to us first. “My beloved is like a gazelle” – just as the gazelle leaps, so the Holy One blessed be He leapt and bounded from Egypt to the sea and from the sea to Sinai. In Egypt, “I will pass in the land of Egypt…” (Exodus 12:12). At the sea, “this is my God and I will exalt Him” (Exodus 15:2). At Sinai, “He said: The Lord came from Sinai” (Deuteronomy 33:2). “Or a fawn” – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer.6Rabbi Yosei teaches that "ofer ha'ayalim" means a fawn, and not a certain type of deer. “Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – this is the wilderness of Sinai. “Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – “the Lord descended upon Mount Sinai…” (Exodus 19:20). “Peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – “God spoke all these matters…” (Exodus 20:1). “My beloved spoke up and said to me” (Song of Songs 2:10) – “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2). Another matter: “My beloved is like a gazelle” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe, You told us that You will come to us first. “My beloved is like a gazelle” – just as the gazelle appears and is then concealed, so, the initial redeemer appeared and was then concealed. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Like the initial redeemer, so will be the ultimate redeemer. The initial redeemer, this is Moses; he appeared to them and was then concealed from them. How long was he concealed from them? Rabbi Tanḥuma said: Three months; that is what is written: “They encountered Moses and Aaron…” (Exodus 5:20).7“Encountered” indicates that there had been an interruption in the contact between them. The ultimate redeemer, too, will appear to them and will then be concealed from them. How long will he be concealed from them? Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rabbi Ḥama ben Rabbi Hoshaya: Forty-five days. That is what is written: “From the time of the abolishing of the daily offering and the setting up of the abomination of desolation there will be one thousand two hundred and ninety days” (Daniel 12:11), and it is written: “Happy is one who waits, and reaches one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days” (Daniel 12:12). How many are these extra days? They are the forty-five days that he will be concealed from them and will then reappear to them. Where will he take them?8Where will they be during those forty-five days? Some say to the Judean desert, and some say to the wilderness of Siḥon and Og. Anyone who believes him and follows him will eat roots of the broom tree and saltwort leaves; that is what is written: “Who pick saltwort from bushes, and the root of the broom tree is their food” (Job 30:4). Anyone who does not follow him will go and make peace with the nations of the world, and they will ultimately kill him. Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Maryon said: At the conclusion of forty-five days, the Holy One blessed be He will cause manna to fall for them. That is what is written: “I will yet settle you in tents as in the appointed [moed] days” (Hosea 12:10), and it says: “The appointed time [moed] of your exodus from Egypt” (Deuteronomy 16:6). “Or a fawn” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer. “Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – this is the western wall of the Temple, which is never destroyed. Why? It is because the Divine Presence is in the west. “Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – due to the merit of the patriarchs; “peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – due to the merit of the matriarchs. Just as there is a distinction between a window and a crack, so there is a distinction between the merit of the patriarchs and the merit of the matriarchs. “My beloved spoke up and said to me” (Song of Songs 2:10) – what did He say? “As I live, the utterance of the Lord, that you will don all of them like jewelry, and you will tie them like a bride” (Isaiah 49:18). Another matter: “My beloved is like a gazelle” (Song of Songs 2:9) – just as this gazelle leaps from place to place, from fence to fence, from tree to tree, and from booth to booth, so, the Holy One blessed be He leaps and bounds from this synagogue to that synagogue. Why to that extent? It is order to bless Israel, as it is stated: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21). By what merit? It is by the merit of Abraham our patriarch, as it is written: “So [ko] you shall bless,” just as it says: “So [ko] shall be your offspring” (Genesis 15:5). “Or a fawn” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer. “Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – when the Holy One blessed be He came to visit Abraham our patriarch on the third day since his circumcision, just as it says: “The Lord appeared to him in the plains of Mamre, and he was sitting [yoshev]…” (Genesis 18:1). Yashav is written.9Yoshev is written without a vav, so it looks like yashav. He sought to stand; the Holy One blessed be He said to him: Sit, Abraham, you are a paradigm for your descendants, as when your descendants enter synagogues and study halls and recite Shema, they sit and My glory stands. What is the source? “God stands [nitzav] in the assembly of the Almighty” (Psalms 82:1) – Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: It is not written here, “God omed,”10The word “stands” would usually be rendered as omed.but rather, “God nitzav,” at the ready. This is just as it says: “It will be before they call, I will answer” (Isaiah 65:24). That is why it is stated: “Behold, he is standing behind our wall”; these are the synagogues and study halls. “Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – when the Holy One blessed be He said to Aaron and his sons: “So you shall bless…,” Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, to the priests You said that they should bless us. We need only Your blessings and to be blessed from Your mouth.’ That is what is written: “Look from Your holy abode, from Heaven, and bless Your people Israel” (Deuteronomy 26:15). The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘Although I said to the priests that they should bless you, with them I stand and bless you.’ That is why the priests spread their hands, saying: The Holy One blessed be He is standing behind us. That is why it says: “Watching from the windows” – from between the priests’ shoulders; “peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – from between the priests’ fingers. “My beloved spoke up and said to me” – “and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27). “So you shall bless” – that is what is written: “I will render you a great nation…” (Genesis 12:2). Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair said: The Holy One blessed be He blessed Abraham with seven blessings, and these are they: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2); “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2); “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2); “you will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2). I will bless those who bless you” (Genesis 12:3); “one who curses you, I will curse” (Genesis 12:3), “[all the families of the earth] will be blessed in you” (Genesis 12:3). These correspond to the seven verses in the act of Creation in which “that it was good” is written.11Seven including Genesis 1:31: “And it was very good.” Rabbi Levi bar Ḥayata and Rabbi Abba son of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: There are three expressions of greatness and four blessings written here. He apprised him that there would be three patriarchs and four matriarchs. But is it not that there are only two expressions of greatness? “I will render you [ve’e’eskha]” is an expression of greatness12Thus, there are, in fact, three expressions of greatness., as it is written: “It is the Lord who appointed [asa] Moses [and Aaron]” (I Samuel 12:6). Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Abraham. “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Isaac. “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Jacob. Do we, perhaps, conclude with all of them? The verse states: “You will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2) – it is with you they conclude: The Shield of Abraham, and we do not conclude with all of them.13This midrash is referring to the first blessing of the Amida prayer. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ze’eira said: “You will be a blessing” – your blessing precedes Mine, as after they recite Shield of Abraham, only then do they recite: Who revives the dead. Another matter: “You will be a blessing [berakha]” (Genesis 12:2) – you will be a pool [berekha]. Just as this pool purifies the impure, you, too, draw the distant under the wings of the Divine Presence. “I will render you [ve’e’eskha] a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – Rabbi Berekhya said: It is not written here, Etenkha,14See Genesis 17:20: “I will make him [untativ] a great nation.” asimekha,15See Genesis 46:3: “I will make you [asimekha] a great nation there.” but rather ve’e’eskha.16This connotes creation of a new entity. After I create you as a new creation, just as it says: “God made [vayaas] the firmament” (Genesis 1:7), then you will be fruitful and multiply. “A great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – Abraham said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, from Noah, did You not produce seventy nations?’ He said to him: ‘That nation in whose regard it is written: “For who is a great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:7), I am producing from you.’ Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen bar Ḥama said: When did the Holy One blessed be He render Abraham a great nation? It was when they departed from Egypt, came to Sinai, received the Torah, and arrived in the Land of Israel. Moses looked at them and said: They have been rendered just as the Holy One blessed be He promised to the elder, as it is stated: “And who is a great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:8). Alternatively, “a great nation” – as I will give your descendants the Torah, and from it they will be called a great nation, as it is stated: “It is a particularly wise and understanding people, this great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:6). “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2) – Rabbi Berekhya said: Because travel causes a person three phenomena: It lessens procreation, it lessens his expenditure,17It reduces his disposable income. and it lessens his reputation; that is why it was stated to him: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – travel will not lessen your procreation; “I will bless you” – travel will not lessen your expenditure; “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2) – it will not lessen your reputation. People say in a parable: From house to house, a cloak; from place to place, a soul. However, you will lose neither a soul nor property. “You will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2) – it is already written: “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2); why does the verse state: “You will be a blessing”? Rabbi Eliezer said: The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘From when I created My world until now, I needed to bless My creations,’ as it is stated: “God blessed them…” (Genesis 1:28), and it says: “God blessed Noah and his sons” (Genesis 9:1). ‘But from here on, the blessings are granted to you; to one whom you see fit to bless, bless.’ Nevertheless, Abraham did not bless his sons. Why is it so? It is analogous to a king who had an orchard and he entrusted it to a sharecropper. In that orchard there was one tree that was an elixir of life and one tree a deadly poison. The sharecropper said: I will cultivate and complete [my work], and the king will do with his orchard what he chooses. So, the king, this is the Holy One blessed be He. The orchard, this is the world. He granted it to Abraham, as He said to him: “You will be a blessing.” What did Abraham do? He had two sons, one righteous and one wicked: Isaac and Ishmael. Abraham said: If I bless Isaac, Ishmael will request to be blessed, and he is wicked. Rather, I am a servant; I am flesh and blood. Tomorrow, I will pass from the world, and what the Holy One blessed be He wishes to do in His world, He will do. When Abraham passed away, the Holy One blessed be He appeared to Isaac and blessed him, as it is stated: “It was after the death of Abraham, [God blessed Isaac his son]” (Genesis 25:11). Isaac blessed Jacob, and Jacob blessed the twelve tribes, as it is stated: “All these are the tribes of Israel, twelve, and this is that which their father spoke to them, and he blessed them” (Genesis 49:28). From here on, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘The blessings are granted to you. The priests will bless My children, just as I said to Abraham their patriarch: “You will be a blessing.”’ That is why it is stated: “So you shall bless…”
“So you shall bless” – that is what is written: “Behold the bed of Solomon…” (Song of Songs 3:7). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai interpreted it regarding Solomon: “Behold the bed of Solomon” – this is King Solomon. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – sixty valiant men surrounded his bed at night, and they were “from the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7). “Each armed with a sword, trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – why would he do so? It is “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as he was afraid of the demons [and acted] so that they would not harm him. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai said: Before a person sins, he is an object of awe and fear. Once he sins, he is subject to awe and fear. Before he sinned, Adam the first man would hear the Divine Voice, stand on his feet, and was able to withstand it. Once he sinned, he would hear the Divine Voice and hide, as it is stated: “[They heard the voice of the Lord God]…the man and his wife hid [from the presence of the Lord God]” (Genesis 3:8). Rabbi Avin said: Before Adam the first man sinned, he would hear a gentle voice. After he sinned, he heard a thunderous voice. Until Israel sinned, “the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like devouring fire atop the mountain” (Exodus 24:17). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: There were seven partitions of fire consuming one another, and Israel would see and were not afraid and were not fearful. Once they sinned, they were unable to look even at the intermediary: “Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, and behold, [the skin of his face] was radiant, [and they feared approaching him]” (Exodus 34:30). Rabbi Pinḥas ben Rabbi Avin said that Rabbi Ḥanin said: Even the intermediary felt it together with them from one time to another.18From before the sin to after the sin. Before, “the kings of hosts flee [and flee]” (Psalms 68:13). Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Aivu: “The kings of hosts” – the kings of the angels; even Mikhael and Gavriel would fear Moses. Once they sinned, Moses was unable to look even at their lowest-ranking soldiers. That is what is written: “For I was daunted due to the wrath and the fury” (Deuteronomy 9:19). Until Saul sinned: It is not written here, “Saul took the kingdom,” but rather, “Saul captured the kingdom over Israel…” (I Samuel 14:47). What is, “wherever he turned, he would inspire terror” (I Samuel 14:47)? He would emerge victorious. By what merit? It was by the merit of the mitzvotand good deeds that he had to his credit, as he was poor, ate non-sacred produce in purity, and would spend his own money but was sparing with the money of Israel. He considered the honor due his servant equal to his own honor. Rabbi Yehuda bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: And he was learned in Torah, as it is written: “Through me19The Torah. kings reign…” (Proverbs 8:15). Once he sinned: “Saul saw the Philistine camp, and he was afraid…” (I Samuel 28:5). Until David sinned with that act:20With Batsheva (II Samuel chap. 11). “The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear…” (Psalms 27:1)? Once he sinned with that act, “I will come upon him and he will be weary and discouraged” (II Samuel 17:2). Until Solomon sinned, he would dominate with songs and poems [shirim veshirot] and he would rule over the demons, as it is stated: “I appointed for myself sharim vesharot” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – male singers and female singers. “And the pleasures of people” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – these are bathhouses. “Shida veshidot” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – these are male demons and female demons, who stoked the fires in them. He ruled them to the extent that when he built the Temple, he controlled the actions of Ashmedai.21The king of the demons. When he sinned, Ashmedai banished him from his kingdom, and after he returned to his kingdom, his fear was upon him, and he brought sixty valiant men who would guard his bed. That is what is written: “From fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as he feared the demons. “Behold the bed of Solomon…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – the Rabbis interpreted the verse regarding those who departed from Egypt. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [matotav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot]” (Habakkuk 3:9). “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – six hundred thousand who departed from Egypt, from the age of twenty and above. “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – this comes to include women and children. “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – “the children of Israel ascended armed [from the land of Egypt]” (Exodus 13:18). “Trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – from whom did they learn? It was from the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war” (Exodus 15:3). “Each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8) – when Moses told them that the Holy One blessed be He had told him the statute: “Every uncircumcised person may not eat of it” (Exodus 12:48) – each and every one of them took a sword, placed it on his thigh, and circumcised himself. Who circumcised them? Rabbi Berekhya taught it in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: Moses would circumcise, Aaron would uncover the corona, and Joshua would give them to drink. Some say: Joshua would circumcise, Aaron would uncover the corona, and Moses would give them to drink. That is what is written: “And again circumcise the children of Israel, a second time” (Joshua 5:2). Infer from here that he circumcised them the first time. “And circumcised the children of Israel [at the Hill of the Foreskins]” (Joshua 5:3) – what is “at the Hill of the Foreskins”? Rabbi Levi said: It is a place where they made that hill of foreskins. That is, “each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8). What is, “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8)? It is because they were unable to offer the paschal offering, as it is written: “All uncircumcised people may not eat of it” (Exodus 12:48). Had the children of Israel not offered the paschal offering, they would have died on the eve of Passover when the Egyptian firstborn died, as it is stated: “I will see the blood and I will pass over you, and there will not be a plague among you to destroy, when I smite the land of Egypt” (Exodus 12:13). That is, “from fear in the nights.” “Behold the bed…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Yonatan interpreted the verse regarding the Sanhedrin. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [shevatav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot].” “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the sixty people of the land, as it is stated: “And sixty men of the people of the land, who were found inside the city” (II Kings 25:19). “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – to include eleven men; that is a Sanhedrin of seventy-one. Who were the eleven men? It is as it is written: “The captain of the guards took Seraya the chief priest, Tzefanyahu the deputy priest, and the three gatekeepers” (II Kings 25:18); that is five. “From the city he took one official” (II Kings 25:19) – this is the most distinguished member of the court; that is six. “And five men of those who see the king’s face” – that is eleven. One verse says: “And five men of those who see the king's face,” and one verse says: “And seven men of those who see the king's face” (Jeremiah 52:25). Who were the two extra? It is to add to them two scribes of the judges; “and the scribe of the commander of the army, who directs [the people of the land]” (Jeremiah 52:25) – this is the emissary of the court. “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yosei: Rabbi Meir says: They would all sharpen their knowledge of halakha like a sword, so if an incident happened to come into their jurisdiction, the halakha would not be calling for a response. Rabbi Yosei says: At the time of judgment they would all deliberate regarding the halakha to ensure that the true judgment would be issued, and they would consider it as though a sword were positioned between their thighs and Gehenna was open before them. That is, “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – they were frightened about how to issue a ruling regarding the incident in order to be rescued from the sentence of Gehenna. Rabbi Menaḥem, son-in-law of Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Avina: If a woman comes to the study hall to ask you regarding a law or a question, you should consider her as though she emerged from your loins. Do not eye her with lust, and be fearful of the sentence of Gehenna, which is like night. “Behold the bed… ” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Samlai interpreted the verse regarding priestly watches. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [matotav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot].” “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the twenty-four priestly watches, the twenty-four Levite watches, and the twelve divisions.22During David’s reign, each tribe was accorded responsibility to support the kingdom for one month a year (see I Chronicles, chap. 27). “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – this is to include the rest of the people who were located in Jerusalem, [the] Sanhedrin, the courts, and the students. “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – just as it says: “[Exaltation of the Almighty is in their throats,] and a double-edged sword is in their hand” (Psalms 149:6). “Trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – this is the battle of Torah, just as it says: “In the book of the Wars of the Lord” (Numbers 21:14). Rabbi Ze’eira and Rabbi Yehuda in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: Torah scholars who would teach the priests the halakhot of slaughter, receiving, sprinkling, and taking a handful would collect their wages from the collection of the chamber. Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Rabbi Redifa in the name of Rabbi Ami: The examiners of blemishes in Jerusalem would collect their wages from the collection of the chamber. Rav Aḥa and Rabbi Tanḥum ben Rabbi, the son-in-law of Rabbi Samlai: Proofreaders of the Torah scroll in the Courtyard would take their wages from the collection of the chamber. Gidel bar Binyamin in the name of Rabbi Ami: There were two judges in Jerusalem for robberies, and they would take their wages from the collection of the chamber. Rav Huna said: The Curtain would come from the funds of Temple maintenance. Shmuel said: The women who weave the curtain would take their wages from the collection of the chamber. That is, “trained [melumedei] in war” (Song of Songs 3:8), as they would teach [melamdin] the priests how to perform the service. “Each man with his sword on his thigh from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – they would caution them that when they would slaughter they should not render the offerings pigul,23If while performing the sacrificial rites the priest has a thought to eat the flesh or sprinkle the blood after the appointed time, the offering is disqualified as pigul. and they should not disqualify any of the offerings by keeping them past the appointed time. “Behold the bed…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Samlai interpreted the verse regarding the Priestly Benediction. “Behold the bed” – this is the Temple. Just as the bed is for nothing other than procreation, so, everything that was in the Temple would procreate, as it is stated: “The staves extended” (I Kings 8:8), and it says: “Parvayim gold” (II Chronicles 3:6). What is parvayim? It is that it produced fruits [perot]. And it says: “The House of the Forest of Lebanon” (I Kings 7:2). Why is it called “The House of the Forest of Lebanon”? It is to say to you: Just as a forest produces fruits, so did the Temple. The forms that were on its walls were of gold, as they would craft there all sorts of trees that would produce fruits. “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the sixty letters of the Priestly Benediction. “From the valiant [migiborei] of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – as they bolster [megaberim] Israel. Rabbi Azarya said: Matters that are mentioned with might, as the name of the Holy One blessed be He is mentioned in each and every one: “May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24); “may the Lord shine” (Numbers 6:25); “may the Lord lift” (Numbers 6: 26). “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as they battle against all the punishments in the Torah. “Each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8) – even if a person sees in his dream as though a sword is cutting his thigh, let him rise early to the synagogue, stand before the priests, and hear the Priestly Benediction, and no evil matter will harm him: That is why the Torah cautions the priests and says to them: “So you shall bless…”
“Speak to Aaron…” – because the entire action of this portion involves Aaron, it included Aaron and his sons in the Divine Speech, as this is the principle: Whenever the action is by the priests, the Divine Speech is to the priests. When the action is for Israelites, the Divine Speech is to Israel. “So you shall bless” – Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived that it was stated from the mouth of the Holy One blessed be He to Moses in what order they shall bless Israel? The verse states: “So you shall bless the children of Israel.” “So you shall bless the children of Israel” – in the sacred tongue. Do you say in the sacred tongue, or perhaps it is actually in any language? Here it is stated: “So you shall bless,” and there it is stated: “These shall stand to bless the people” (Deuteronomy 27:12). Just as there it is in the sacred tongue,24See Sota 33a. so too here it is in the sacred tongue. Rabbi Yehuda said: It is not necessary. It says: “So”; it is not valid unless it is stated in this language, as any place that it is stated: Speaking up [aniya], stating [amira], and so [ko], it is in the sacred tongue. “So you shall bless” – while standing. Do you say while standing, or perhaps it is not while standing. The verse states: “These shall stand to bless the people” (Deuteronomy 27:12). Blessing is stated here and blessing is stated there. Just as the blessing that is stated there is while standing, so too the blessing stated here is while standing. Rabbi Natan said: It is not necessary, as it already said: “To serve Him and to bless in His name” (Deuteronomy 10:8). Blessing and service are juxtaposed. Just as service is while standing, as it is stated: “To stand to serve” (Deuteronomy 18:5), so too, blessing is while standing. “So you shall bless” – with the lifting of hands. Do you say with the lifting of hands, or is it with the lifting of hands and without the lifting of hands? The verse states: “Aaron lifted his hands to the people and blessed them” (Leviticus 9:22) – just as he was with the lifting of hands, so his descendants, with the lifting of hands. Rabbi Yonatan says: If so, just as there it was the New Moon, with a communal offering, and a High Priest, so too, here with the New Moon, with a communal offering, and a High Priest. The verse states: “For the Lord ]your God[ has chosen him…him and his sons” (Deuteronomy 18:5). It juxtaposes his sons to him, just as he is with the lifting of the hands, so his sons are with the lifting of the hands. And it is written: “All the days” (Deuteronomy 18:5), and blessing is juxtaposed to service. “So you shall bless” – with the ineffable Name. Do you say with the ineffable Name or is it only with an appellation? The verse states: “They shall place My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27) – with the ineffable Name. Is it, perhaps, even in the outlying areas? “They shall place My name” is stated here, and it is stated elsewhere: “To place His name” (Deuteronomy 12:5); just as there it is in the Temple, so too, here it is in the Temple. From here they said: In the Temple with the ineffable Name, and in the country with an appellation; this is the statement of Rabbi Yoshiya. Rabbi Yonatan says: It says: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21). This is an inverted verse: Everywhere that I come to you and bless you, there I will mention My name. Where do I appear to you? It is in the Temple. You too shall mention My name only in the Temple. From here they said: Invoking the ineffable Name is prohibited in the outlying areas. “So you shall bless the children of Israel” – I have derived only a blessing for Israel; a blessing for proselytes, women, liberated slaves, from where is it derived? The verse states: “Say to them” – to all of them. “So you shall bless the children of Israel” – face-to-face. Or nape to face? The verse stated: “Say to them” – face-to-face, like one person talks to another. “Say to them” – from here it is derived that the synagogue attendant must say to them that they should recite it. If two priests are going up to the platform, the attendant must say to them: ‘Priests, recite the blessing.’ But if there is only one priest, he need not say it, as it is stated: “Say to them” – to two. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Any priest who fails to go up to the platform violates three positive mitzvot: “So you shall bless,” “say to them,” and “they shall place My name” (Numbers 6:27). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Any priest who does not move his feet to go up to the ark in the blessing of Temple service25This is a reference to the blessing of “Look with favor [retzeh]” in the Amida. may then no longer go up. As it is stated: “Aaron lifted his hands toward the people, and blessed them and he descended from performing the sin offering” (Leviticus 9:22). Just as there it is with Temple service, so too, here it is with Temple service. Rabbi Samlai said: A synagogue in which there are many priests, all of them go up to the platform, provided that there are ten Israelites who answer amen. A synagogue that consists exclusively of priests, some of them go up to the platform and some of them answer amen. The people who are behind the priests are not included in the blessing. That is why the priests go up to the ark, so that all the people are before them. Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: Any priest who did not wash his hands may not lift his hands, as it is stated: “Lift your hands toward the Sanctuary26The word kodesh can mean “Sanctuary” or “holy.” The midrash is interpreting the verse to mean, "Lift your hands in holiness [kodesh] and bless.” and bless the Lord” (Psalms 134:2). His students asked Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua: By what virtue have you lived long? He said to them: In all my days, I did not utilize a synagogue as a shortcut. I did not step over the heads of the sacred people.27I would reach my place before the people assembled, so I would not need to step over them when they were seated on the floor. And I did not lift my hands without a blessing. What blessing does one recite? Who has sanctified us with the sanctity of Aaron and commanded us to bless His people Israel with love. When the priest moves his feet to go up to the platform, what does he recite: May it be Your will, Lord our God, that this blessing that You commanded us to bless Your people, Israel, will not contain any obstacle or iniquity. When he turns his face away from the congregation, what does he recite? Master of the universe, we performed what You decreed upon us. Perform with us what you promised us. Rav Ḥisda said: The priests are not permitted to bend their fingers at the knuckles until they turn their faces away from the congregation. The attendant is not permitted to call for the Priestly Benediction until the congregation has concluded saying amen. The priests are not permitted to begin reciting another blessing until the congregation has concluded saying amen. The priests are not permitted to turn their faces away from the congregation until the prayer leader begins reciting: “Grant peace,” and they are not permitted to move their feet and depart until the prayer leader completes reciting: “Grant peace.” During the additional prayer of Shabbat, what does the congregation recite? Rav Asi said: “A song of ascents. Behold, bless the Lord…” (Psalms 134:1), “Lift your hands …” (Psalms 134:2), and, “Blessed be the Lord from Zion…” (Psalms 135:21). Why does one not recite “May the Lord bless you from Zion” (Psalms 134:3), which is written in this context? Rabbi Yehuda son of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: Because he began with the blessings of the Holy One blessed be He, he concludes with the blessings of the Holy One blessed be He. During the afternoon prayers of a fast, what do they recite? Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov said: “If our iniquities have testified against us, Lord, act for Your name’s sake; for our rebellions are many, we sinned to You. The Hope of Israel, its Savior in times of trouble, why should You be as a stranger in the land and as a wayfaring man who turns to tarry to stay the night? Why should you be like an astonished man, as a mighty man who cannot save? But You, Lord, are in our midst, and Your name is called upon us; [do not abandon us]” (Jeremiah 14:7–9). During the closing prayerof Yom Kippur, what do they recite? “Indeed, so shall a man who fears the Lord be blessed. May the Lord bless you from Zion; may you see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the days of your life. May you see the children of your children. Peace upon Israel” (Psalms128:4–6). Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: Anyone who recites them in the outlying areas is nothing other than mistaken. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: Know that in the Temple too, one should not recite them. Is there a servant that one blesses him and he does not listen? Rav Aḥa bar Ḥanina said: Know that even in the outlying areas one is required to recite them. Is there a servant that one blesses him and he does not express his appreciation? Rabbi Abbahu said: Initially I would recite these verses. When I saw that Rabbi Abba of Akko did not recite them, I too did not recite them. From here it is derived that one does not recite them in the outlying areas. In the rest of the country, the Priestly Benediction is three blessings, but in the Temple, it is one blessing. Why to that extent? It is because one does not answer amen in the Temple. It was taught: From where is it derived that one does not answer amen in the Temple? As it is stated: “Arise and bless the Lord your God forever and ever, and may they bless the name of Your glory, exalted above all blessing and praise” (Nehemiah 9:5). From where is it derived that there is praise for each blessing? It is as it is stated: “Exalted above all blessing and praise” – for each and every blessing give Him praise. In the rest of the country, they lift their hands to the level of their shoulders, but in the Temple, above their heads, with the exception of the High Priest, who does not lift his hands higher than the plate.28The golden plate which was on his head. “Say [amor] to them” – it is written with a vav. The Holy One blessed be He said to the priests: Do not, because I commanded you to bless Israel, bless them as though compelled to do so, and hastily, but rather, bless them with intent of the heart so the blessing will take effect upon them completely. That is why it is stated: Amor to them.
“May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24). “May the Lord bless you and protect you” – with the protection with the blessing. A king of flesh and blood has a slave in Syria, but he resides in Rome. The king sent for him. He ascended and came to him [the king]. He gave him [the slave] one hundred litra of gold. He [the slave] loaded them and set out on the way. Robbers attacked him and took everything that he [the king] had given him and everything that he had with him. Could he [the king], perhaps, have protected him from the robbers? Therefore, “may the Lord bless you” with wealth, “and protect you” from the robbers. Another matter: “May the Lord bless you” – with money, “and protect you” – so that you will not become the scapegoat29The one to whom the government turns for payment of penalties incurred by all residents of the city. in your province, and that a penalty will not be imposed upon the province in which they say: Give us gold. Rather, may He bless you and protect you. “May He bless you” – with sons; “and protect you” – with daughters, who require protection. “May He bless you” – with wealth, “and protect you” – that you will fulfill mitzvotwith it. “May the Lord bless you” with the blessing that is explicit in the Torah: “You shall be the most blessed of all the peoples…” (Deuteronomy 7:14); “blessed are you in the city…blessed is your basket…blessed are you upon your arrival” (Deuteronomy 28:3, 5–6); “all these blessings will come upon you…” (Deuteronomy 28:2). Rabbi Natan says: May he bless you regarding your belongings and protect you regarding your body. Rabbi Yitzḥak says: Is it not that if they are blessed they are protected and if they are protected they are blessed? Why does the verse state: “And protect you”? It is from the evil inclination, so that we will not cause you to depart from the world. Likewise it says: “For the Lord will be your hope and will protect your foot from being trapped” (Proverbs 3:26). Another matter: “And protect you” – that others will not rule over you. Likewise it says: “By day the sun will not strike you” (Psalms 121:6); “Behold, [the Guardian of Israel] neither slumbers [nor sleeps]… The Lord is your guardian” (Psalms 121:4–5). “ The Lord will guard you from all evil… The Lord will guard your going…” (Psalms 121:7–8). Another matter: “And protect you” – from the demons that surround you, as it is stated: “One thousand may fall at your side.… for He will charge His angels [to guard you in all your ways]” (Psalms 91:7, 11). Another matter: “And protect you [veyishmerekha]” – He will observe [yishmor] for you the covenant of your patriarchs. Likewise it says: “The Lord your God will observe [veshamar] for you the covenant and the kindness regarding which He took an oath to your patriarchs” (Deuteronomy 7:12). Another matter: “And protect you [veyishmerekha]” – He will keep [yishmor] the end of days for you. Likewise it says: “A prophecy of Duma: To me one calls from Seir…” (Isaiah 21:11).30This is a prophecy about the end of days, and the continuation of the verse contains the word shomer. Another matter: “And protect you” – He will protect your soul upon death. Likewise it says: “May the soul of my lord be bound in the bond [of life with the Lord your God]” (I Samuel 25:29). I hear regarding the righteous one and the wicked one? The verse states: “And the souls of your enemies may He cast away [as from a slingshot]” (I Samuel 25:29). Another matter: “And protect you” – He will protect your feet from Gehenna. Likewise it says: “He protects the feet of His pious ones, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness” (I Samuel 2:9). They are blessed and protected. From where is it derived that the Divine Presence is in their midst? The verse states: “May the Lord shine His countenance…” (Numbers 6:25). “May the Lord shine…” – may He give you of the light of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Arise, shine, [for your light has come]” (Isaiah 60:1), and it says: “Through Your light we see light” (Psalms 36:10), “The Lord is God; He has given us light” (Psalms 118:27).
“May the Lord shine His countenance to you, and be gracious to you” (Numbers 6:25). “May the Lord shine [yaer] His countenance to you” – may He grant you brightness [meor] of the eyes. Alternatively, “may the Lord shine…” – may He look upon you with a bright countenance and not with an angered countenance. Another matter: “May…shine [yaer]” – this is the light of Torah; He will enlighten your eyes and your heart in the Torah, and grant you sons who are devoted to Torah, just as it says: “For mitzvais a lamp, and Torah is light [or].” (Proverbs 6:23). “May the Lord shine [yaer] His countenance” – may He produce from you priests who kindle the altar, just as it says: “So you will not kindle [ta’iru] My altar in vain” (Malachi 1:10). And it says: “The fire on the altar shall be kept burning on it; it shall not be extinguished” (Leviticus 6:5). “And be gracious to you” – they are blessed and protected, and the Divine Presence is in their midst, from where is it derived that they are graced with knowledge and understanding? The verse states: “And be gracious to you” – just as we pray: You grace man with knowledge and teach a person understanding. Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will instill knowledge in you so that you will be gracious to one another and have mercy upon one another, like the matter that is stated: “And He will give you mercy…” (Deuteronomy 13:18). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will grace you with children, just as it says: “The children with whom God has graced your servant” (Genesis 33:5), and it says: “God be gracious to you, my son” (Genesis 43:29).31The second verse from Genesis refers to Benjamin, whereas the first verse from Genesis refers to all the other tribes, as at that point Benjamin had not yet been born. Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – just as it says: “May God be gracious to us and bless us; may He shine His countenance upon us, Selah” (Psalms 67:2). Another matter: “And be gracious to you [viḥuneka]” – he will grant you [yoḥnekha] your wishes. Likewise it says: “He will show grace to you [yoḥnekha] at the sound of your outcry; upon His hearing, He will answer you” (Isaiah 30:19). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great taught: The Lord will encamp [yaḥaneh] in your midst. Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will produce prophets from you, just as it says: “I will pour a spirit of grace and supplication upon the house of David [and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem]” (Zechariah 12:10). Another matter: “And be gracious to you [viḥuneka]” – He will place His grace upon you everywhere that you go, just as it says: “He placed his favor [ḥino] in the eyes of [the prison warden]” (Genesis 39:21), “Esther found favor [ḥen] [in the eyes of everyone who saw her]” (Esther 2:15), “God granted Daniel kindness32The term in the verse is ḥesed, which the midrash considers synonymous with ḥen. and compassion [before the chief of the chamberlains]” (Daniel 1:9), “and you will find grace and approbation [in the eyes of God and man]” (Proverbs 3:4). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – regarding Torah study. Likewise it says: “It will give your head an adornment of grace…” (Proverbs 4:9), “for they will be a graceful adornment for your head…” (Proverbs 1:9). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – with gratuitous gifts; likewise it says: “Be gracious to us, Lord; be gracious to us…” (Psalms 123:3), “so our eyes are to the Lord our God until He will be gracious to us” (Psalms 123:2). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – to take you from subjugation to the kingdoms, just as it says: “Be gracious to us, Lord; be gracious to us, for we are sated with scorn” (Psalms 123:3). Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – to redeem you, just as it says: “Lord, be gracious to us; [we have longed] for You. [Be…our salvation in a time of suffering]” (Isaiah 33:2).
“May the Lord show favor to you, and grant you peace” (Numbers 6:26). “May the Lord show favor [yisa…panav] to you” – He will remove his anger from you. Yisa is nothing other than an expression of removal, just as it says: “Pharaoh will remove [yisa] your head [from upon you]” (Genesis 40:19). “Panav” – this is the countenance [panim] of rage, just as it says: “I will direct My countenance against that person…” (Leviticus 20:6). In other words, He will remove from you that countenance of rage that was fitting to come upon you. “May the Lord show [yisa] [favor [panav] to you]” – when you are standing and praying, as it is stated: “He said to him: See, I have granted [nasati] your request [fanekha]…” (Genesis 19:21). The matters may be inferred a fortiori: If I granted Lot’s request due to Abraham, My beloved, will I not show you favor due to you and due to your forefathers? That is what is written: “May the Lord show favor to you.” One verse says: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). How can both of these verses be realized? When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, “May the Lord show favor to you.” When they do not perform the will of the Omnipresent, “Who will not show favor.” Another matter: “May the Lord show favor” – does the Holy One blessed be He show favor? Is it not already stated: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17)? The Holy One blessed be He said: Just as they show Me favor, I show them favor. How so? I wrote in My Torah: “You will eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless” (Deuteronomy 8:10), but a person of Israel sits, he, his children, and the members of his household, and they do not have sufficient food to satisfy them, but they show Me favor and recite a blessing, and are exacting with themselves for the measure of an olive-bulk or an egg-bulk.33There is a disagreement among the Sages regarding whether one must say Grace after Meals after eating an olive-bulk of bread or an egg-bulk of bread (Berakhot 45a). Therefore, “may the Lord show favor [to you].” Another matter: “May the Lord show…” – one verse says: “May…show,” and one verse says: “Who will not show” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Until the sentence is sealed, “may the Lord show…”; after the sentence is sealed, “who will not show favor.” Similarly, one verse says: “You hear prayer” (Psalms 65:3), and one verse says: “You have covered Yourself with a cloud [so that no prayer can pass]” (Lamentations 3:44). Until the sentence is sealed, “You hear prayer”; after the sentence is sealed, “You have covered Yourself with a cloud.” One verse says: “The Lord is near to all who call Him” (Psalms 145:18), and one verse says: “Why do You stand afar, Lord?” (Psalms 10:1). Until the sentence is sealed, “the Lord is near to all who call Him”; after the sentence is sealed, “why do You stand afar, Lord?” One verse says: “From the mouth of the Most High, evil and good do not emerge” (Lamentations 3:38), and one verse says: “The Lord was intent on harm” (Daniel 9:14). Until the sentence is sealed, “from the mouth of the Most High…”; after the sentence is sealed, “the Lord was intent…” One verse says: “Launder your heart of evil, Jerusalem” (Jeremiah 4:14), and one verse says: “For even if you launder with natron [and use much soap, your iniquity is stained before Me]” (Jeremiah 2:22). Until the sentence is sealed, “launder [your heart] of evil…”; after the sentence is sealed, “even if you launder…” One verse says: “Return, wayward sons” (Jeremiah 3:22), and one verse says: “If they repent, He does not repent” (Jeremiah 8:4).34Even if they repent, God will not retract the punishment. This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed. One verse says: “Seek the Lord when He can be found” (Isaiah 55:6), and one verse says: “As I live, the utterance of the Lord God, I will not respond to you” (Ezekiel 20:31). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed. One verse says: “I do not desire the death of the wicked” (Ezekiel 33:11), and one verse says: “The Lord wished to put them to death.” (I Samuel 2:25). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed. Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you” – in this world; “who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17) – in the World to Come.35Repentance is possible in this world, not in the World to Come (Etz Yosef). Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Rabbi Yosei ben Dostai says: How can these two verses be realized? It is, rather, “may the Lord show favor” – regarding a matter between you and Him; “who will not show favor” – regarding matters between you and your counterpart. Rabbi Akiva says: One verse says: “He will cleanse” (Exodus 34:7), and one verse says: “He will not cleanse” (Exodus 34:7). How is it possible to realize these two verses? It is, rather, regarding a matter between you and Him, “He will cleanse”; regarding matters between you and your counterpart, “He will not cleanse.” Ben Azai says: He cleanses for those who repent, but does not cleanse for those who do not repent. Another matter: “May the Lord show favor [panav]…” – He will turn His face [panav] toward you. One who greets his counterpart face-to-face is not comparable to one who greets him from the side. Rather, “May the Lord show favor [panav]” – He will turn His face to you, just as it says: “I will turn [ufaniti] to you and make [you] fruitful” (Leviticus 26:9). “And grant you peace” – peace upon your arrival, peace upon your departure, peace with every person. Rabbi Natan says: “And grant you peace” – peace is the peace of the kingdom of the house of David: “with abundant authority and everlasting peace [upon the throne of David and upon his kingdom]” (Isaiah 9:6). Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: This is the peace of Torah, as it is stated: “The Lord gives strength to His people; the Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11). Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He altered a matter due to peace, as it is stated: “Shall I indeed bear a child? But I have grown old” (Genesis 18:13).36This is what God told Abraham, despite the fact that Sarah had actually said: “And my lord is old” (Genesis 18:12), referring to Abraham. Great is peace, as the angel that spoke with Manoaḥ altered due to peace. He had said to the woman: “Behold, you are barren and have not given birth” (Judges 13:3), but he did not relate that matter to Manoaḥ.37He refrained from saying this when Manoaḥ could hear, so that Manoaḥ would not blame his wife for their childlessness. Great is peace, as the Name that is written in sanctity, the Holy One blessed be He said: Let it be erased on the water in order to instill peace between a man and his wife.38This is referring to the procedure of the sota. Rabbi Elazar says: Great is peace, as the prophets implanted into the mouths of all the people only peace.39See Nahum 2:1, Hagai 2:9, Isaiah 57:19. Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta said: Great is peace, as there is no vessel that contains blessing other than peace, as it is stated: “The Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11). In the Priestly Benediction as well, after all the blessings, He concluded them with peace: “And grant you peace,” saying that the blessings are of no avail unless accompanied by peace. Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Great is peace, as every prayer concludes only with peace, and the Priestly Benediction concludes only with peace. Great is peace, as it is given to the humble, as it is stated: “The humble inherit the earth and delight in abundant peace” (Psalms 37:11). Great is peace, as it is equivalent to everything. We recite: Who makes peace and creates everything. Rabbi Elazar son of Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Even if Israel engages in idol worship but there is peace between them, the Holy One blessed be He, as it were, said: The accuser cannot touch them, as it is stated: “Ephraim is attached to idols, leave him” (Hosea 4:17). But when they were divided, what is stated in their regard? “Their heart is divided; now they will be punished” (Hosea 10:2). That is, great is peace and dispute is despised. Great is peace, as even in time of war, peace is necessary, as it is stated: “When you approach a city [to wage war against it, you shall call to it for peace]” (Deuteronomy 20:10). And it says: “I sent messengers from the wilderness of Kedemot [to Siḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, with words of peace]” (Deuteronomy 2:26). And it says: “Restore them peacefully” (Judges 11:13). Great is peace, as even the dead require peace, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). And it says: “You will die in peace” (Jeremiah 34:5). Great is peace, as it is provided for penitents, as it is stated: “Creator of the expression of the lips: Peace, peace [for the far and for the near]” (Isaiah 57:19). Rabbi Meir says: Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, which was given to the righteous, as when he passes from the world, three groups of ministering angels greet him with peace. The first says: “He will come in peace” (Isaiah 57:2). The second says: “They will rest on their resting places” (Isaiah 57:2). The third says: “One who walks with integrity” (Isaiah 57:2). It is not sufficient for the righteous that their death is in the hands of Glory, as it is stated: “The glory of the Lord will gather you” (Isaiah 58:8), but they laud them before them with peace: “He will come in peace.” Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, and He withheld it from the wicked, as when they pass from the world, three groups of angels of destruction greet them. The first says: “There is no peace” (Isaiah 48:22). The second says: “The Lord says to the wicked” (Isaiah 48:22). The third says: “You will lie in suffering” (Isaiah 50:11). It is not sufficient for the wicked that their death is at the hand of destroyers, as it is stated: “His soul approaches perdition and his life to the killers” (Job 33:22); and it says: “He will be driven from light to darkness” (Job 18:18); and it says: “Let their way be dark and slippery, with an angel of the Lord pursuing them” (Psalms 35:6); but they vex them and say to them: “There is no peace,” “you will lie in suffering.” Great is peace, as it is given as reward for Torah and mitzvot, as it is stated: “I will grant peace in the land” (Leviticus 26:6). Great is peace, as it is given to lovers of Torah, as it is stated: “Great peace for lovers of Your Torah” (Psalms 119:165). Great is peace, as it is given to those who study Torah, as it is stated: “All your children will be students of the Lord, and the peace of your children will be abundant” (Isaiah 54:13). Great is peace, as it is given to those who perform acts of charity [tzedaka], as it is stated: “The act of righteousness [hatzedaka] will be peace” (Isaiah 32:17). Great is peace, as the name of the Omnipresent is called peace, as it is stated: “He called it: The Lord is peace” (Judges 6:24). Great is peace, as those who reside On High require peace, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2). The matters can be inferred a fortiori; if in a place where there is no enmity and hatred they require peace, all the more so for a place where all these attributes exist. Rabbi Shimon would say: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is not like the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He. A king of flesh and blood, when he goes out to war he goes with multitudes and legions, but when he goes to make peace, he goes alone. But the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He is not so. When He goes to make peace, He emerges with multitudes and legions, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2), and then it is written: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3). And it says: “The chariots of God are myriads, thousands upon thousands of companies. My Lord is among them, at Sinai, in holiness” (Psalms 68:18). And it says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him, and myriads upon myriads…” (Daniel 7:10). But when He goes out to war, He goes alone, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war…” (Exodus 15:3) – He wages war with His name and does not require assistance. And it says: “I have trodden a winepress alone…” (Isaiah 63:3). You find that when the Holy One blessed be He exacted retribution from the generation of the Flood, He exacted retribution only alone, as it is stated: “Behold, I am bringing the Flood, water….” (Genesis 6:17). Likewise, from the people of Sodom, He exacted retribution only alone: “The Lord rained [brimstone and fire] upon Sodom and [upon Gomorrah from the Lord from the heavens]” (Genesis 19:24). Likewise when He exacted retribution from the Egyptians, as it is stated: “The Lord smote every firstborn…” (Exodus 12:29). Likewise, He exacted retribution alone from the Emorites, as it is stated: “And the Lord cast large stones upon them” (Joshua 10:11). Likewise, from Sennacherib, He exacted retribution alone, as it is stated: “The angel of the Lord emerged and smote in the camp…” (II Kings 19:35). One verse says: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3), and one verse says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” (Daniel 7:10). When Israel were exiled, “Thousands upon thousands serve Him”; as it were, the entourage On High was diminished. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” – one troop; how many troops are they? “Is there a number to his troops?” One verse says: “He counts a number for the stars, and calls them all by names” (Psalms 147:4), and one verse says: “Who brings out their host by number, calling all of them by name” (Isaiah 40:26).40One verse implies that each one is called by a separate name, and one verse implies that they are all called by one name. When the Holy One blessed be He calls them, He calls all their names simultaneously and they respond, something that is impossible for flesh and blood, to call two names simultaneously. Likewise it says: “God spoke all these matters, saying” (Exodus 20:1). It teaches that He said all of the Ten Commandments in one utterance. And it says: “God spoke one; these are two that I heard. Might belongs to God” (Psalms 62:12). And it says: “Is My word not like fire, the utterance of the Lord, and like a hammer that shatters the rock?” (Jeremiah 23:29).41See Shabbat 88b. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: What is “and calls them all by names”? There is no name repeated; the name that he is called now is not the name that he is called later. Likewise it says: “Why do you ask my name? It is hidden” (Judges 13:18). I do not know to what name I will be switched. One verse says: “David gave to Ornan for the place shekels of gold, six hundred by weight” (I Chronicles 21:25), and one verse says: “For silver, fifty shekels” (II Samuel 24:24). How can both of these verses be realized? It was the place of the threshing floor for six hundred [shekels of gold], the place of the altar for fifty [shekels of silver]. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: There were twelve tribes, and David took fifty shekels from each and every tribe, the result being six hundred shekels from all the tribes.42See Zevaḥim 116b, where the Gemara explains that according to this opinion David collected from each tribe an amount of silver worth fifty shekels of gold, and paid to Ornan an amount of silver worth six hundred shekels of gold. Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua says: The threshing floor for six hundred, but “the cattle for the burnt offering, the threshing tools, and the implements of the cattle for the wood” (II Samuel 24:22), were for “fifty shekels of silver.” One verse says: “Solomon had four thousand stables for horses” (II Chronicles 9:25), and one verse says: “Solomon had forty thousand horses’ stables” (I Kings 5:6). How can both of these verses be realized? There were four thousand large stables, with forty thousand horses. One verse says: “It would hold three thousand bat that it contained” (II Chronicles 4:5), and one verse says: “It would hold two thousand bat” (I Kings 7:26). How can both of these verses be realized? It was two thousand for liquid and three thousand for dry goods. From here they said: Two kor of liquid that are three kor of dry goods.43The term bat, which measured volume, represented different volumes depending on whether the item being measured was liquid or solid. The same was true for the kor. Two kor of liquid took up the same amount of space as three kor of dry goods. Beloved is peace, as for all the deeds and meritorious acts performed by Abraham our patriarch, He gave only peace as his reward, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). Likewise, you find regarding Jacob our patriarch, who requested peace from the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “And I will return [to my father’s house] in peace” (Genesis 28:21). Likewise you find regarding Aaron, who was praised before the Omnipresent only with peace, as it is stated: “My covenant was with him, life and peace” (Malachi 2:5). Likewise you find regarding Pinḥas that He gave peace as his reward, as it is stated: “Behold, I am granting him My covenant of peace” (Numbers 25:12). Likewise, you find that the Torah was analogized only to peace, as it is stated: “And all its paths are peace” (Proverbs 3:17). Likewise, you find that the Holy One blessed be He consoles Jerusalem only with peace, as it is stated: “My people will reside in an abode of peace” (Isaiah 32:18). Likewise, He exacted retribution from Amon and Moav only by withholding peace from them, as it is stated: “You shall not seek their peace or their welfare…” (Deuteronomy 23:7). Likewise, Israel is blessed each day with peace, as it is stated: “And grant you peace.”
“And they shall place My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27). “And they shall place My name” – this tells that they are blessed with the ineffable Name. Is it, perhaps, that even in the outlying areas they will be blessed with the ineffable Name? The verse states: “And they shall place My name,” and elsewhere it is stated: “To cause My name to dwell” (Nehemiah 1:9). Just as elsewhere it is the Temple, here too it is the Temple. However, when the corrupt men increased, they then began entrusting the Name only to the circumspect in the priesthood. Rabbi Tarfon said: There was an incident where I and my brethren the priests were in a line, and I inclined my ear toward the High Priest, and I heard that he recited it in the midst of the intoning of the priests.44That High Priest was circumspect, as he was careful to ensure that God’s name would not be casually overheard. Or, perhaps, in the Temple they recite the blessing but they do not recite the blessing in the outlying areas? It said: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21) – even in the outlying areas. However, in the outlying areas one recites three blessings, and in the Temple one blessing. In the Temple, one recites the Name as it is written; in the outlying areas with its appellation. In the outlying areas they lift their hands to the level of their shoulders, but in the Temple, over their heads. “And I will bless them” – why is it stated? Because it is stated: “So you shall bless the children of Israel” (Numbers 6:23), I have derived only a blessing for Israel; for proselytes, for women, and for slaves, from where is it derived? The verse states: “And I will bless them.” Is it, perhaps, that if the priests wish to bless Israel they get blessed, but if not, they do not get blessed? The verse states: “And I will bless them,” so the priests will not say: We will bless Israel. The verse states: “And I will bless them” – I will bless My people. Likewise it says: “For the Lord your God has blessed you…” (Deuteronomy 15:6). The priests bless Israel; who blesses the priests? The verse states: "And I will bless them” – the priests bless Israel, and I bless both these and those. That is, “and I will bless them.”
כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו' (במדבר ו, כג), הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ג, לא): אַל תְּקַנֵּא בְּאִישׁ חָמָס וְאַל תִּבְחַר בְּכָל דְּרָכָיו. אִישׁ חָמָס, זֶה עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע. אִישׁ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית כה, כז): וַיְהִי עֵשָׂו אִישׁ יֹדֵעַ צַיִּד. חָמָס, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (עובדיה א, י): מֵחֲמַס אָחִיךָ יַעֲקֹב. וּמַהוּ שֶׁאָמַר: אַל תְּקַנֵּא, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה גָלוּי לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁעֲתִידִין יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מְשֻׁעְבָּדִים תַּחַת אֱדוֹם וְיִהְיוּ דְחוּקִים וּלְחוּצִים בֵּינֵיהֶם, וַעֲתִידִים יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהִתְרַעֵם עַל זֹאת, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמַר מַלְאָכִי (מלאכי ג, יד טו): אֲמַרְתֶּם שָׁוְא עֲבֹד אֱלֹהִים וּמַה בֶּצַע כִּי שָׁמַרְנוּ מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וגו' וְעַתָּה אֲנַחְנוּ מְאַשְּׁרִים זֵדִים גַּם נִבְנוּ עֹשֵׂי רִשְׁעָה גַּם בָּחֲנוּ אֱלֹהִים וַיִּמָּלֵטוּ. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרָה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ עַל יְדֵי שְׁלֹמֹה: אַל תְּקַנֵּא בְּאִישׁ חָמָס, אַל תְּקַנְאוּ בִּשְׁלוֹם עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע, וְאַל תִּבְחַר בְּכָל דְּרָכָיו, שֶׁלֹא תַעֲשׂוּ כְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם. לָמָּה, הַבִּיטוּ לְאַחֲרִית הַדָּבָר שֶׁהִנֵּה הַיּוֹם יָבוֹא שֶׁיְתָעֵב הָאֱלֹהִים כָּל מִי שֶׁהָיָה מַלִּיז בַּמִּצְווֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ג, לב): כִּי תוֹעֲבַת ה' נָלוֹז. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים ה, ז): אִישׁ דָּמִים וּמִרְמָה יְתָעֵב ה'. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁמְיַשֵּׁר אָרְחוֹתָיו לְפָנָיו הוּא יִהְיֶה מֵאַנְשֵׁי סוֹדוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ג, לב): וְאֶת יְשָׁרִים סוֹדוֹ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר כג, כג): כָּעֵת יֵאָמֵר לְיַעֲקֹב וגו'. וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים כה, יד): סוֹד ה' לִירֵאָיו וגו'. וְאוֹמֵר (מלאכי ג, יח): וְשַׁבְתֶּם וּרְאִיתֶם בֵּין צַדִּיק לְרָשָׁע בֵּין עוֹבֵד אֱלֹהִים לַאֲשֶׁר לֹא עֲבָדוֹ. (משלי ג, לג): מְאֵרַת ה' בְּבֵית רָשָׁע, זֶה עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (מלאכי א, ד): רֻשַׁשְׁנוּ וְנָשׁוּב וְנִבְנֶה חֳרָבוֹת כֹּה אָמַר ה' צְבָאוֹת הֵמָּה יִבְנוּ וַאֲנִי אֶהֱרֹס וגו'. (משלי ג, לג): וּנְוֵה צַדִּיקִים יְבָרֵךְ, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶם (ישעיה ס, כא): וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ. (מלאכי א, ה): וְעֵינֵיכֶם תִּרְאֶינָה וְאַתֶּם תֹּאמְרוּ יִגְדַּל ה' וגו'. (משלי ג, לד): אִם לַלֵּצִים הוּא יָלִיץ, אֵלּוּ אֲדוֹמִים שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ לֵצִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כא, כד): זֵד יָהִיר לֵץ שְׁמוֹ, וְהֵם נִקְרְאוּ זֵדִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (מלאכי ג, טו): וְעַתָּה אֲנַחְנוּ מְאַשְׁרִים זֵדִים. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁבַּאֲדוֹמִים הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁכֵּן כָּתוּב (מלאכי ג, טו): גַּם נִבְנוּ עֹשֵׂי רִשְׁעָה, אֵלּוּ אֲדוֹמִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (מלאכי א, ד): וְקָרְאוּ לָהֶם גְּבוּל רִשְׁעָה, וְהֵם מִתְלוֹצְצִים בְּכָל יוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַל הַצָּרוֹת הַבָּאוֹת עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (יחזקאל לה, יג): וַתַּגְדִּילוּ עָלַי בְּפִיכֶם וְהַעְתַּרְתֶּם עָלַי דִבְרֵיכֶם אֲנִי שָׁמָעְתִּי. (משלי ג, לד): הוּא יָלִיץ, שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִמְדוֹד לָהֶם כְּמִדָּתָם, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (עובדיה א, טו): כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ כֵּן יֵעָשֶׂה לָּךְ גְּמֻלְךָ יָשׁוּב בְּרֹאשֶׁךָ. (משלי ג, לד): וְלַעֲנָוִים יִתֶּן חֵן, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם עֲנִיִּים בֵּינֵיהֶם וּמְהַלְּכִים בַּעֲנָוָה בְּתוֹכָם, וְסוֹבְלִים עֻלָּם עֲלֵיהֶם כְּדֵי לְקַדֵּשׁ שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לָחוֹן עֲלֵיהֶם לַעֲשׂוֹת דִּין בָּהֶן, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ישעיה ל, יח): וְלָכֵן יְחַכֶּה ה' לַחֲנַנְכֶם. וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה כט, יט): וְיָסְפוּ עֲנָוִים בַּה' שִׂמְחָה. וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה ל, יט): כִּי עַם בְּצִיּוֹן יֵשֵׁב בִּיְרוּשָׁלָיִם בָּכוֹ לֹא תִבְכֶה. (משלי ג, לה): כָּבוֹד חֲכָמִים יִנְחָלוּ, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם נִקְרְאוּ חֲכָמִים בְּעֵת שֶׁהֵם עוֹשִׂים אֶת הַתּוֹרָה וְאֶת הַמִּצְווֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, ו): וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם וַעֲשִׂיתֶם כִּי הִוא חָכְמַתְכֶם וּבִינַתְכֶם וגו'. וּלְפִי שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְשַׁמְּרִים אֶת הַתּוֹרָה בֵּינֵיהֶם, עָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַנְחִילָם כִּסֵּא כָבוֹד, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמואל א ב, ח): וְכִסֵּא כָבוֹד יַנְחִלֵם, שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַחֲזִיר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל הַמַּלְכוּת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (דניאל ז, כז): וּמַלְכוּתָא וְשָׁלְטָנָא וּרְבוּתָא דִּי מַלְכְוָת תְּחוֹת כָּל שְׁמַיָּא וגו'. (משלי ג, לה): וּכְסִילִים מֵרִים קָלוֹן, אֵלּוּ אֲדוֹמִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (עובדיה א, ח): וְהַאֲבַדְתִּי חֲכָמִים מֵאֱדוֹם וּתְבוּנָה מֵהַר עֵשָׂו, וְאוֹמֵר (ירמיה מט, ז): הַאֵין עוֹד חָכְמָה בְּתֵימָן אָבְדָה עֵצָה מִבָּנִים נִסְרְחָה חָכְמָתָם. מַהוּ מֵרִים קָלוֹן, שֶׁהֵם יָרִימוּ בְּחֶלְקָם קָלוֹן, שֶׁסּוֹפָם יֵלְכוּ לָאֵשׁ, וְאֵין קָלוֹן אֶלָּא שְׂרֵפָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ירמיה כט, כב): אֲשֶׁר קָלָם מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּאֵשׁ, וְאוֹמֵר (ויקרא ב, יד): אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (עובדיה א, יח): וּבֵית יוֹסֵף לֶהָבָה וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (דניאל ז, יא): חָזֵה הֲוֵית עַד דִּי קְטִילַת חֵיוְתָא וְהוּבַד גִּשְׁמַהּ וִיהִיבַת לִיקֵדַת אֶשָּׁא, הֱוֵי: וּכְסִילִים מֵרִים קָלוֹן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, (משלי ג, לא): אַל תְּקַנֵּא בְּאִישׁ, מְדַבֵּר בְּנוֹאֵף שֶׁהוּא בְּעֵת שֶׁשּׁוֹכֵב עִם אֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ וְהִיא מִתְעַבְּרָה מִמֶּנּוּ הוּא גּוֹזֵל מָמוֹן מִבְּנֵי בַּעַל הָאִשָּׁה וְנוֹתֵן לַמַּמְזֵר, לְפִי שֶׁבַּעֲלָהּ חוֹשֵׁב בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא בְּנוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ בְּנוֹ, וּמַנְחִילוֹ עִם בָּנָיו, וְעַל דָּבָר זֶה נִקְרָא הַנּוֹאֵף אִישׁ חָמָס. מַהוּ אַל תְּקַנֵא, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁרוֹאֶה לַנּוֹאֵף שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה תַּאֲוַת לִבּוֹ עִם אֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ וְהִיא מַאֲכִילָתוֹ וּמַשְׁקָתוֹ, אַל יְקַנֵּא בְּשַׁלְּוָתוֹ וְאַל יִבְחַר בְּכָל דְּרָכָיו, לָמָּה, כִּי הַנּוֹאֵף נִקְרָא תּוֹעֵבָה (משלי ו, טז): שֶׁשׁ הֵנָה שָׂנֵא ה' וְשֶׁבַע תּוֹעֲבַת נַפְשׁוֹ, (משלי ו, יט): וּמְשַׁלֵּחַ מְדָנִים בֵּין אַחִים, הִיא מִן הַתּוֹעֵבוֹת, זֶה הַנּוֹאֵף, שֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּחַ מְדָנִים בֵּין אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ה, יד): וְעָבַר עָלָיו רוּחַ קִנְאָה וגו'. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: כִּי תוֹעֲבַת ה' נָלוֹז, זֶה הַנּוֹאֵף, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (משלי ב, טו): וּנְלוֹזִים בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָם. (משלי ג, לב): וְאֶת יְשָׁרִים סוֹדוֹ, זֶה שֶׁרוֹאֶה מַעֲשָׂיו וְנוֹזֵר עַצְמוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן כְּדֵי לְיַשֵּׁר אָרְחוֹתָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (משלי ט, טו): הַמְיַשְּׁרִים אֹרְחוֹתָם. מַהוּ סוֹדוֹ, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְלַמְּדוֹ הָאֵיךְ יִנָּצֵל מִמֶּנָּהּ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (משלי ד, יא): בְּדֶרֶךְ חָכְמָה הֹרֵתִיךָ. הַיַּיִן עוֹלֶה חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹ שִׁבְעִים, וְהַסּוֹד שִׁבְעִים, הוּא נוֹזֵר עַצְמוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן הָעוֹלֶה מִנְיָנוֹ שִׁבְעִים, זוֹכֶה לְסוֹד הַחָכְמָה שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה שִׁבְעִים, נִכְנַס יַיִן יָצָא סוֹד, יָצָא יַיִן נִכְנַס סוֹד, הֱוֵי: וְאֶת יְשָׁרִים סוֹדוֹ. (משלי ג, לג): מְאֵרַת ה' בְּבֵית רָשָׁע, זֶה הַנּוֹאֵף, מָה הִיא הַמְאֵרָה, שֶׁהַמַּיִם הַמָּרִים הַמְאָרְרִים בּוֹדְקִין אוֹתוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁבּוֹדְקִין אוֹתָהּ, הֱוֵי: מְאֵרַת ה', כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ה, כא): יִתֵּן ה' אוֹתָךְ לְאָלָה וגו'. (משלי ג, לג): וּנְוֵה צַדִּיקִים יְבָרֵךְ זֶה נָזִיר וּנְזִירָה שֶׁאִם נָזְרוּ מִן הַיַּיִן לְהִשָּׁמֵר מִן הָעֲבֵרָה, זוֹכִים לִבְרָכָה, לְכָךְ סָמַךְ אַחַר פָּרָשַׁת נָזִיר פָּרָשַׁת בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, שֶׁהוּא זוֹכֶה לְקַבֵּל הַבְּרָכוֹת שֶׁל בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, הֱוֵי: וּנְוֵה צַדִּיקִים יְבָרֵךְ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ו, כד): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ. (משלי ג, לד): אִם לַלֵּצִים, זֶה הַנּוֹאֵף הַטּוֹעֶה בַּיַּיִן שֶׁנִּקְרָא לֵץ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (משלי כ, א): לֵץ הַיַּיִן הֹמֶה שֵׁכָר וגו'. הוּא יָלִיץ, שֶׁהַכֹּל מִתְלוֹצְצִים עַל הַנּוֹאֵף, שֶׁהוּא לְאָלָה וְלִשְׁבוּעָה לִבְחִירָי. וְלַעֲנָוִים יִתֵּן חֵן, אֵלּוּ הַנְּזִירִים שֶׁתּוֹפְשִׂים עֲנָוָה בְּעַצְמָן, שֶׁנּוֹזְרִים מִן הַיַּיִן וּמְגַדְּלִים פֶּרַע, כְּדֵי לְעַנּוֹת עַצְמָן וּלְהִשָּׁמֵר מִן הָעֲבֵרָה, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹתֵן לָהֶם חֵן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים (במדבר ו, כה): וִיחֻנֶךָּ. כָּבוֹד חֲכָמִים יִנְחָלוּ, לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ הַנְּזִירִים יְרֵאִים מִן הַחֵטְא נִקְרְאוּ חֲכָמִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (תהלים קיא, י): רֵאשִׁית חָכְמָה יִרְאַת ה'. וְאוֹמֵר (איוב כח, כח): הֵן יִרְאַת ה' הִיא חָכְמָה, נוֹחֲלִים כָּבוֹד, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹשֵׂא פָנָיו אֲלֵיהֶם וּמַשִֹּׂיא לָהֶם שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁבְּעֵת שֶׁאָדָם יוֹשֵׁב בְּשָׁלוֹם בְּבֵיתוֹ הוּא כְּבוֹדוֹ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (מלכים ב יד, י): הִכָּבֵד וְשֵׁב בְּבֵיתֶךָ, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב אַחַר פָּרָשַׁת נָזִיר בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהּ (במדבר ו, כו): וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם. (משלי ג, לה): וּכְסִילִים מֵרִים קָלוֹן, אֵלּוּ נוֹאֵף וְנוֹאָפֶת, וְהֵם נִקְרְאוּ כְּסִילִים, נוֹאֵף מִנַּיִן (משלי ט, טז): מִי פֶתִי יָסֻר הֵנָּה. הַנּוֹאָפֶת, דִּכְתִיב (משלי ג, יג): אֵשֶׁת כְּסִילוּת הֹמִיָּה. מֵרִים קָלוֹן, (במדבר ה, יח): וּפָרַע אֶת רֹאשׁ הָאִשָּׁה, וְאוֹמֵר (במדבר ה, כז): וְצָבְתָה בִטְנָהּ וגו'. יֵשׁ לְךָ קָלוֹן יוֹתֵר מִזֶּה, הֱוֵי: מֵרִים קָלוֹן, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר פָּרָשַׁת בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים אַחַר פָּרָשַׁת נָזִיר, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁמַּזִּיר עַצְמוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם זוֹכֶה לְכָל הַבְּרָכוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, מִנַּיִן, כְּמָה שֶׁאוֹמֵר בָּעִנְיָן כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ וגו'.
“Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying: So you shall bless the children of Israel; say to them:” (Numbers 6:23).
“So you shall bless the children of Israel…” – that is what is written: “Do not envy a man of villainy, and do not choose any of his ways” (Proverbs 3:31). “A man of villainy” – this is the wicked Esau; “man” – just as it says: “Esau was a man who knew hunting” (Genesis 25:27); “villainy” – just as it says: “For the villainy to your brother Jacob” (Obadiah 1:10). What is it that it said: “Do not envy”? It is because it was revealed before the Holy One blessed be He that Israel is destined to be subjugated to Edom1Edom is considered the nation of Esau. and would be hard pressed and overburdened in their midst, and Israel is destined to protest this, just as Malachi said: “You said: It is vain to worship God and what is the profit in our having kept His commission.… Now we praise the wicked; the evildoers, too, prosper; they also test God and escape” (Malachi 3:14–15). That is why the Divine Presence said by means of Solomon: “Do not envy a man of villainy” – do not envy the tranquility of the wicked Esau; “and do not choose any of his ways” – you shall not perform any of his actions. Why? Look to the end of the matter, as, behold, the day will come when God will despise everyone who would impugn [maliz] the mitzvot. That is what is written: “For the devious person [naloz] is an abomination to the Lord” (Proverbs 3:32). Likewise it says: “The Lord abhors a man of bloodshed and deceit” (Psalms 5:7). However, one whose path is upright before Him will be among His confidants; that is what is written: “And His secret is with the upright” (Proverbs 3:32). Likewise, it says: “Now, it will be said to Jacob [and to Israel what God has wrought]” (Numbers 23:23). And it says: “The secret of the Lord is to those who fear Him…” (Psalms 25:14). And it says: “You will return and see the difference between the righteous and the wicked, between one who serves God and one who does not serve Him” (Malachi 3:18).
“The curse of the Lord is on the house of the wicked” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is Esau the wicked, just as it says: “[If Edom will say:] We are ruined, but we will return and build the ruins, so said the Lord of hosts: They will build, and I will destroy; [they will be called the boundary of wickedness]” (Malachi 1:4). “And He blesses the abode of the righteous” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is Israel, in whose regard it is written: “Your people, they are all righteous, they will inherit the land forever” (Isaiah 60:21). “Your eyes will see, and you will say: May the Lord be exalted [beyond the boundary of Israel]” (Malachi 1:5).
“If it is to scoffers, He will scoff” (Proverbs 3:34) – these are the Edomites, who are called scoffers, as it is stated: “A wicked and arrogant man, scoffer is his name” (Proverbs 21:24). And they are called wicked, just as it says: “Now we praise the wicked” (Malachi 3:15). From where is it derived that the verse is speaking of the Edomites? As it is written: “The evildoers [osei risha], too, prosper” (Malachi 3:15) – these are the Edomites, just as it says: “They will be called the boundary of wickedness [risha]” (Malachi 1:4). And they scoff at Israel every day, about the troubles that befall them, just as it says: “You were haughty against Me with your mouths, and you increased your words against Me; I heard” (Ezekiel 35:13). “He will scoff” – the Holy One blessed be He is destined to mete out to them according to their measure, just as it says: “As you have done, so will be done to you; your retribution will return upon your head” (Obadiah 1:15).
“But to the humble He gives favor” (Proverbs 3:34) – this is Israel, who are poor among them2This is a reference to the Edomites mentioned above, and refers in general to all of the oppressors of Israel. and walk humbly in their midst and bear their yoke upon them in order to sanctify the name of the Holy One blessed be He. That the Holy One blessed be He is destined to be gracious to these and punish those, just as it says: “Therefore, the Lord will wait to be gracious to you […for the Lord is a God of justice]” (Isaiah 30:18). And it says: “The humble will increase their joy in the Lord” (Isaiah 29:19). And it says: “For a people will live in Zion, in Jerusalem; you will not weep” (Isaiah 30:19).
“The wise will inherit honor” (Proverbs 3:35) – this is Israel, who are called wise when they perform the Torah and the mitzvot, as it is stated: “You shall observe and you shall perform, as this is your wisdom and your understanding…” (Deuteronomy 4:6). Because Israel observes the Torah in their midst, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to bequeath to them a throne of glory, just as it says: “He will bequeath to them a throne of glory” (I Samuel 2:8), as the Holy One blessed be He is destined to restore the monarchy to Israel, just as it says: “The kingdom, the dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the entire heavens [will be given to the holy people of the Most High]” (Daniel 7:27).
“And fools carry away disgrace” (Proverbs 3:35) – these are the Edomites, just as it says: “I will eliminate the wise from Edom, and wisdom from the mountain of Esau” (Obadiah 1:8). And it says: “[Concerning Edom, so said the Lord of hosts:] Is there no longer wisdom in Teman? Is counsel lost from the children? Has their wisdom spoiled” (Jeremiah 49:7)? What is “carry away disgrace [kalon]”? It means that they will carry away disgrace in their portion, as their end will be that they will go into fire. Kalon is nothing other than fire, just as it says: “Whom the king of Babylon roasted [kalam] in the fire” (Jeremiah 29:22). And it says: “Just ripened, roasted [kalui] in fire” (Leviticus 2:14). Likewise it says: “[The house of Jacob will be fire,] and the house of Joseph a flame, [and the house of Esau for straw, and they will ignite them and consume them]” (Obadiah 1:18). And it says: “I was seeing until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and it was relegated to the burning of fire” (Daniel 7:11). That is, “and fools carry away disgrace.”
Another matter: “Do not envy a man [of villainy]” (Proverbs 3:31) – it is speaking of an adulterer, who, when he consorts with the wife of another and she is impregnated by him, he robs money from the children of the woman’s husband and gives it to the mamzer, as the husband thinks that he is his son, but he is not his son, and he bequeaths him the inheritance with his sons. It is regarding this matter that the adulterer is called “a man of villainy.”3Villainy is a translation of ḥamas, which also refers to theft. What is “do not envy”? It is that anyone who sees the adulterer, who realizes the lust in his heart with the wife of another and she feeds him and gives him to drink, should not envy his tranquility and should not choose any of his ways. Why? It is because the adulterer is called an abomination: “They are six that the Lord hates, and seven that are an abomination to His soul” (Proverbs 6:16). “One who incites discord among brethren” (Proverbs 6:19) is one of the abominations. This is the adulterer, who incites discord between a man and his wife, just as it says: “And a spirit of jealousy overcame him, [and he warned his wife]” (Numbers 5:14). That is why it is stated: “For the devious [naloz] person is an abomination to the Lord” – this is the adulterer, in whose regard it is written: “And are devious [unlozim] in their tracks” (Proverbs 2:15–16).
“And His secret is with the upright” (Proverbs 3:32) – this is one who sees his actions and abstains from wine in order to render his paths upright, just as it says: “Who render their paths upright” (Proverbs 9:15). What is His secret? It is that the Holy One blessed be He teaches him how to save himself from her, just as it says: “I have guided you on the path of wisdom” (Proverbs 4:11). The numerical value of wine [yayin] is seventy4Yod – 10; yod – 10; nun – 50; the sum is 70. and of secret [sod] is seventy.5Samekh – 60; vav – 6; dalet – 4; the sum is 70. He abstains from wine that totals seventy, and he merits the secret of wisdom that totals seventy. Wine enters, a secret emerges, wine remains out, a secret enters. That is, “and His secret is with the upright.”
“The curse of the Lord is on the house of the wicked” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is the adulterer. What is the curse [hame’era]? It is that the water that causes curse [hame’arerim] will examine him just as they examine her. That is, “the curse of the Lord,” just as it says: “May the Lord render you as a curse…” (Numbers 5:21).
“And He blesses the abode of the righteous” (Proverbs 3:33) – this is the male nazirite and the female nazirite, who, if they abstained from wine to protect themselves from sin, merit a blessing. That is why it juxtaposed the portion of the Priestly Benediction after the portion of the nazirite, because he merits receiving the blessings of the Priestly Benediction. That is, “and He blesses the abode of the righteous,” just as it says: “May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24).
“If it is to scoffers,” (Proverbs 3:34) – this is the adulterer, who errs due to wine, who is called a scoffer, just as it says: “Wine is a scoffer, intoxicating drink is tumultuous…” (Proverbs 20:1). “He will scoff” (Proverbs 3:34) – as everyone scoffs at the adulterer, as he is a curse and an oath for My chosen ones. “But to the humble, He is gracious” (Proverbs 3:34) – these are the nazirites, who adopt humility for themselves, who abstain from wine and grow their hair in order to torment themselves and protect themselves from transgression. The Holy One blessed be He is gracious with them, just as it is written: “And be gracious to you” (Numbers 6:25).
“The wise will inherit honor” (Proverbs 3:35) – because the nazirites feared sin they were called wise men, just as it says: “Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom” (Psalms 111:10). And it says: “Behold, fear of the Lord is wisdom” (Job 28:28). They inherit honor, as the Holy One blessed be He lifts His countenance to them and grants them peace, as when a person sits peacefully in his home, that is his honor. Likewise, it says: “Preserve your honor and stay at home” (II Kings 14:10), as after the portion of the nazirite, the Priestly Benediction is written, in which it is written: “And grant you peace” (Numbers 6:26).
“And fools carry away disgrace” (Proverbs 3:35) – these are the adulterer and the adulteress, and they are called fools. The adulterer, from where is it derived? “Whoever is a simpleton let him turn here” (Proverbs (9:16). The adulteress, as it is written: “The woman of folly is loud” (Proverbs 9:13). “Carry away disgrace” – “he shall expose the head of the woman” (Numbers 5:18), and it says: “Her belly will distend…” (Numbers 5:27); do you have any disgrace greater than that? That is, “carry away disgrace.” This is why the portion of the Priestly Benediction is stated after the portion of the nazirite, as anyone who abstains from wine for the sake of Heaven merits all the blessings stated in the Priestly Benediction. From where is it derived? It is just as it says: “So you shall bless [the children of Israel]” (Numbers 6:23).
דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים וגו' (שיר השירים ב, ט), אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אִן אַתְּ אֲתָא לְגַבָּן תְּחִלָּה, דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי, מַה הַצְּבִי הַזֶּה מְדַלֵּג כָּךְ הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְדַלֵּג וּמְקַפֵּץ מִמִּצְרַיִם לַיָּם, וּמִן יָם לְסִינָי. בְּמִצְרַיִם (שמות יב, יב): וְעָבַרְתִּי בְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וגו'. בַּיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, ב): זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ. לְסִינַי (דברים לג, ב): וַיֹּאמַר ה' מִסִּינַי בָּא. אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר לְאוּרְזִילָא דְאַיַּלְתָּא. (שיר השירים ב, ט): הִנֵּה זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ, זֶה מִדְבַּר סִינָי. (שיר השירים ב, ט): מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן הַחֲלֹּנוֹת (שמות יט, כ): וַיֵּרֶד ה' עַל הַר סִינַי וגו'. (שיר השירים ב, ט): מֵצִיץ מִן הַחֲרַכִּים. (שמות כ, א): וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים וגו'. (שיר השירים ב, י): עָנָה דוֹדִי וְאָמַר לִי (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ לָנוּ אַתְּ אֲתָא לְגַבָּן תְּחִלָּה, דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי, מַה הַצְּבִי הַזֶּה נִגְלֶה וְחוֹזֵר וְנִכְסֶה, כָּךְ גּוֹאֵל הָרִאשׁוֹן נִגְלָה וְנִכְסָה. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר כַּגּוֹאֵל הָרִאשׁוֹן כָּךְ גּוֹאֵל הָאַחֲרוֹן, הַגּוֹאֵל הָרִאשׁוֹן זֶה משֶׁה נִגְלָה לָהֶם וְחָזַר וְנִכְסָה מֵהֶם, כַּמָּה נִכְסָה מֵהֶם, רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אָמַר שְׁלשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות ה, כ): וַיִּפְגְּעוּ אֶת משֶׁה וְאֶת אַהֲרֹן וגו', אַף גּוֹאֵל הָאַחֲרוֹן נִגְלֶה לָהֶם וְחוֹזֵר וְנִכְסֶה מֵהֶם. כַּמָּה יְהֵא נִכְסֶה מֵהֶם, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא אַרְבָּעִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה יָמִים, הָדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל יב, יא): וּמֵעֵת הוּסַר הַתָּמִיד וְלָתֵת שִׁקּוּץ שֹׁמֵם יָמִים אֶלֶף מָאתַים וְתִשְׁעִים, וּכְתִיב (דניאל יב, יב): אַשְׁרֵי הַמְחַכֶּה וְיַגִּיעַ לְיָמִים אֶלֶף שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת שְׁלשִׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה, אִלֵּין מוֹתְרַיָּה כַּמָּה אִינּוּן, אַרְבָּעִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה יוֹם שֶׁהוּא נִכְסֶה מֵהֶן, וְחוֹזֵר וְנִגְלֶה לָהֶם. וּלְהֵיכָן מַעֲלֶה אוֹתָן, אִית דְּאָמְרִין לְמִדְבַּר יְהוּדָה וְאִית דְּאָמְרִין לְמִדְבַּר סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג, כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מַאֲמִינוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ אַחֲרָיו, הוּא אוֹכֵל שָׁרְשֵׁי רְתָמִים וַעֲלֵי מְלוּחִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (איוב ל, ד): הַקֹּטְפִים מַלּוּחַ עֲלֵי שִׂיחַ וְשֹׁרֶשׁ רְתָמִים לַחְמָם. וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ אַחֲרָיו הוּא הוֹלֵךְ וּמַשְׁלִים לְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וּבַסּוֹף אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם הוֹרְגִין אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר מַרְיוֹן לְסוֹף אַרְבָּעִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה יָמִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹרִיד לָהֶם מָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (הושע יב, י): עֹד אוֹשִׁיבְךָ בָאֳהָלִים כִּימֵי מוֹעֵד. וְאוֹמֵר (דברים טז, ו): מוֹעֵד צֵאתְךָ מִמִּצְרָיִם, אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא לְאוּרְזִילָא דְאַיַּלְתָּא. הִנֵּה זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ, זֶה כֹּתֶל מַעֲרָבִי שֶׁל בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָרֵב לְעוֹלָם, לָמָּה, שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה בַּמַּעֲרָב. מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן הַחֲלֹּנוֹת בִּזְכוּת אָבוֹת. מֵצִיץ מִן הַחֲרַכִּים בִּזְכוּת אִמָּהוֹת. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין חַלּוֹן לְחָרָךְ כָּךְ יֵשׁ הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין זְכוּת אָבוֹת לִזְכוּת אִמָּהוֹת. עָנָה דוֹדִי וְאָמַר לִי, מָה אָמַר (ישעיה מט, יח): חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' כִּי כֻלָּם כַּעֲדִי תִלְבָּשִׁי וּתְקַשְּׁרִים כַּכַּלָּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי, מַה הַצְּבִי הַזֶּה מְקַפֵּץ מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם וּמִגָּדֵר לְגָדֵר וּמֵאִילָן לְאִילָן וּמִסֻּכָּה לְסֻכָּה, כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְדַלֵּג וּמְקַפֵּץ מִכְּנֶסֶת זוֹ לִכְנֶסֶת זוֹ, כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה בִּשְׁבִיל לְבָרֵךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ, כא): בְּכָל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי וגו', בְּאֵי זוֹ זְכוּת בִּזְכוּת שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, דִּכְתִיב: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית טו, ה): כֹּה יִהְיֶה זַרְעֶךָ. אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר לְאוּרְזִילָא דְאַיַּלְתָּא, הִנֵּה זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְבַקֵּר אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ בְּיוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי לַמִּילָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית יח, א): וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה' בְּאֵלֹנֵי מַמְרֵא וְהוּא ישֵׁב וגו', יָשַׁב כְּתִיב, בָּא לַעֲמֹד אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֵׁב אַבְרָהָם, אַתָּה סִימָן לְבָנֶיךָ שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּנֶיךָ נִכְנָסִין לְבָתֵּי כְנֵסִיּוֹת וּלְבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת וְקוֹרְאִין אֶת שְׁמַע וְיוֹשְׁבִים וּכְבוֹדִי עוֹמֵד, וּמַה טַּעַם (תהלים פב, א): אֱלֹהִים נִצָּב בַּעֲדַת אֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי חַגַּאי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אֱלֹהִים עוֹמֵד אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא אֱלֹהִים נִצָּב, אֶטָיְמוֹס, הָא כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ישעיה סה, כד): וְהָיָה טֶרֶם יִקְרָאוּ וַאֲנִי אֶעֱנֶה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: הִנֵּה זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ, אֵלּוּ בָּתֵּי כְנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת. מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן הַחֲלֹּנוֹת, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַהֲרֹן וּלְבָנָיו: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ וגו', אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים, לַכֹּהֲנִים אַתְּ אוֹמֵר שֶׁיְבָרְכוּ אוֹתָנוּ, אֵין אָנוּ צְרִיכִים אֶלָּא לְבִרְכוֹתֶיךָ, וְלִהְיוֹתֵינוּ מִתְבָּרְכִים מִפִּיךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (דברים כו, טו): הַשְּׁקִיפָה מִמְּעוֹן קָדְשְׁךָ מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם וּבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמְּךָ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מְבָרְכִין אֶתְכֶם, עִמָּהֶם אֲנִי עוֹמֵד וּמְבָרֵךְ אֶתְכֶם. לְפִיכָךְ הַכֹּהֲנִים פּוֹרְשִׂים אֶת כַּפֵּיהֶם, לוֹמַר שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹמֵד אַחֲרֵינוּ, וּלְכָךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר: מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן הַחֲלֹּנוֹת, מִבֵּין כִּתְפוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל כֹּהֲנִים. מֵצִיץ מִן הַחֲרַכִּים, מִבֵּין אֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל כֹּהֲנִים. עָנָה דוֹדִי וְאָמַר לִי (במדבר ו, כז): וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יב, ב): וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָדוֹל וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בֶּן יָאִיר שֶׁבַע בְּרָכוֹת בֵּרַךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת אַבְרָהָם, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל (בראשית יב, ב): וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ (בראשית יב, ב): וַאֲגַדְלָה שְׁמֶךָ (בראשית יב, ב): וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה (בראשית יב, ג): וַאֲבָרְכָה מְבָרְכֶיךָ (בראשית יב, ג): וּמְקַלֶּלְךָ אָאֹר (בראשית יב, ג): וְנִבְרְכוּ בְךָ. כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעָה פְּסוּקִים שֶׁבְּמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶן כִּי טוֹב. רַבִּי לֵוִי בַּר חַיָּתָא וְרַבִּי אַבָּא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר שָׁלשׁ גְּדֻלּוֹת וְאַרְבַּע בְּרָכוֹת כְּתִיב כָּאן. בִּשֵֹּׂר שֶׁהֵן שְׁלשָׁה אָבוֹת וְאַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. וַהֲלוֹא גְּדֻלּוֹת אֵינָן אֶלָּא שְׁתַּיִם, וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ, גְּדֻלָּה הִיא, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א יב, ו): ה' אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אֶת משֶׁה. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, זֶה שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם. וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ, זֶה שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק. וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ, זֶה שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב. יָכוֹל יִהְיוּ חוֹתְמִין בְכֻלָּן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, בְּךָ חוֹתְמִין וְאוֹמְרִים מָגֵן אַבְרָהָם, וְאֵין חוֹתְמִין בְּכֻלָּן. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר זְעֵירָא וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, בִּרְכָתְךָ קוֹדֶמֶת לְבִרְכָתִי, שֶׁמִּשֶּׁהֵם אוֹמְרִים מָגֵן אַבְרָהָם, אַחַר כָּךְ אוֹמְרִים מְחַיֵּה הַמֵּתִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, וֶהְיֵה בְּרֵכָה, מָה הַבְּרֵכָה הַזּוֹ מְטַהֶרֶת אֶת הַטְּמֵאִים, אַף אַתָּה מְקָרֵב רְחוֹקִים תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה. וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, אֶתֶּנְךָ, אֲשִׂימְךָ, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ, מִשֶּׁאֶבְרָא אוֹתְךָ בְּרִיָּה חֲדָשָׁה, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, ז): וַיַּעַשׂ אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָרָקִיעַ, אַתְּ פָּרֶה וְרָבֶה. לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, אָמַר אַבְרָהָם לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִנֹּחַ לֹא הֶעֱמַדְתָּ שִׁבְעִים אֻמּוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ אוֹתָהּ אֻמָּה שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהּ (דברים ד, ז): כִּי מִי גוֹי גָדוֹל, אֲנִי מַעֲמִידָהּ מִמְּךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן בַּר חָמָא אֵימָתַי עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַבְרָהָם לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, כְּשֶׁיָּצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם וּבָאוּ לְסִינַי וְקִבְּלוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה וְהִגִּיעוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, הִבִּיט בָּהֶם משֶׁה וְאָמַר הֲרֵי הֵן עֲשׂוּיִים כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהִבְטִיחַ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַזָּקֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, ח): וּמִי גוֹי גָדוֹל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, שֶׁאֶתֵּן לְבָנֶיךָ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה וּמִמֶּנָּהּ יִקָּרְאוּ גוֹי גָדוֹל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, ו): רַק עַם חָכָם וְנָבוֹן הַגּוֹי הַגָּדוֹל הַזֶּה. וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה לְפִי שֶׁהַדֶּרֶךְ גּוֹרֶמֶת לָאָדָם לִשְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים, מְמַעֶטֶת פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, מְמַעֶטֶת אֶת הַיְצִיאָה, וּמְמַעֶטֶת אֶת הַשֵּׁם, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לוֹ: וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָדוֹל, שֶׁאֵין הַדֶּרֶךְ מְמַעֶטֶת לְךָ פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה. וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ, שֶׁלֹא תְמַעֵט לְךָ הַדֶּרֶךְ אֶת הַיְצִיאָה. וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ, שֶׁלֹא תְמַעֵט לְךָ אֶת הַשֵּׁם. אָמְרֵי אִינְשֵׁי בְּמַתְלָא מִבֵּיתָא לְבֵיתָא חָלוּק, מֵאֲתַר לַאֲתַר נְפָשׁ. בְּרַם אַתְּ לָא נֶפֶשׁ חָסֵר וְלָא מָמוֹן אַתְּ חָסֵר. וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, כְּבָר כְּתִיב: וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִשֶּׁבָּרָאתִי עוֹלָמִי וְעַד עַכְשָׁו הָיִיתִי זָקוּק לְבָרֵךְ אֶת בְּרִיּוֹתַי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, כח): וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית ט, א): וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ וְאֶת בָּנָיו, אֲבָל מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ הֲרֵי בְּרָכוֹת מְסוּרוֹת לָךְ, לְמַאן דְּהָנֵי לְךָ לִמְבָרְכָה בָּרֵךְ. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא בֵּרַךְ אַבְרָהָם לְבָנָיו, לָמָּה כֵן, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס נְתָנוֹ לְאָרִיס, וְהָיָה בְּתוֹךְ אוֹתוֹ פַּרְדֵּס אִילָן אֶחָד שֶׁל סַם חַיִּים וְאִילָן אֶחָד שֶׁל סַם הַמָּוֶת, אָמַר הֶאָרִיס אֲנִי אֶעֱבֹד וְאַשְׁלִים וּמַה שֶּׁהַמֶּלֶךְ רוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ בְּפַרְדֵּסוֹ יַעֲשֶׂה. כָּךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהַפַּרְדֵּס זֶה הָעוֹלָם, מְסָרוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם, שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, מֶה עָשָׂה אַבְרָהָם הָיוּ לוֹ שְׁנֵי בָנִים אֶחָד צַדִּיק וְאֶחָד רָשָׁע, יִצְחָק וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל, אָמַר אַבְרָהָם אִם מְבָרֵךְ אֲנִי אֶת יִצְחָק הֲרֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל מְבַקֵּשׁ לְהִתְבָּרֵךְ וְהוּא רָשָׁע, אֶלָּא עֶבֶד אָנִי, בָּשָׂר וָדָם אָנִי, לְמָחָר אֶפָּטֵר מִן הָעוֹלָם וּמַה שֶּׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָפֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּעוֹלָמוֹ, יַעֲשֶׂה. כְּשֶׁנִּפְטַר אַבְרָהָם נִגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל יִצְחָק וּבֵרֲכוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כה, א): וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אַבְרָהָם וגו', וְיִצְחָק בֵּרַךְ אֶת יַעֲקֹב, וְיַעֲקֹב בֵּרַךְ לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׁבָטִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מט, כח): כָּל אֵלֶּה שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר וְזֹאת אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לָהֶם אֲבִיהֶם וַיְבָרֶךְ אוֹתָם. מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲרֵי הַבְּרָכוֹת מְסוּרוֹת לָכֶם, הַכֹּהֲנִים יִהְיוּ מְבָרְכִים אֶת בָּנַי, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם אֲבִיהֶם וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ וגו'.
“My beloved is like a gazelle or a fawn [ofer ha’ayalim]…” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe, in truth you came to us first. “My beloved is like a gazelle” – just as the gazelle leaps, so the Holy One blessed be He leapt and bounded from Egypt to the sea and from the sea to Sinai. In Egypt, “I will pass in the land of Egypt…” (Exodus 12:12). At the sea, “this is my God and I will exalt Him” (Exodus 15:2). At Sinai, “He said: The Lord came from Sinai” (Deuteronomy 33:2). “Or a fawn” – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer.6Rabbi Yosei teaches that "ofer ha'ayalim" means a fawn, and not a certain type of deer.
“Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – this is the wilderness of Sinai. “Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – “the Lord descended upon Mount Sinai…” (Exodus 19:20). “Peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – “God spoke all these matters…” (Exodus 20:1). “My beloved spoke up and said to me” (Song of Songs 2:10) – “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2).
Another matter: “My beloved is like a gazelle” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe, You told us that You will come to us first. “My beloved is like a gazelle” – just as the gazelle appears and is then concealed, so, the initial redeemer appeared and was then concealed. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Like the initial redeemer, so will be the ultimate redeemer. The initial redeemer, this is Moses; he appeared to them and was then concealed from them. How long was he concealed from them? Rabbi Tanḥuma said: Three months; that is what is written: “They encountered Moses and Aaron…” (Exodus 5:20).7“Encountered” indicates that there had been an interruption in the contact between them. The ultimate redeemer, too, will appear to them and will then be concealed from them. How long will he be concealed from them? Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rabbi Ḥama ben Rabbi Hoshaya: Forty-five days. That is what is written: “From the time of the abolishing of the daily offering and the setting up of the abomination of desolation there will be one thousand two hundred and ninety days” (Daniel 12:11), and it is written: “Happy is one who waits, and reaches one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days” (Daniel 12:12). How many are these extra days? They are the forty-five days that he will be concealed from them and will then reappear to them.
Where will he take them?8Where will they be during those forty-five days? Some say to the Judean desert, and some say to the wilderness of Siḥon and Og. Anyone who believes him and follows him will eat roots of the broom tree and saltwort leaves; that is what is written: “Who pick saltwort from bushes, and the root of the broom tree is their food” (Job 30:4). Anyone who does not follow him will go and make peace with the nations of the world, and they will ultimately kill him. Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Maryon said: At the conclusion of forty-five days, the Holy One blessed be He will cause manna to fall for them. That is what is written: “I will yet settle you in tents as in the appointed [moed] days” (Hosea 12:10), and it says: “The appointed time [moed] of your exodus from Egypt” (Deuteronomy 16:6). “Or a fawn” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer.
“Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – this is the western wall of the Temple, which is never destroyed. Why? It is because the Divine Presence is in the west. “Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – due to the merit of the patriarchs; “peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – due to the merit of the matriarchs. Just as there is a distinction between a window and a crack, so there is a distinction between the merit of the patriarchs and the merit of the matriarchs. “My beloved spoke up and said to me” (Song of Songs 2:10) – what did He say? “As I live, the utterance of the Lord, that you will don all of them like jewelry, and you will tie them like a bride” (Isaiah 49:18).
Another matter: “My beloved is like a gazelle” (Song of Songs 2:9) – just as this gazelle leaps from place to place, from fence to fence, from tree to tree, and from booth to booth, so, the Holy One blessed be He leaps and bounds from this synagogue to that synagogue. Why to that extent? It is order to bless Israel, as it is stated: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21). By what merit? It is by the merit of Abraham our patriarch, as it is written: “So [ko] you shall bless,” just as it says: “So [ko] shall be your offspring” (Genesis 15:5). “Or a fawn” (Song of Songs 2:9) – Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: To the fawn of deer.
“Behold, he is standing behind our wall” (Song of Songs 2:9) – when the Holy One blessed be He came to visit Abraham our patriarch on the third day since his circumcision, just as it says: “The Lord appeared to him in the plains of Mamre, and he was sitting [yoshev]…” (Genesis 18:1). Yashav is written.9Yoshev is written without a vav, so it looks like yashav. He sought to stand; the Holy One blessed be He said to him: Sit, Abraham, you are a paradigm for your descendants, as when your descendants enter synagogues and study halls and recite Shema, they sit and My glory stands. What is the source? “God stands [nitzav] in the assembly of the Almighty” (Psalms 82:1) – Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: It is not written here, “God omed,”10The word “stands” would usually be rendered as omed. but rather, “God nitzav,” at the ready. This is just as it says: “It will be before they call, I will answer” (Isaiah 65:24). That is why it is stated: “Behold, he is standing behind our wall”; these are the synagogues and study halls.
“Watching from the windows” (Song of Songs 2:9) – when the Holy One blessed be He said to Aaron and his sons: “So you shall bless…,” Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, to the priests You said that they should bless us. We need only Your blessings and to be blessed from Your mouth.’ That is what is written: “Look from Your holy abode, from Heaven, and bless Your people Israel” (Deuteronomy 26:15). The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘Although I said to the priests that they should bless you, with them I stand and bless you.’ That is why the priests spread their hands, saying: The Holy One blessed be He is standing behind us. That is why it says: “Watching from the windows” – from between the priests’ shoulders; “peering through the cracks” (Song of Songs 2:9) – from between the priests’ fingers. “My beloved spoke up and said to me” – “and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27).
“So you shall bless” – that is what is written: “I will render you a great nation…” (Genesis 12:2). Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair said: The Holy One blessed be He blessed Abraham with seven blessings, and these are they: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2); “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2); “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2); “you will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2). I will bless those who bless you” (Genesis 12:3); “one who curses you, I will curse” (Genesis 12:3), “[all the families of the earth] will be blessed in you” (Genesis 12:3). These correspond to the seven verses in the act of Creation in which “that it was good” is written.11Seven including Genesis 1:31: “And it was very good.”
Rabbi Levi bar Ḥayata and Rabbi Abba son of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: There are three expressions of greatness and four blessings written here. He apprised him that there would be three patriarchs and four matriarchs. But is it not that there are only two expressions of greatness? “I will render you [ve’e’eskha]” is an expression of greatness12Thus, there are, in fact, three expressions of greatness., as it is written: “It is the Lord who appointed [asa] Moses [and Aaron]” (I Samuel 12:6).
Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Abraham. “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Isaac. “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2) – this is that we recite: God of Jacob. Do we, perhaps, conclude with all of them? The verse states: “You will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2) – it is with you they conclude: The Shield of Abraham, and we do not conclude with all of them.13This midrash is referring to the first blessing of the Amida prayer. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ze’eira said: “You will be a blessing” – your blessing precedes Mine, as after they recite Shield of Abraham, only then do they recite: Who revives the dead.
Another matter: “You will be a blessing [berakha]” (Genesis 12:2) – you will be a pool [berekha]. Just as this pool purifies the impure, you, too, draw the distant under the wings of the Divine Presence. “I will render you [ve’e’eskha] a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – Rabbi Berekhya said: It is not written here, Etenkha,14See Genesis 17:20: “I will make him [untativ] a great nation.” asimekha,15See Genesis 46:3: “I will make you [asimekha] a great nation there.” but rather ve’e’eskha.16This connotes creation of a new entity. After I create you as a new creation, just as it says: “God made [vayaas] the firmament” (Genesis 1:7), then you will be fruitful and multiply.
“A great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – Abraham said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, from Noah, did You not produce seventy nations?’ He said to him: ‘That nation in whose regard it is written: “For who is a great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:7), I am producing from you.’ Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen bar Ḥama said: When did the Holy One blessed be He render Abraham a great nation? It was when they departed from Egypt, came to Sinai, received the Torah, and arrived in the Land of Israel. Moses looked at them and said: They have been rendered just as the Holy One blessed be He promised to the elder, as it is stated: “And who is a great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:8). Alternatively, “a great nation” – as I will give your descendants the Torah, and from it they will be called a great nation, as it is stated: “It is a particularly wise and understanding people, this great nation” (Deuteronomy 4:6).
“I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2) – Rabbi Berekhya said: Because travel causes a person three phenomena: It lessens procreation, it lessens his expenditure,17It reduces his disposable income. and it lessens his reputation; that is why it was stated to him: “I will render you a great nation” (Genesis 12:2) – travel will not lessen your procreation; “I will bless you” – travel will not lessen your expenditure; “I will make your name great” (Genesis 12:2) – it will not lessen your reputation.
People say in a parable: From house to house, a cloak; from place to place, a soul. However, you will lose neither a soul nor property.
“You will be a blessing” (Genesis 12:2) – it is already written: “I will bless you” (Genesis 12:2); why does the verse state: “You will be a blessing”? Rabbi Eliezer said: The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘From when I created My world until now, I needed to bless My creations,’ as it is stated: “God blessed them…” (Genesis 1:28), and it says: “God blessed Noah and his sons” (Genesis 9:1). ‘But from here on, the blessings are granted to you; to one whom you see fit to bless, bless.’ Nevertheless, Abraham did not bless his sons. Why is it so? It is analogous to a king who had an orchard and he entrusted it to a sharecropper. In that orchard there was one tree that was an elixir of life and one tree a deadly poison. The sharecropper said: I will cultivate and complete [my work], and the king will do with his orchard what he chooses. So, the king, this is the Holy One blessed be He. The orchard, this is the world. He granted it to Abraham, as He said to him: “You will be a blessing.” What did Abraham do? He had two sons, one righteous and one wicked: Isaac and Ishmael. Abraham said: If I bless Isaac, Ishmael will request to be blessed, and he is wicked. Rather, I am a servant; I am flesh and blood. Tomorrow, I will pass from the world, and what the Holy One blessed be He wishes to do in His world, He will do. When Abraham passed away, the Holy One blessed be He appeared to Isaac and blessed him, as it is stated: “It was after the death of Abraham, [God blessed Isaac his son]” (Genesis 25:11). Isaac blessed Jacob, and Jacob blessed the twelve tribes, as it is stated: “All these are the tribes of Israel, twelve, and this is that which their father spoke to them, and he blessed them” (Genesis 49:28). From here on, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘The blessings are granted to you. The priests will bless My children, just as I said to Abraham their patriarch: “You will be a blessing.”’ That is why it is stated: “So you shall bless…”
כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ג, ז): הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה וגו', רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי פָּתַר לֵיהּ בִּשְׁלֹמֹה: הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה זֶה שְׁלֹמֹה הַמֶּלֶךְ, (שיר השירים ג, ז): שִׁשִּׁים גִּבֹּרִים סָבִיב לָהּ שֶׁהָיוּ שִׁשִּׁים גִּבּוֹרִים סוֹבְבִים מִטָּתוֹ בַּלַּיְלָה, וְהֵן הָיוּ (שיר השירים ג, ז): מִגִּבֹּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (שיר השירים ג, ח): כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה, לָמָּה הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה כֵן (שיר השירים ג, ח): מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת, שֶׁהָיָה מִתְיָרֵא מִן הָרוּחוֹת שֶׁלֹא יַזִּיקוּהוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי עַד שֶׁלֹא יֶחֱטָא אָדָם נוֹתְנִים לוֹ אֵימָה וְיִרְאָה, מִשֶּׁהוּא חוֹטֵא נוֹתְנִין עָלָיו אֵימָה וְיִרְאָה. עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן הָיָה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר וְעוֹמֵד עַל רַגְלָיו וְיָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד בּוֹ, מִשֶּׁחָטָא הָיָה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר וּמִתְחַבֵּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, ח): וַיִתְחַבֵּא הָאָדָם וְאִשְׁתּוֹ וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן הָיָה שׁוֹמֵעַ הַקּוֹל אֵימֶרוֹן, מִשֶּׁחָטָא הָיָה שׁוֹמֵעַ אֶת הַקּוֹל אַגְרִיאוֹן. עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות כד, יז): וּמַרְאֵה כְּבוֹד ה' כְּאֵשׁ אֹכֶלֶת בְּרֹאשׁ הָהָר. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא, שֶׁבַע מְחִצּוֹת שֶׁל אֵשׁ הָיוּ כּוֹסְסוֹת זוֹ בָּזוֹ, וְהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל רוֹאִים וְלֹא מִתְיָרְאִים וְלֹא מִתְפַּחֲדִים, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחָטְאוּ אֲפִלּוּ פְּנֵי הַסַּרְסוּר לֹא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לְהִסְתַּכֵּל (שמות לד, ל): וַיַּרְא אַהֲרֹן וְכָל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת משֶׁה וְהִנֵּה קָרַן וגו', רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בֶּן רַבִּי אָבִין אָמַר רַבִּי חָנִין אַף הַסַּרְסוּר הִרְגִּישׁ עִמָּהֶם מִן שָׁעָה לְשָׁעָה, שֶׁלְּשֶׁעָבַר (תהלים סח, יג): מַלְכֵי צְבָאוֹת יִדֹּדוּן. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ מַלְכֵי צְבָאוֹת, מַלְכֵיהוֹן דְּמַלְאָכַיָא, אֲפִלּוּ מִיכָאֵל אֲפִלּוּ גַּבְרִיאֵל הָיוּ מִתְיָרְאִים מִפְּנֵי משֶׁה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחָטְאוּ בַּגּוֹלְיָרִין שֶׁלָּהֶם, לֹא הָיָה משֶׁה יָכוֹל לְהִסְתַּכֵּל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים ט, יט): כִּי יָגֹרְתִּי מִפְּנֵי הָאַף וְהַחֵמָה. עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא שָׁאוּל, וְשָׁאוּל לָקַח אֶת הַמְּלוּכָה אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (שמואל א יד, מז): וְשָׁאוּל לָכַד הַמְּלוּכָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו'. מַהוּ (שמואל א יד, מז): וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר יִפְנֶה יַרְשִׁיעַ, נָצָח. בְּאֵיזוֹ זְכוּת, בִּזְכוּת מִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁהָיוּ בְּיָדוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה עָנִי וְאוֹכֵל חֻלִּין בְּטָהֳרָה, וּמְבַזְבֵּז אֶת מָמוֹנוֹ וְחָס עַל מָמוֹנָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְשֶׁשָּׁקַל כְּבוֹד עַבְדּוֹ לִכְבוֹד עַצְמוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר וְשֶׁהָיָה בֶּן תּוֹרָה, דִּכְתִיב (משלי ח, טו): בִּי מְלָכִים יִמְלֹכוּ וגו', וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחָטָא (שמואל א כח, ה): וַיַּרְא שָׁאוּל אֶת מַחֲנֵה פְלִשְׁתִּים וַיִּרָא וגו'. עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא דָּוִד בְּאוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה (תהלים כז, א): ה' אוֹרִי וְיִשְׁעִי מִמִּי אִירָא וגו', וְכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּא אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה (שמואל ב יז, ב): וָאָבוֹא עָלָיו וְהוּא יָגֵעַ וּרְפֵה יָדַיִם. עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא שְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה רוֹדֶה בַּשִּׁירִים וּבַשִּׁירוֹת וְהָיָה מוֹשֵׁל עַל הַשֵּׁדִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת ב, ח): עָשִׂיתִי לִי שָׁרִים וְשָׁרוֹת וגו', מְשׁוֹרְרִים זְכָרִים וּמְשׁוֹרְרוֹת נְקֵבוֹת, (קהלת ב, ח): וְתַעֲנֻגוֹת בְּנֵי הָאָדָם, פְּרוּבָטַיָּה. (קהלת ב, ח): שִׁדָּה וְשִׁדּוֹת, שִׁדָּה וְשִׁדָּתִין, דַּהֲווֹ אַזְיָן בְּהוֹן. כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּנָה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְכָל הַמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁל אַשְׁמְדַאי, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחָטָא טְרָדוֹ אַשְׁמְדַאי, וּלְאַחַר שֶׁחָזַר לְמַלְכוּתוֹ הָיָה פַּחֲדוֹ עָלָיו, וְהֵבִיא שִׁשִּׁים גִּבּוֹרִים שֶׁהָיוּ מְשַׁמְּרִים אֶת מִטָּתוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת, שֶׁהָיָה מִתְפַּחֵד מִן הָרוּחוֹת. הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה וגו' (שיר השירים ג, ז): רַבָּנִין פָּתְרִין קְרָיָה בְּיוֹצְאֵי מִצְרָיִם. הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ, מַטּוֹתָיו שְׁבָטָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (חבקוק ג, ט): שְׁבֻעוֹת מַטּוֹת. שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלּוֹ. שִׁשִּׁים גִּבֹּרִים סָבִיב לָהּ, שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה וָמַעְלָה. מִגִּבֹּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְהָבִיא טַף וְנָשִׁים. כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב (שמות יג, יח): וַחֲמֻשִׁים עָלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה, מִמִּי לָמְדוּ, מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, ג): ה' אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה. אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה כָּךְ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא סִינְטוֹמוֹס (שמות יב, מח): וְכָל עָרֵל לֹא יֹאכַל בּוֹ, הָיָה כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד נוֹטֵל חֶרֶב וּמַנִּיחוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ וּמָל עַצְמוֹ. מִי מָלָן, רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה תָּנֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, משֶׁה מוֹהֵל, וְאַהֲרֹן פּוֹרֵעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ מַשְׁקֶה. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מוֹהֵל, וְאַהֲרֹן פּוֹרֵעַ, וּמשֶׁה מַשְׁקֶה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יהושע ה, ב): וְשׁוּב מֹל אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֵׁנִית, הֲרֵי מִכָּאן שֶׁמָּלָן רִאשׁוֹנָה (יהושע ה, ג): וַיָּמָל אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו'. מַהוּ (יהושע ה, ג): אֶל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָקוֹם שֶׁעָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ גִּבְעָה בַּעֲרָלוֹת. הֲרֵי אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ. מַהוּ מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת, שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לַעֲשׂוֹת פֶּסַח, דִּכְתִיב: וְכָל עָרֵל לֹא יֹאכַל בּוֹ, וְאִם לֹא יַעֲשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל פֶּסַח הָיוּ מֵתִים בְּלֵילֵי הַפֶּסַח כַּאֲשֶׁר מֵתוּ בְּכוֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, יג): וְרָאִיתִי אֶת הַדָּם וּפָסַחְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם וְלֹא יִהְיֶה בָכֶם נֶגֶף לְמַשְׁחִית בְּהַכֹּתִי בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. הֱוֵי: מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת. הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ וגו', רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן פָּתַר קְרָיָה בְּסַנְהֶדְרִיּוֹת. הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ שְׁבָטָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא שְׁבֻעוֹת מַטּוֹת. שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלּוֹ. שִׁשִּׁים גִּבֹּרִים סָבִיב לָהּ, אֵלּוּ שִׁשִּׁים עַם הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב כה, יט): וְשִׁשִּׁים אִישׁ מֵעַם הָאָרֶץ הַנִּמְצְאִים בָּעִיר, מִגִּבֹּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְהָבִיא אַחַד עָשָׂר אִישׁ, הֲרֵי שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד סַנְהֶדְּרִין. וּמַאי נִינְהוּ אַחַד עָשָׂר אִישׁ, דִּכְתִיב (מלכים ב כה, יח): וַיִּקַּח רַב טַבָּחִים אֶת שְׂרָיָה כֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ וְאֶת צְפַנְיָהוּ כֹּהֵן מִשְׁנֶה וְאֶת שְׁלשֶׁת שֹׁמְרֵי הַסַּף, הֲרֵי חֲמִשָּׁה, (מלכים ב, כה, יט): וּמִן הָעִיר לָקַח סָרִיס אֶחָד זֶה מֻפְלָא שֶׁל בֵּית דִּין, הֲרֵי שִׁשָּׁה, (מלכים ב כה, יט): וַחֲמִשָּׁה אֲנָשִׁים מֵרֹאֵי פְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, הֲרֵי אַחַד עָשָׂר אִישׁ. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: וַחֲמִשָּׁה אֲנָשִׁים, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ירמיה נב, כה): וְשִׁבְעָה אֲנָשִׁים מֵרֹאֵי פְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, מַאי נִינְהוּ הַשְּׁנַיִם יְתֵרִים, לְהוֹסִיף עֲלֵיהֶם שְׁנֵי סוֹפְרֵי הַדַּיָּנִין. (ירמיה נב, כה): וְאֶת סֹפֵר שַׂר הַצָּבָא הַמַּצְבִּא זֶה שְׁלִיחַ בֵּית דִּין. כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב, רַבִּי מֵאִיר וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר כֻּלָּם הָיוּ מְשַׁנְּנִין אֶת הַהֲלָכָה כֶּחָרֶב, שֶׁאִם בָּא מַעֲשֶׂה לְתוֹךְ יְדֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹא תְהֵא הֲלָכָה קוֹרֵא לָהֶם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר בִּשְׁעַת הַדִּין הַכֹּל נוֹשְׂאִים וְנוֹתְנִין בַּהֲלָכָה לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַדִּין לַאֲמִתּוֹ, וְהָיוּ רוֹאִין כְּאִלּוּ חֶרֶב מֻנַּחַת לָהֶן בֵּין יַרְכוֹתֵיהֶן וְגֵיהִנֹּם פְּתוּחָה לִפְנֵיהֶם, הֱוֵי: מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת, הָיוּ מִתְפַּחֲדִין הֵיאַךְ לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה כְּדֵי לְהִנָּצֵל מִדִּינָהּ שֶׁל גֵּיהִנֹּם. רַבִּי מְנַחֵם חַתְנֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי אֲבִינָה אִם בָּאָה אִשָּׁה אֶצְלְךָ לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לִשְׁאֹל לְךָ עַל הַדִּין אוֹ עַל הַשְּׁאֵלָּה, תְּהֵא רוֹאֶה אוֹתָהּ כְּאִלּוּ יָצְאָה מִירֵכֶךָ, לֹא תִתֵּן בָּהּ עָיִן, וּתְהֵא מְפַחֵד מִדִּינָהּ שֶׁל גֵּיהִנֹּם הַדּוֹמֶה לַלָּיְלָה. הִנֵּה הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ וגו', רַבִּי שַׂמְלָאי פָּתַר קְרָיָה בַּמִּשְׁמָרוֹת, הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ מַטּוֹתָיו שְׁבָטָיו, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְתֵימָא שְׁבֻעוֹת מַטּוֹת, שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלּוֹ. שִׁשִּׁים גִּבֹּרִים סָבִיב לָהּ, אֵלּוּ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מִשְׁמָרוֹת כְּהֻנָּה וְעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מִשְׁמָרוֹת לְוִיָּה וּשְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַחְלְקוֹת. מִגִּבֹּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְהָבִיא שְׁאָר הָעָם שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹמְדִים בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, סַנְהֶדְּרִין וּבָתֵּי דִינִין וְתַלְמִידִים. כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (תהלים קמט, ו): וְחֶרֶב פִּיפִיּוֹת בְּיָדָם. מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה, זוֹ מִלְחַמְתָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר כא, יד): בְּסֵפֶר מִלְחֲמֹת ה'. רַבִּי זְעֵירָא וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים הַמְלַמְּדִים אֶת הַכֹּהֲנִים הִלְכוֹת שְׁחִיטָה, וְקַבָּלָה, וּזְרִיקָה, וּקְמִיצָה, הָיוּ נוֹטְלִין שְׂכָרָן מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה. רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּרַבִּי רַדִּיפָה בְּשֵׁם רַב אַמֵּי מְבַקְּרֵי מוּמִין שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם הָיוּ נוֹטְלִין שְׂכָרָן מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה. רַב אַחָא וְרַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בְּרַבִּי חַתְנֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי שִׂמְלָאי מַגִּיהֵי סֵפֶר הָעֲזָרָה, הָיוּ נוֹטְלִין שְׂכָרָן מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה. גִּדֵּל בַּר בִּנְיָמִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַמֵּי שְׁנֵי דַּיָּנֵי גְזֵלוֹת הָיוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם וְהָיוּ נוֹטְלִין שְׂכָרָן מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה. רַב הוּנָא אָמַר פָּרֹכֶת הָיְתָה בָּאָה מִבֶּדֶק הַבַּיִת. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר נָשִׁים הָאוֹרְגוֹת אֶת הַפָּרוֹכֶת הָיוּ נוֹטְלוֹת שְׂכָרָן מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה, הֱוֵי: מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה, שֶׁהָיוּ מְלַמְּדִין לַכֹּהֲנִים הֵיאַךְ יַעֲשׂוּ עֲבוֹדָה. אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ מִפַּחַד בַּלֵּילוֹת, הָיוּ מַזְהִירִין אוֹתָן בְּעֵת שֶׁשּׁוֹחֲטִין שֶׁלֹא לְפַגֵּל הַזְּבָחִים וְשֶׁלֹא לִפְסֹל אֶחָד מִן הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת בְּנוֹתָרוֹת. הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ וגו', רַבִּי בֵּיבַי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר פָּתַר קְרָיָה בְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים: הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ, זֶה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַמִּטָּה אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא לִפְרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, כָּךְ כָּל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה פָּרֶה וְרָבֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ח, ח): וַיַּאֲרִכוּ הַבַּדִּים, וְאוֹמֵר (דברי הימים ב ג, ו): וְהַזָּהָב זְהַב פַּרְוָיִם, מַהוּ פַּרְוָיִם, שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת. וְאוֹמֵר (מלכים א ז, ב): בֵּית יַעַר הַלְּבָנוֹן, לָמָּה נִקְרָא בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ יַעַר הַלְּבָנוֹן, לוֹמַר לָךְ מַה יַּעַר עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת אַף בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הַצּוּרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בְּקִירוֹתָיו שֶׁל זָהָב, שֶׁהָיוּ מְצֻיָּרִין שָׁם כָּל מִינֵי אִילָנוֹת, הָיוּ עוֹשִׂים פֵּרוֹת. שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלּוֹ. שִׁשִּׁים גִּבֹּרִים סָבִיב לָהּ, אֵלּוּ שִׁשִּׁים אוֹתִיּוֹת שֶׁבְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים. מִגִּבֹּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהֵם מְגַבְּרִים אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵם נִזְכָּרִים בִּגְבוּרָה, שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִזְכָּר בְּכָל אַחַת וְאֶחָת (במדבר ו, כא כו): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ, יָאֵר ה', יִשָֹּׂא ה'. כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה, שֶׁהֵם נִלְחָמִים כְּנֶגֶד כָּל פֻּרְעָנֻיּוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. אִישׁ חַרְבּוֹ עַל יְרֵכוֹ, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ אָדָם רוֹאֶה בַּחֲלוֹמוֹ כְּאִלּוּ חֶרֶב מְחַתֶּכֶת בִּירֵכוֹ, מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה, יַשְׁכִּים לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְיַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים וְיִשְׁמַע בְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, וְאֵין דָּבָר רַע מַזִּיקוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ מַזְהִיר אֶת הַכֹּהֲנִים וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶם: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ וגו'.
“So you shall bless” – that is what is written: “Behold the bed of Solomon…” (Song of Songs 3:7). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai interpreted it regarding Solomon: “Behold the bed of Solomon” – this is King Solomon. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – sixty valiant men surrounded his bed at night, and they were “from the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7). “Each armed with a sword, trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – why would he do so? It is “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as he was afraid of the demons [and acted] so that they would not harm him. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai said: Before a person sins, he is an object of awe and fear. Once he sins, he is subject to awe and fear. Before he sinned, Adam the first man would hear the Divine Voice, stand on his feet, and was able to withstand it. Once he sinned, he would hear the Divine Voice and hide, as it is stated: “[They heard the voice of the Lord God]…the man and his wife hid [from the presence of the Lord God]” (Genesis 3:8). Rabbi Avin said: Before Adam the first man sinned, he would hear a gentle voice. After he sinned, he heard a thunderous voice.
Until Israel sinned, “the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like devouring fire atop the mountain” (Exodus 24:17). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: There were seven partitions of fire consuming one another, and Israel would see and were not afraid and were not fearful. Once they sinned, they were unable to look even at the intermediary: “Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, and behold, [the skin of his face] was radiant, [and they feared approaching him]” (Exodus 34:30). Rabbi Pinḥas ben Rabbi Avin said that Rabbi Ḥanin said: Even the intermediary felt it together with them from one time to another.18From before the sin to after the sin. Before, “the kings of hosts flee [and flee]” (Psalms 68:13). Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Aivu: “The kings of hosts” – the kings of the angels; even Mikhael and Gavriel would fear Moses. Once they sinned, Moses was unable to look even at their lowest-ranking soldiers. That is what is written: “For I was daunted due to the wrath and the fury” (Deuteronomy 9:19).
Until Saul sinned: It is not written here, “Saul took the kingdom,” but rather, “Saul captured the kingdom over Israel…” (I Samuel 14:47). What is, “wherever he turned, he would inspire terror” (I Samuel 14:47)? He would emerge victorious. By what merit? It was by the merit of the mitzvot and good deeds that he had to his credit, as he was poor, ate non-sacred produce in purity, and would spend his own money but was sparing with the money of Israel. He considered the honor due his servant equal to his own honor. Rabbi Yehuda bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: And he was learned in Torah, as it is written: “Through me19The Torah. kings reign…” (Proverbs 8:15). Once he sinned: “Saul saw the Philistine camp, and he was afraid…” (I Samuel 28:5).
Until David sinned with that act:20With Batsheva (II Samuel chap. 11). “The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear…” (Psalms 27:1)? Once he sinned with that act, “I will come upon him and he will be weary and discouraged” (II Samuel 17:2).
Until Solomon sinned, he would dominate with songs and poems [shirim veshirot] and he would rule over the demons, as it is stated: “I appointed for myself sharim vesharot” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – male singers and female singers. “And the pleasures of people” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – these are bathhouses. “Shida veshidot” (Ecclesiastes 2:8) – these are male demons and female demons, who stoked the fires in them. He ruled them to the extent that when he built the Temple, he controlled the actions of Ashmedai.21The king of the demons. When he sinned, Ashmedai banished him from his kingdom, and after he returned to his kingdom, his fear was upon him, and he brought sixty valiant men who would guard his bed. That is what is written: “From fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as he feared the demons.
“Behold the bed of Solomon…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – the Rabbis interpreted the verse regarding those who departed from Egypt. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [matotav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot]” (Habakkuk 3:9). “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – six hundred thousand who departed from Egypt, from the age of twenty and above. “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – this comes to include women and children. “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – “the children of Israel ascended armed [from the land of Egypt]” (Exodus 13:18). “Trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – from whom did they learn? It was from the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war” (Exodus 15:3). “Each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8) – when Moses told them that the Holy One blessed be He had told him the statute: “Every uncircumcised person may not eat of it” (Exodus 12:48) – each and every one of them took a sword, placed it on his thigh, and circumcised himself.
Who circumcised them? Rabbi Berekhya taught it in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: Moses would circumcise, Aaron would uncover the corona, and Joshua would give them to drink. Some say: Joshua would circumcise, Aaron would uncover the corona, and Moses would give them to drink. That is what is written: “And again circumcise the children of Israel, a second time” (Joshua 5:2). Infer from here that he circumcised them the first time. “And circumcised the children of Israel [at the Hill of the Foreskins]” (Joshua 5:3) – what is “at the Hill of the Foreskins”? Rabbi Levi said: It is a place where they made that hill of foreskins. That is, “each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8).
What is, “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8)? It is because they were unable to offer the paschal offering, as it is written: “All uncircumcised people may not eat of it” (Exodus 12:48). Had the children of Israel not offered the paschal offering, they would have died on the eve of Passover when the Egyptian firstborn died, as it is stated: “I will see the blood and I will pass over you, and there will not be a plague among you to destroy, when I smite the land of Egypt” (Exodus 12:13). That is, “from fear in the nights.”
“Behold the bed…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Yonatan interpreted the verse regarding the Sanhedrin. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [shevatav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot].” “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the sixty people of the land, as it is stated: “And sixty men of the people of the land, who were found inside the city” (II Kings 25:19). “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – to include eleven men; that is a Sanhedrin of seventy-one. Who were the eleven men? It is as it is written: “The captain of the guards took Seraya the chief priest, Tzefanyahu the deputy priest, and the three gatekeepers” (II Kings 25:18); that is five. “From the city he took one official” (II Kings 25:19) – this is the most distinguished member of the court; that is six. “And five men of those who see the king’s face” – that is eleven. One verse says: “And five men of those who see the king's face,” and one verse says: “And seven men of those who see the king's face” (Jeremiah 52:25). Who were the two extra? It is to add to them two scribes of the judges; “and the scribe of the commander of the army, who directs [the people of the land]” (Jeremiah 52:25) – this is the emissary of the court.
“Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yosei: Rabbi Meir says: They would all sharpen their knowledge of halakha like a sword, so if an incident happened to come into their jurisdiction, the halakha would not be calling for a response. Rabbi Yosei says: At the time of judgment they would all deliberate regarding the halakha to ensure that the true judgment would be issued, and they would consider it as though a sword were positioned between their thighs and Gehenna was open before them. That is, “from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – they were frightened about how to issue a ruling regarding the incident in order to be rescued from the sentence of Gehenna.
Rabbi Menaḥem, son-in-law of Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Avina: If a woman comes to the study hall to ask you regarding a law or a question, you should consider her as though she emerged from your loins. Do not eye her with lust, and be fearful of the sentence of Gehenna, which is like night.
“Behold the bed… ” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Samlai interpreted the verse regarding priestly watches. “Behold the bed [mitato]” – His tribes [matotav], just as it says: “The oaths to the tribes [matot].” “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His. “There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the twenty-four priestly watches, the twenty-four Levite watches, and the twelve divisions.22During David’s reign, each tribe was accorded responsibility to support the kingdom for one month a year (see I Chronicles, chap. 27). “From the valiant of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – this is to include the rest of the people who were located in Jerusalem, [the] Sanhedrin, the courts, and the students. “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – just as it says: “[Exaltation of the Almighty is in their throats,] and a double-edged sword is in their hand” (Psalms 149:6). “Trained in war” (Song of Songs 3:8) – this is the battle of Torah, just as it says: “In the book of the Wars of the Lord” (Numbers 21:14).
Rabbi Ze’eira and Rabbi Yehuda in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: Torah scholars who would teach the priests the halakhot of slaughter, receiving, sprinkling, and taking a handful would collect their wages from the collection of the chamber. Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Rabbi Redifa in the name of Rabbi Ami: The examiners of blemishes in Jerusalem would collect their wages from the collection of the chamber. Rav Aḥa and Rabbi Tanḥum ben Rabbi, the son-in-law of Rabbi Samlai: Proofreaders of the Torah scroll in the Courtyard would take their wages from the collection of the chamber. Gidel bar Binyamin in the name of Rabbi Ami: There were two judges in Jerusalem for robberies, and they would take their wages from the collection of the chamber.
Rav Huna said: The Curtain would come from the funds of Temple maintenance. Shmuel said: The women who weave the curtain would take their wages from the collection of the chamber. That is, “trained [melumedei] in war” (Song of Songs 3:8), as they would teach [melamdin] the priests how to perform the service. “Each man with his sword on his thigh from fear in the nights” (Song of Songs 3:8) – they would caution them that when they would slaughter they should not render the offerings pigul,23If while performing the sacrificial rites the priest has a thought to eat the flesh or sprinkle the blood after the appointed time, the offering is disqualified as pigul. and they should not disqualify any of the offerings by keeping them past the appointed time.
“Behold the bed…” (Song of Songs 3:7) – Rabbi Samlai interpreted the verse regarding the Priestly Benediction. “Behold the bed” – this is the Temple. Just as the bed is for nothing other than procreation, so, everything that was in the Temple would procreate, as it is stated: “The staves extended” (I Kings 8:8), and it says: “Parvayim gold” (II Chronicles 3:6). What is parvayim? It is that it produced fruits [perot]. And it says: “The House of the Forest of Lebanon” (I Kings 7:2). Why is it called “The House of the Forest of Lebanon”? It is to say to you: Just as a forest produces fruits, so did the Temple. The forms that were on its walls were of gold, as they would craft there all sorts of trees that would produce fruits. “Of Solomon [shelishelomo]” (Song of Songs 3:7) – of the Holy One blessed be He, that peace [shehashalom] is His.
“There are sixty valiant men surrounding it” (Song of Songs 3:7) – these are the sixty letters of the Priestly Benediction. “From the valiant [migiborei] of Israel” (Song of Songs 3:7) – as they bolster [megaberim] Israel. Rabbi Azarya said: Matters that are mentioned with might, as the name of the Holy One blessed be He is mentioned in each and every one: “May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24); “may the Lord shine” (Numbers 6:25); “may the Lord lift” (Numbers 6: 26). “Each armed with a sword” (Song of Songs 3:8) – as they battle against all the punishments in the Torah. “Each man with his sword on his thigh” (Song of Songs 3:8) – even if a person sees in his dream as though a sword is cutting his thigh, let him rise early to the synagogue, stand before the priests, and hear the Priestly Benediction, and no evil matter will harm him: That is why the Torah cautions the priests and says to them: “So you shall bless…”
דַּבֵּר אֶל אַהֲרֹן וגו' (במדבר ו, כג), לְפִי שֶׁכָּל מַעֲשֵׂה הַפָּרָשָׁה בְּאַהֲרֹן, הֵבִיא אֶת אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת בָּנָיו לִכְלַל דִּבּוּר, שֶׁזֶּה כְּלָל, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהַמַּעֲשֶׂה בַּכֹּהֲנִים הַדִּבּוּר לַכֹּהֲנִים, הַמַּעֲשֶׂה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, הַדִּבּוּר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. כֹּה תְבָרֲכוּ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר מִנַּיִן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁמִּפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נֶאֱמַר לְמשֶׁה בְּאֵיזֶה סֵדֶר יְבָרְכוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (דברים כז, יב): אֵלֶּה יַעַמְדוּ לְבָרֵךְ אֶת הָעָם, מַה לְּהַלָּן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ אַף כָּאן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ, הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר. כֹּה, עַד שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה, שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עֲנִיָּה וַאֲמִירָה וְכֹה, בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, בַּעֲמִידָה. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בַּעֲמִידָה, אוֹ שֶׁלֹא בַּעֲמִידָהּ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אֵלֶּה יַעַמְדוּ לְבָרֵךְ אֶת הָעָם, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן בְּרָכָה, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן בְּרָכָה, מַה בְּרָכָה הָאֲמוּרָה לְהַלָּן בַּעֲמִידָה, אַף בְּרָכָה הָאֲמוּרָה כָּאן בַּעֲמִידָה. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ, שֶׁכְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (דברים י, ח): לְשָׁרְתוֹ וּלְבָרֵךְ בִּשְׁמוֹ, מַקִּישׁ בְּרָכָה לַשֵּׁרוּת, מַה שֵּׁרוּת בַּעֲמִידָה, דִּכְתִיב: לַעֲמֹד לְשָׁרֵת, אַף בְּרָכָה בַּעֲמִידָה. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם וְשֶׁלֹא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (ויקרא ט, כב): וַיִּשָֹּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָיו אֶל הָעָם וַיְבָרֲכֵם, מַה הוּא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם אַף בָּנָיו בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן אוֹמֵר אִי מַה לְהַלָּן רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְקָרְבַּן צִבּוּר וְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל, אַף כָּאן רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְקָרְבַּן צִבּוּר וְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (דברים כז, יב): כִּי בוֹ בָּחַר ה' וגו' הוּא וּבָנָיו, מַקִּישׁ בָּנָיו לוֹ, מַה הוּא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם אַף בָּנָיו בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם, וּכְתִיב (דברים כז, יב): כָּל הַיָּמִים, וְאִתְקַשׁ בְּרָכָה לַשֵּׁרוּת. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, בַּשֵּׁם הַמְפֹרָשׁ, אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בַּשֵּׁם הַמְפֹרָשׁ אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בְּכִנּוּי, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי עַל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם בַּשֵּׁם הַמְיֻחָד לִי. יָכוֹל אַף בַּגְּבוּלִין, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן: וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (דברים יב, ה): לָשׂוּם אֶת שְׁמוֹ, מַה לְּהַלָּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אַף כָּאן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ בַּשֵּׁם הַמְּפֹרָשׁ וּבַמְדִינָה בְּכִנּוּי, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יֹאשִׁיָּה. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן אוֹמֵר הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות כ, כא): בְּכָל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי וגו', זֶה מִקְרָא מְסֹרָס, שֶׁבְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁאֲנִי אָבוֹא אֵלֶיךָ וּבֵרַכְתִּיךָ, שָׁם אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי, וְהֵיכָן אֲנִי נִגְלֶה אֵלֶיךָ, בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה, אַף אַתָּה לֹא תְהֵא מַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי אֶלָּא בְּבֵית הַבְּחִירָה, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ שֵׁם הַמְּפֹרָשׁ אָסוּר לוֹמַר בַּגְּבוּלִין. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ וגו', אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בְּרָכָה לַגֵּרִים, לַנָּשִׁים וְלַעֲבָדִים מְשֻׁחְרָרִים מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ו, כג): אָמוֹר לָהֶם לְכֻלָּן. כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, פָּנִים כְּנֶגֶד פָּנִים. אוֹ עֹרֶף מוּל פָּנִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אָמוֹר לָהֶם, פָּנִים כְּנֶגֶד פָּנִים, כְּאָדָם שֶׁאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ. אָמוֹר לָהֶם, מִכָּאן שֶׁהַחַזָּן צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר לָהֶם שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ, אִם שְׁנֵי כֹּהֲנִים הֵם שֶׁיַּעֲלוּ לַדּוּכָן, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיֹּאמַר לָהֶם הַחַזָּן: כֹּהֲנִים בָּרֵכוּ. וְאִם אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא כֹּהֵן אֶחָד, אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָמוֹר לָהֶם לִשְׁנַיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי כָּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה לַדּוּכָן עוֹבֵר בְּשָׁלשׁ עֲשֵׂה: כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ, אָמוֹר לָהֶם, וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי כָּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹקֵר אֶת רַגְלָיו לַעֲלוֹת אֵצֶל הַתֵּבָה בְּבִרְכַּת עֲבוֹדָה, שׁוּב אֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט, כב): וַיִּשָֹּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָו אֶל הָעָם וַיְבָרֲכֵם וַיֵּרֶד מֵעֲשׂוֹת הַחַטָּאת, מַה לְּהַלָּן בַּעֲבוֹדָה, אַף כָּאן בַּעֲבוֹדָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שַׂמְלָאי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁכֻּלָּם כֹּהֲנִים, כֻּלָּם עוֹלִים לַדּוּכָן, וְהוּא דְּאִשְׁתַּיְרוּ עֲשָׂרָה יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעוֹנִין אָמֵן. בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁכֻּלָּה כֹּהֲנִים, מִקְצָתָן עוֹלִים לַדּוּכָן, מִקְצָתָם עוֹנִים אָמֵן. הָעָם שֶׁאֲחוֹרֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים אֵינָן בִּכְלַל בְּרָכָה, וּלְכָךְ הָיוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים עוֹלִים אֶל הָאָרוֹן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ כָּל הָעָם בִּפְנֵיהֶם. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פָּזִי כָּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁלֹא נָטַל יָדָיו לֹא יִשָֹּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלד, ב): שְׂאוּ יְדֵיכֶם קֹדֶשׁ וּבָרְכוּ אֶת ה'. שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן שַׁמּוּעַ בַּמֶּה הֶאֱרַכְתָּ יָמִים, אָמַר לָהֶם מִיָּמַי לֹא עָשִׂיתִי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת קַפַּנְדַּרְיָא, וְלֹא פָּסַעְתִּי עַל רָאשֵׁי עַם קֹדֶשׁ, וְלֹא נָשָׂאתִי אֶת כַּפַּי בְּלֹא בְּרָכָה. מַאי מְבָרֵךְ אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בִּקְדֻשָּׁתוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן וְצִוָּנוּ לְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאַהֲבָה. כִּי עָקַר הַכֹּהֵן רַגְלָיו לַעֲלוֹת לַדּוּכָן מַאי אָמַר, יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנֶיךָ ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁתְּהֵא בְּרָכָה זוֹ שֶׁצִּוִּיתָנוּ לְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמְּךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁלֹא יְהֵא בָהּ מִכְשֹׁל וְעָוֹן. וְכִי מְסַיֵּם לְבָרֵךְ וּמַחֲזִיר פָּנָיו מִן הַצִּבּוּר מַאי אָמַר, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם עָשִׂינוּ מַה שֶּׁגָּזַרְתָּ עָלֵינוּ עֲשֵׂה עִמָּנוּ מַה שֶּׁהִבְטַחְתָּנוּ. אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא אֵין הַכֹּהֲנִים רַשָּׁאִים לָכֹף קִשְׁרֵי אֶצְבְּעוֹת יָדָם עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִירוּ פְּנֵיהֶם מִן הַצִּבּוּר, וְאֵין הַקּוֹרֵא רַשַּׁאי לִקְרוֹת בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים עַד שֶׁיִּכְלֶה אָמֵן מִפִּי הַצִּבּוּר, וְאֵין הַכֹּהֲנִים רַשָּׁאִים לְהַתְחִיל בִּבְרָכָה אַחֶרֶת עַד שֶׁיִּכְלֶה אָמֵן מִפִּי הַצִּבּוּר, וְאֵין הַכֹּהֲנִים רַשָּׁאִים לְהַחֲזִיר פְּנֵיהֶם מִן הַצִּבּוּר עַד שֶׁיַּתְחִיל שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר בְּשִׂים שָׁלוֹם, וְאֵינָם רַשָּׁאִין לַעֲקֹר רַגְלֵיהֶם וְלֵילֵךְ עַד שֶׁיִּגְמֹר שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר שִׂים שָׁלוֹם. בִּזְּמַן שֶׁהַכֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִין הָעָם מָה הַצִּבּוּר אוֹמְרִים, אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא (תהלים קג, כ כב): בָּרְכוּ ה' מַלְאָכָיו וגו', בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל צְבָאָיו וגו' בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו וגו'. הֵיכָן אוֹמֵר אוֹתָן, רַב יוֹסֵף אָמַר בֵּין כָּל בְּרָכָה וּבְרָכָה. רַב אָמַר בְּהַזְכָּרַת הַשֵּׁם. פְּלִיגֵי בָּהּ רַב מָארֵי וְרַב זְבִיד, חַד אָמַר פָּסוּק כְּנֶגֶד פָּסוּק, וְחַד אָמַר בְּכָל פָּסוּק אוֹמֵר לְכָל שְׁלשֶׁת הַפְּסוּקִים. בְּמוּסַף שֶׁל שַׁבָּת כְּשֶׁהַכֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִים מָה הַצִּבּוּר אוֹמְרִים, אָמַר רַב אַסֵי (תהלים קלד, א ב): שִׁיר הַמַּעֲלוֹת הִנֵּה בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה' וגו' שְׂאוּ יְדֵיכֶם וגו' (תהלים קלה, כא): בָּרוּךְ ה' מִצִּיּוֹן וגו'. וְלָמָּה אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר (תהלים קלד, ג): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' מִצִּיּוֹן וגו', שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּהַהוּא עִנְיָן, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פָּזִי, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהִתְחִיל בְּבִרְכוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מְסַיֵּם בְּבִרְכוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. בַּמִּנְחָה שֶׁל תַּעֲנִיּוֹת מַאי אָמְרֵי, אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב (ירמיה יד, ז ט): אִם עֲוֹנֵינוּ עָנוּ בָנוּ ה' עֲשֵׂה לְמַעַן שְׁמֶךָ כִּי רַבּוּ מְשׁוּבֹתֵינוּ לְךָ חָטָאנוּ. מִקְוֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל ה' מוֹשִׁיעוֹ בְּעֵת צָרָה לָמָּה תִהְיֶה כְּגֵר בָּאָרֶץ וּכְאֹרֵחַ נָטָה לָלוּן. לָמָּה תִהְיֶה כְּאִישׁ נִדְהָם כְּגִבּוֹר לֹא יוּכַל לְהוֹשִׁיעַ וְאַתָּה בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ ה' וְשִׁמְךָ עָלֵינוּ נִקְרָא. בַּנְּעִילָה שֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מַאי אָמְרֵי (תהלים קכח, ד ו): הִנֵּה כִּי כֵן יְבֹרַךְ גָּבֶר יְרֵא ה'. יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' מִצִּיּוֹן וּרְאֵה בְּטוּב יְרוּשָׁלָיִם כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ. וּרְאֵה בָנִים לְבָנֶיךָ שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא כָּל הָאוֹמְרָן בַּגְּבוּלִין אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא טוֹעֶה, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פַּפָּא תֵּדַע דְּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ נָמֵי לָא לִבָּעֵי לְמֵמְרִינְהוּ, כְּלוּם יֵשׁ עֶבֶד שֶׁמְבָרְכִין אוֹתוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מַאֲזִין. אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר חֲנִינָא תֵּדַע דְּבַגְּבוּלִין נָמֵי מִבָּעֵי לְמֵמְרִינְהוּ, כְּלוּם יֵשׁ עֶבֶד שֶׁמְבָרְכִין אוֹתוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מַסְבִּיר פָּנִים. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ מֵרֵישׁ הֲוָה אָמֵינָא לְהַנֵּי קְרָאֵי, כֵּיוָן דְּחָזֵינָא לְרַבִּי אַבָּא דְּמִן עַכּוֹ דְּלָא אֲמַר לְהוּ, אֲנָא נָמֵי לָא אָמֵינָא לְהוּ. מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין אוֹמְרִין אוֹתוֹ בַּגְּבוּלִין. בַּמְּדִינָה אוֹמְרִים בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים שָׁלשׁ בְּרָכוֹת, וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ בְּרָכָה אַחַת, כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה, שֶׁאֵין עוֹנִין אָמֵן בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ. תָּנֵי מִנַּיִן שֶׁאֵין עוֹנִין אָמֵן בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחמיה ט, ה): קוּמוּ בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם מִן הָעוֹלָם עַד הָעוֹלָם וִיבָרְכוּ שֵׁם כְּבֹדֶךָ וּמְרוֹמַם עַל כָּל בְּרָכָה וּתְהִלָּה. מִנַּיִן שֶׁעַל כָּל בְּרָכָה תְּהִלָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּמְרוֹמַם עַל כָּל בְּרָכָה וּתְהִלָּה, עַל כָּל בְּרָכָה וּבְרָכָה תֵּן לוֹ תְּהִלָּה. בַּמְּדִינָה נוֹשְׂאִין כַּפֵּיהֶם כְּנֶגֶד כִּתְפוֹתֵיהֶם, וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ עַל גַּבֵי רָאשֵׁיהֶם, חוּץ מִכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַגְבִּיהַּ יָדָיו לְמַעְלָה מִן הַצִּיץ. אָמוֹר לָהֶם, מָלֵא. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַכֹּהֲנִים, לֹא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לָכֶם שֶׁתִּהְיוּ מְבָרְכִים אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל תִּהְיוּ מְבָרְכִים אוֹתָם בְּאַנְגַרְיָא וּבְבַהֲלוּת, אֶלָּא תִּהְיוּ מְבָרְכִין בְּכַוָּנַת הַלֵּב, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּשְׁלַם הַבְּרָכָה בָּהֶן, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר אָמוֹר לָהֶם.
“Speak to Aaron…” – because the entire action of this portion involves Aaron, it included Aaron and his sons in the Divine Speech, as this is the principle: Whenever the action is by the priests, the Divine Speech is to the priests. When the action is for Israelites, the Divine Speech is to Israel.
“So you shall bless” – Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived that it was stated from the mouth of the Holy One blessed be He to Moses in what order they shall bless Israel? The verse states: “So you shall bless the children of Israel.”
“So you shall bless the children of Israel” – in the sacred tongue. Do you say in the sacred tongue, or perhaps it is actually in any language? Here it is stated: “So you shall bless,” and there it is stated: “These shall stand to bless the people” (Deuteronomy 27:12). Just as there it is in the sacred tongue,24See Sota 33a. so too here it is in the sacred tongue. Rabbi Yehuda said: It is not necessary. It says: “So”; it is not valid unless it is stated in this language, as any place that it is stated: Speaking up [aniya], stating [amira], and so [ko], it is in the sacred tongue.
“So you shall bless” – while standing. Do you say while standing, or perhaps it is not while standing. The verse states: “These shall stand to bless the people” (Deuteronomy 27:12). Blessing is stated here and blessing is stated there. Just as the blessing that is stated there is while standing, so too the blessing stated here is while standing. Rabbi Natan said: It is not necessary, as it already said: “To serve Him and to bless in His name” (Deuteronomy 10:8). Blessing and service are juxtaposed. Just as service is while standing, as it is stated: “To stand to serve” (Deuteronomy 18:5), so too, blessing is while standing.
“So you shall bless” – with the lifting of hands. Do you say with the lifting of hands, or is it with the lifting of hands and without the lifting of hands? The verse states: “Aaron lifted his hands to the people and blessed them” (Leviticus 9:22) – just as he was with the lifting of hands, so his descendants, with the lifting of hands. Rabbi Yonatan says: If so, just as there it was the New Moon, with a communal offering, and a High Priest, so too, here with the New Moon, with a communal offering, and a High Priest. The verse states: “For the Lord ]your God[ has chosen him…him and his sons” (Deuteronomy 18:5). It juxtaposes his sons to him, just as he is with the lifting of the hands, so his sons are with the lifting of the hands. And it is written: “All the days” (Deuteronomy 18:5), and blessing is juxtaposed to service.
“So you shall bless” – with the ineffable Name. Do you say with the ineffable Name or is it only with an appellation? The verse states: “They shall place My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27) – with the ineffable Name. Is it, perhaps, even in the outlying areas? “They shall place My name” is stated here, and it is stated elsewhere: “To place His name” (Deuteronomy 12:5); just as there it is in the Temple, so too, here it is in the Temple. From here they said: In the Temple with the ineffable Name, and in the country with an appellation; this is the statement of Rabbi Yoshiya. Rabbi Yonatan says: It says: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21). This is an inverted verse: Everywhere that I come to you and bless you, there I will mention My name. Where do I appear to you? It is in the Temple. You too shall mention My name only in the Temple. From here they said: Invoking the ineffable Name is prohibited in the outlying areas.
“So you shall bless the children of Israel” – I have derived only a blessing for Israel; a blessing for proselytes, women, liberated slaves, from where is it derived? The verse states: “Say to them” – to all of them.
“So you shall bless the children of Israel” – face-to-face. Or nape to face? The verse stated: “Say to them” – face-to-face, like one person talks to another.
“Say to them” – from here it is derived that the synagogue attendant must say to them that they should recite it. If two priests are going up to the platform, the attendant must say to them: ‘Priests, recite the blessing.’ But if there is only one priest, he need not say it, as it is stated: “Say to them” – to two.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Any priest who fails to go up to the platform violates three positive mitzvot: “So you shall bless,” “say to them,” and “they shall place My name” (Numbers 6:27).
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Any priest who does not move his feet to go up to the ark in the blessing of Temple service25This is a reference to the blessing of “Look with favor [retzeh]” in the Amida. may then no longer go up. As it is stated: “Aaron lifted his hands toward the people, and blessed them and he descended from performing the sin offering” (Leviticus 9:22). Just as there it is with Temple service, so too, here it is with Temple service.
Rabbi Samlai said: A synagogue in which there are many priests, all of them go up to the platform, provided that there are ten Israelites who answer amen. A synagogue that consists exclusively of priests, some of them go up to the platform and some of them answer amen.
The people who are behind the priests are not included in the blessing. That is why the priests go up to the ark, so that all the people are before them.
Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: Any priest who did not wash his hands may not lift his hands, as it is stated: “Lift your hands toward the Sanctuary26The word kodesh can mean “Sanctuary” or “holy.” The midrash is interpreting the verse to mean, "Lift your hands in holiness [kodesh] and bless.” and bless the Lord” (Psalms 134:2).
His students asked Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua: By what virtue have you lived long? He said to them: In all my days, I did not utilize a synagogue as a shortcut. I did not step over the heads of the sacred people.27I would reach my place before the people assembled, so I would not need to step over them when they were seated on the floor. And I did not lift my hands without a blessing. What blessing does one recite? Who has sanctified us with the sanctity of Aaron and commanded us to bless His people Israel with love. When the priest moves his feet to go up to the platform, what does he recite: May it be Your will, Lord our God, that this blessing that You commanded us to bless Your people, Israel, will not contain any obstacle or iniquity. When he turns his face away from the congregation, what does he recite? Master of the universe, we performed what You decreed upon us. Perform with us what you promised us.
Rav Ḥisda said: The priests are not permitted to bend their fingers at the knuckles until they turn their faces away from the congregation. The attendant is not permitted to call for the Priestly Benediction until the congregation has concluded saying amen. The priests are not permitted to begin reciting another blessing until the congregation has concluded saying amen. The priests are not permitted to turn their faces away from the congregation until the prayer leader begins reciting: “Grant peace,” and they are not permitted to move their feet and depart until the prayer leader completes reciting: “Grant peace.”
During the additional prayer of Shabbat, what does the congregation recite? Rav Asi said: “A song of ascents. Behold, bless the Lord…” (Psalms 134:1), “Lift your hands …” (Psalms 134:2), and, “Blessed be the Lord from Zion…” (Psalms 135:21). Why does one not recite “May the Lord bless you from Zion” (Psalms 134:3), which is written in this context? Rabbi Yehuda son of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: Because he began with the blessings of the Holy One blessed be He, he concludes with the blessings of the Holy One blessed be He.
During the afternoon prayers of a fast, what do they recite? Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov said: “If our iniquities have testified against us, Lord, act for Your name’s sake; for our rebellions are many, we sinned to You. The Hope of Israel, its Savior in times of trouble, why should You be as a stranger in the land and as a wayfaring man who turns to tarry to stay the night? Why should you be like an astonished man, as a mighty man who cannot save? But You, Lord, are in our midst, and Your name is called upon us; [do not abandon us]” (Jeremiah 14:7–9).
During the closing prayer of Yom Kippur, what do they recite? “Indeed, so shall a man who fears the Lord be blessed. May the Lord bless you from Zion; may you see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the days of your life. May you see the children of your children. Peace upon Israel” (Psalms 128:4–6).
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: Anyone who recites them in the outlying areas is nothing other than mistaken. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: Know that in the Temple too, one should not recite them. Is there a servant that one blesses him and he does not listen? Rav Aḥa bar Ḥanina said: Know that even in the outlying areas one is required to recite them. Is there a servant that one blesses him and he does not express his appreciation? Rabbi Abbahu said: Initially I would recite these verses. When I saw that Rabbi Abba of Akko did not recite them, I too did not recite them. From here it is derived that one does not recite them in the outlying areas.
In the rest of the country, the Priestly Benediction is three blessings, but in the Temple, it is one blessing. Why to that extent? It is because one does not answer amen in the Temple. It was taught: From where is it derived that one does not answer amen in the Temple? As it is stated: “Arise and bless the Lord your God forever and ever, and may they bless the name of Your glory, exalted above all blessing and praise” (Nehemiah 9:5). From where is it derived that there is praise for each blessing? It is as it is stated: “Exalted above all blessing and praise” – for each and every blessing give Him praise. In the rest of the country, they lift their hands to the level of their shoulders, but in the Temple, above their heads, with the exception of the High Priest, who does not lift his hands higher than the plate.28The golden plate which was on his head.
“Say [amor] to them” – it is written with a vav. The Holy One blessed be He said to the priests: Do not, because I commanded you to bless Israel, bless them as though compelled to do so, and hastily, but rather, bless them with intent of the heart so the blessing will take effect upon them completely. That is why it is stated: Amor to them.
יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ (במדבר ו, כד), עִם הַבְּרָכָה שְׁמִירָה. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם יֵשׁ לוֹ עֶבֶד בְּסוּרְיָא וְהוּא יוֹשֵׁב בְּרוֹמִי, שָׁלַח הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּשְׁבִילוֹ, עָלָה וּבָא אֶצְלוֹ, נָתַן לוֹ מֵאָה לִיטְרִין שֶׁל זָהָב, טְעָנוֹ יָצָא לַדֶּרֶךְ נָפְלוּ עָלָיו לִיסְטִים וְנָטְלוּ כָּל מַה שֶּׁנָּתַן לוֹ, וְכָל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה אֶצְלוֹ, שֶׁמָּא יָכוֹל הוּא לְשָׁמְרוֹ מִן הַלִּיסְטִים. לְפִיכָךְ יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' בְּעשֶׁר, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ מִן הַלִּיסְטִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' בְּמָמוֹן. וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ שֶׁלֹא תְהֵא עָשׂוּי בַּמְּדִינָה פָּנֵיאַס וְשֶׁלֹא תָבוֹא זֵימִיָּא לַמְּדִינָה וְיֹאמְרוּ לְךָ תֵּן זָהָב, אֶלָּא יְבָרֶכְךָ וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ. יְבָרֶכְךָ בְּבָנִים, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ בְּבָנוֹת, שֶׁצְּרִיכוֹת שְׁמִירָה. יְבָרֶכְךָ בְּעשֶׁר וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה מִמֶּנּוּ מִצְווֹת. יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' בַּבְּרָכָה הַמְּפֹרֶשֶׁת בַּתּוֹרָה (דברים ז, יד): בָּרוּךְ תִּהְיֶה מִכָּל הָעַמִּים וגו', (דברים כח, ג ו): בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה בָּעִיר וגו' בָּרוּךְ טַנְאֲךָ וגו' בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה בְּבֹאֶךָ וגו', (דברים כח, ב): וּבָאוּ עָלֶיךָ כָּל הַבְּרָכוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וגו'. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: יְבָרֶכְךָ בִּנְכָסֶיךָ וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ בְּגוּפֶךָ. רַבִּי יִצְחָק אוֹמֵר וַהֲלוֹא אִם מְבֹרָכִים הֵם שְׁמוּרִים, וְאִם שְׁמוּרִים הֵם מְבֹרָכִים, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ מִיֵּצֶר הָרָע, שֶׁלֹא יוֹצִיאֲךָ מִן הָעוֹלָם. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי ג, כו): כִּי ה' יִהְיֶה בְּכִסְלֶךָ וְשָׁמַר רַגְלְךָ מִלָּכֶד. דָּבָר אַחֵר וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ, שֶׁלֹא יִשְׁלְטוּ אֲחֵרִים עָלֶיךָ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קכא, ו): יוֹמָם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לֹא יַכֶּכָּה וגו', (תהלים קכא, ד ה): הִנֵּה לֹא יָנוּם וגו' ה' שֹׁמְרֶךָ וגו', (תהלים קכא, ז ח): ה' יִשְׁמָרְךָ מִכָּל רָע וגו' ה' יִשְׁמָר צֵאתְךָ וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ מִן הַמַּזִּיקִים הַמַּקִּיפִים אוֹתָךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים צא, ז יא): יִפֹּל מִצִּדְּךָ אֶלֶף וגו' כִּי מַלְאָכָיו יְצַוֶּה לָּךְ וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ יִשְׁמָר לְךָ בְּרִית אֲבוֹתֶיךָ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ז, יב): וְשָׁמַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְךָ אֶת הַבְּרִית וְאֶת הַחֶסֶד אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ, יִשְׁמָר לְךָ אֶת הַקֵּץ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה כא, יא): מַשָֹּׂא דּוּמָה אֵלַי קֹרֵא מִשֵֹּׂעִיר וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר: וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ יִשְׁמָר נַפְשְׁךָ בִּשְׁעַת מִיתָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל א כה, כט): וְהָיְתָה נֶפֶשׁ אֲדֹנִי צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר וגו', שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי אֶת הַצַּדִּיק וְאֶת הָרָשָׁע, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמואל א כה, כט): וְאֶת נֶפֶשׁ אֹיְבֶיךָ יְקַלְּעֶנָּה וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר: וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ, יִשְׁמָר רַגְלֶיךָ מִן גֵּיהִנֹּם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל א ב, ט): רַגְלֵי חֲסִידָיו יִשְׁמֹר וּרְשָׁעִים בַּחשֶׁךְ יִדַּמּוּ, הֲרֵי הֵם מְבֹרָכִים וּשְׁמוּרִים, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאַף שְׁכִינָה בֵּינֵיהֶם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ו, כה): יָאֵר ה' פָּנָיו וגו', יָאֵר ה' וגו', יִתֶּן לְךָ מִן מְאוֹר הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס, א): קוּמִי אוֹרִי וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים לו, י): בְּאֹרְךָ נִרְאֶה אוֹר, (תהלים קיח, כז): אֵל ה' וַיָּאֶר לָנוּ.
“May the Lord bless you and protect you” (Numbers 6:24).
“May the Lord bless you and protect you” – with the protection with the blessing. A king of flesh and blood has a slave in Syria, but he resides in Rome. The king sent for him. He ascended and came to him [the king]. He gave him [the slave] one hundred litra of gold. He [the slave] loaded them and set out on the way. Robbers attacked him and took everything that he [the king] had given him and everything that he had with him. Could he [the king], perhaps, have protected him from the robbers? Therefore, “may the Lord bless you” with wealth, “and protect you” from the robbers.
Another matter: “May the Lord bless you” – with money, “and protect you” – so that you will not become the scapegoat29The one to whom the government turns for payment of penalties incurred by all residents of the city. in your province, and that a penalty will not be imposed upon the province in which they say: Give us gold. Rather, may He bless you and protect you.
“May He bless you” – with sons; “and protect you” – with daughters, who require protection. “May He bless you” – with wealth, “and protect you” – that you will fulfill mitzvot with it.
“May the Lord bless you” with the blessing that is explicit in the Torah: “You shall be the most blessed of all the peoples…” (Deuteronomy 7:14); “blessed are you in the city…blessed is your basket…blessed are you upon your arrival” (Deuteronomy 28:3, 5–6); “all these blessings will come upon you…” (Deuteronomy 28:2). Rabbi Natan says: May he bless you regarding your belongings and protect you regarding your body. Rabbi Yitzḥak says: Is it not that if they are blessed they are protected and if they are protected they are blessed? Why does the verse state: “And protect you”? It is from the evil inclination, so that we will not cause you to depart from the world. Likewise it says: “For the Lord will be your hope and will protect your foot from being trapped” (Proverbs 3:26).
Another matter: “And protect you” – that others will not rule over you. Likewise it says: “By day the sun will not strike you” (Psalms 121:6); “Behold, [the Guardian of Israel] neither slumbers [nor sleeps]… The Lord is your guardian” (Psalms 121:4–5). “ The Lord will guard you from all evil… The Lord will guard your going…” (Psalms 121:7–8).
Another matter: “And protect you” – from the demons that surround you, as it is stated: “One thousand may fall at your side.… for He will charge His angels [to guard you in all your ways]” (Psalms 91:7, 11).
Another matter: “And protect you [veyishmerekha]” – He will observe [yishmor] for you the covenant of your patriarchs. Likewise it says: “The Lord your God will observe [veshamar] for you the covenant and the kindness regarding which He took an oath to your patriarchs” (Deuteronomy 7:12).
Another matter: “And protect you [veyishmerekha]” – He will keep [yishmor] the end of days for you. Likewise it says: “A prophecy of Duma: To me one calls from Seir…” (Isaiah 21:11).30This is a prophecy about the end of days, and the continuation of the verse contains the word shomer.
Another matter: “And protect you” – He will protect your soul upon death. Likewise it says: “May the soul of my lord be bound in the bond [of life with the Lord your God]” (I Samuel 25:29). I hear regarding the righteous one and the wicked one? The verse states: “And the souls of your enemies may He cast away [as from a slingshot]” (I Samuel 25:29).
Another matter: “And protect you” – He will protect your feet from Gehenna. Likewise it says: “He protects the feet of His pious ones, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness” (I Samuel 2:9).
They are blessed and protected. From where is it derived that the Divine Presence is in their midst? The verse states: “May the Lord shine His countenance…” (Numbers 6:25). “May the Lord shine…” – may He give you of the light of the Divine Presence, as it is stated: “Arise, shine, [for your light has come]” (Isaiah 60:1), and it says: “Through Your light we see light” (Psalms 36:10), “The Lord is God; He has given us light” (Psalms 118:27).
יָאֵר ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, יִתֵּן לְךָ מְאוֹר עֵינָיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר: יָאֵר ה' וגו', שֶׁיַּבִּיט בְּךָ בְּפָנִים מְאִירוֹת וְלֹא בְּפָנִים זְעוּמוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יָאֵר, זֶה מְאוֹר תּוֹרָה, שֶׁיָּאִיר עֵינֶיךָ וְלִבְּךָ בַּתּוֹרָה וְיִתֶּן לְךָ בָּנִים בְּנֵי תוֹרָה, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (משלי ו, כג): כִּי נֵר מִצְוָה וְתוֹרָה אוֹר. דָּבָר אַחֵר: יָאֵר ה' פָּנָיו, יַעֲמִיד מִמְּךָ כֹּהֲנִים שֶׁמְּאִירִים אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (מלאכי א, י): וְלֹא תָאִירוּ מִזְבְּחִי חִנָּם, וְאוֹמֵר (ויקרא ו, ה): וְהָאֵשׁ עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ תּוּקַד בּוֹ לֹא תִכְבֶּה. (במדבר ו, כה): וִיחֻנֶךָּ, הֲרֵי הֵם מְבֹרָכִים וּשְׁמוּרִים וּשְׁכִינָה בֵּינֵיהֶם, וּמִנַּיִן אַף חֲנוּנֵי בְּדַעַת וּבְבִינָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וִיחֻנֶךָּ, כְּמָה דִּמְצַלֵּינַן: אַתָּה חוֹנֵן לְאָדָם דַּעַת וּמְלַמֵּד לֶאֱנוֹשׁ בִּינָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, יִתֵּן בָּכֶם דַּעַת שֶׁתִּהְיוּ חוֹנְנִים זֶה אֶת זֶה וּמְרַחֲמִים זֶה אֶת זֶה, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג, יח): וְנָתַן לְךָ רַחֲמִים וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, יָחוֹן אוֹתְךָ בְּבָנִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית לג, ה): הַיְלָדִים אֲשֶׁר חָנַן אֱלֹהִים אֶת עַבְדֶּךָ, וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית מג, כט): אֱלֹהִים יָחְנְךָ בְּנִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶּךָּ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (תהלים סז, ב): אֱלֹהִים יְחָנֵנוּ וִיבָרְכֵנוּ יָאֵר פָּנָיו אִתָּנוּ סֶלָּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, יָחְנְךָ בְּמִשְׁאֲלוֹתֶיךָ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה ל, יט): חָנוֹן יָחְנְךָ לְקוֹל זַעֲקֶךָ כְּשָׁמְעָתוֹ עָנָךְ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךּ שָׁנָה רַבִּי חִיָּא הַגָּדוֹל יַחֲנֶה ה' אֶצְלָךְ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךּ, יַעֲמִיד מִמְךָ נְבִיאִים, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (זכריה יב, י): וְשָׁפַכְתִּי עַל בֵּית דָּוִיד וגו' רוּחַ חֵן וְתַחֲנוּנִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, יִתֵּן חִנּוֹ עָלֶיךָ בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁאַתָּה הוֹלֵךְ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית לט, כא): וַיִּתֵּן חִנּוֹ בְּעֵינֵי וגו', (אסתר ב, טו): וַתְּהִי אֶסְתֵּר נֹשֵׂאת חֵן וגו'. [על פי]: (דניאל א, ט) וַיִּתֵּן אֱלֹהִים אֶת חֵן דָּנִיֵּאל וגו'. (משלי ג, ד): וּמְצָא חֵן וְשֵׂכֶל טוֹב וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי ד, ט): תִּתֵּן לְרֹאשְׁךָ לִוְיַת חֵן וגו'. (משלי א, ט): כִּי לִוְיַת חֵן הֵם לְרֹאשֶׁךָ וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, בְּמַתְּנַת חִנָּם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קכג, ג): חָנֵנוּ ה' חָנֵנוּ וגו'. (תהלים קכג, ב): כֵּן עֵינֵינוּ אֶל ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ עַד שֶׁיְחָנֵנוּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, לְהוֹצִיאֲךָ מִשִּׁעְבּוּד מַלְכֻיּוֹת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא: חָנֵנוּ ה' חָנֵנוּ כִּי רַב שָׂבַעְנוּ בוּז. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וִיחֻנֶךָּ, לִגְאֹל אוֹתָךְ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ישעיה לג, ב): ה' חָנֵנוּ לְךָ וגו'.
“May the Lord shine His countenance to you, and be gracious to you” (Numbers 6:25).
“May the Lord shine [yaer] His countenance to you” – may He grant you brightness [meor] of the eyes. Alternatively, “may the Lord shine…” – may He look upon you with a bright countenance and not with an angered countenance.
Another matter: “May…shine [yaer]” – this is the light of Torah; He will enlighten your eyes and your heart in the Torah, and grant you sons who are devoted to Torah, just as it says: “For mitzva is a lamp, and Torah is light [or].” (Proverbs 6:23).
“May the Lord shine [yaer] His countenance” – may He produce from you priests who kindle the altar, just as it says: “So you will not kindle [ta’iru] My altar in vain” (Malachi 1:10). And it says: “The fire on the altar shall be kept burning on it; it shall not be extinguished” (Leviticus 6:5).
“And be gracious to you” – they are blessed and protected, and the Divine Presence is in their midst, from where is it derived that they are graced with knowledge and understanding? The verse states: “And be gracious to you” – just as we pray: You grace man with knowledge and teach a person understanding.
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will instill knowledge in you so that you will be gracious to one another and have mercy upon one another, like the matter that is stated: “And He will give you mercy…” (Deuteronomy 13:18).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will grace you with children, just as it says: “The children with whom God has graced your servant” (Genesis 33:5), and it says: “God be gracious to you, my son” (Genesis 43:29).31The second verse from Genesis refers to Benjamin, whereas the first verse from Genesis refers to all the other tribes, as at that point Benjamin had not yet been born.
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – just as it says: “May God be gracious to us and bless us; may He shine His countenance upon us, Selah” (Psalms 67:2).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you [viḥuneka]” – he will grant you [yoḥnekha] your wishes. Likewise it says: “He will show grace to you [yoḥnekha] at the sound of your outcry; upon His hearing, He will answer you” (Isaiah 30:19).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great taught: The Lord will encamp [yaḥaneh] in your midst.
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – He will produce prophets from you, just as it says: “I will pour a spirit of grace and supplication upon the house of David [and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem]” (Zechariah 12:10).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you [viḥuneka]” – He will place His grace upon you everywhere that you go, just as it says: “He placed his favor [ḥino] in the eyes of [the prison warden]” (Genesis 39:21), “Esther found favor [ḥen] [in the eyes of everyone who saw her]” (Esther 2:15), “God granted Daniel kindness32The term in the verse is ḥesed, which the midrash considers synonymous with ḥen. and compassion [before the chief of the chamberlains]” (Daniel 1:9), “and you will find grace and approbation [in the eyes of God and man]” (Proverbs 3:4).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – regarding Torah study. Likewise it says: “It will give your head an adornment of grace…” (Proverbs 4:9), “for they will be a graceful adornment for your head…” (Proverbs 1:9).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – with gratuitous gifts; likewise it says: “Be gracious to us, Lord; be gracious to us…” (Psalms 123:3), “so our eyes are to the Lord our God until He will be gracious to us” (Psalms 123:2).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – to take you from subjugation to the kingdoms, just as it says: “Be gracious to us, Lord; be gracious to us, for we are sated with scorn” (Psalms 123:3).
Another matter: “And be gracious to you” – to redeem you, just as it says: “Lord, be gracious to us; [we have longed] for You. [Be…our salvation in a time of suffering]” (Isaiah 33:2).
יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ וגו' (במדבר ו, כו), יַעֲבִיר כַּעֲסוֹ מִמְּךָ, וְאֵין יִשָֹּׂא אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן הֲסָרָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית מ, יט): יִשָֹּׂא פַרְעֹה אֶת רֹאשְׁךָ וגו'. פָּנָיו, אֵלּוּ פָּנִים שֶׁל זַעַם, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ויקרא כ, ו): וְנָתַתִּי אֶת פָּנַי בַּנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא וגו', כְּלוֹמַר אוֹתָם פָּנִים שֶׁל זַעַם שֶׁהָיוּ רְאוּיוֹת לָבוֹא אֵלֶיךָ יְסִירֵם מִמְּךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה', בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאַתָּה עוֹמֵד וּמִתְפַּלֵּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יט, כא): וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו הִנֵּה נָשָׂאתִי פָנֶיךָ וגו', הֲרֵי דְּבָרִים קַל וָחֹמֶר, אִם לְלוֹט נָשָׂאתִי פָנִים מִפְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם אוֹהֲבִי, לְךָ לֹא אֶשָֹּׂא פָנִים מִפָּנֶיךָ וּמִפְּנֵי אֲבוֹתֶיךָ. זֶהוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (דברים י, יז): אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים, כֵּיצַד נִתְקַיְּמוּ שְׁנֵי כְּתוּבִים הַלָּלוּ, כְּשֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹן הַמָּקוֹם: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וּכְשֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹן הַמָּקוֹם: אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו, וְכִי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹשֵׂא פָנִים וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהֵם נוֹשְׂאִים לִי פָּנִים, כָּךְ אֲנִי נוֹשֵׂא לָהֶם פָּנִים, כֵּיצַד כָּתַבְתִּי בְּתוֹרָתִי (דברים ח, י): וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ, וְאָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל יוֹשֵׁב הוּא וּבָנָיו וּבְנֵי בֵיתוֹ וְאֵין לִפְנֵיהֶם כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה וְנוֹשְׂאִים לִי פָּנִים וּמְבָרְכִין, וְדִקְדְּקוּ עַל עַצְמָן עַד כַּזַּיִת עַד כַּבֵּיצָה, לְפִיכָךְ: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה', כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: יִשָֹּׂא, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא, עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין יִשָֹּׂא ה', וגו', מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים. וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ, כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים סה, ג): שֹׁמֵעַ תְּפִלָּה, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (איכה ג, מד): סַכֹּתָה בֶעָנָן לָךְ וגו', עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין שֹׁמֵעַ תְּפִלָּה, מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין סַכֹּתָה בֶעָנָן לָךְ. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים קמה, יח): קָרוֹב ה' לְכָל קֹרְאָיו, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים י, א): לָמָּה ה' תַּעֲמֹד בְּרָחוֹק. עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין קָרוֹב ה' לְכָל קֹרְאָיו, מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין לָמָּה ה' תַּעֲמֹד בְּרָחוֹק. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (איכה ג, לח): מִפִּי עֶלְיוֹן לֹא תֵצֵא הָרָעוֹת וְהַטּוֹב. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (דניאל ט, יד): וַיִּשְׁקֹד ה' עַל הָרָעָה. עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין מִפִּי עֶלְיוֹן וגו', מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין וַיִּשְׁקֹד ה' וגו'. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ירמיה ד, יד): כַּבְּסִי מֵרָעָה לִבֵּךְ יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ירמיה ב, כב): כִּי אִם תְּכַבְּסִי בַּנֶּתֶר וגו'. עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין, כַּבְּסִי מֵרָעָה וגו', מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתַּם גְּזַר דִּין אִם תְּכַבְּסִי וגו'. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ירמיה ג, כב): שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ירמיה ח, ד): אִם יָשׁוּב וְלֹא יָשׁוּב. אֶלָּא כָּאן קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין, כָּאן לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ישעיה נה, ו): דִּרְשׁוּ ה' בְּהִמָּצְאוֹ. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (יחזקאל כ, לא): חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' אֱלֹהִים אִם אִדָּרֵשׁ לָכֶם. כָּאן קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין כָּאן לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (יחזקאל לג, יא): אִם אֶחְפֹּץ בְּמוֹת הָרָשָׁע. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שמואל א ב, כה): כִּי חָפֵץ ה' לַהֲמִיתָם. כָּאן קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין כָּאן לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים, לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים, הָיָה רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן דּוֹסְתָּאי אוֹמֵר, כֵּיצַד יִתְקַיְּמוּ שְׁתֵּי מִקְרָאוֹת הַלָּלוּ, אֶלָּא: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו, בְּדָבָר שֶׁבֵּינְךָ לְבֵינוֹ. אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשָֹּׂא פָנִים, בְּדָבָר שֶׁבֵּינְךָ וּבֵין חֲבֵרְךָ. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שמות לד, ז): וְנַקֵּה, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שמות לד, ז): לֹא יְנַקֶּה. הֵיאַךְ אֶפְשָׁר לְקַיֵם שְׁנֵי פְּסוּקִים הַלָּלוּ, אֶלָּא בְּדָבָר שֶׁבֵּינְךָ לְבֵינוֹ וְנַקֵּה, בְּדָבָר שֶׁבֵּינְךָ לְבֵין חֲבֵרֶךָ לֹא יְנַקֶּה. בֶּן עֲזַאי אוֹמֵר מְנַקֶּה הוּא לַשָּׁבִים וְאֵינוֹ מְנַקֶּה לְשֶׁאֵינָן שָׁבִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו וגו', יַהֲפֹךְ פָּנָיו כְּלַפֵּי אֶצְלָךְ, לֹא דוֹמֶה שׁוֹאֵל שְׁלוֹם חֲבֵרוֹ בְּתוֹךְ פָּנָיו כְּשׁוֹאֵל מִן הַצְּדָדִין, אֶלָּא: יִשָֹּׂא ה' פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, יַהֲפֹךְ פָּנָיו אֶצְלְךָ, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (ויקרא כו, ט): וּפָנִיתִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְהִפְרֵיתִי. (במדבר ו, כו): וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם, שָׁלוֹם בִּכְנִיסָתְךָ, שָׁלוֹם בִּיצִיאָתְךָ, שָׁלוֹם עִם כָּל אָדָם. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם, שָׁלוֹם זֶה שְׁלוֹם מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד, (ישעיה ט, ו): לְםַרְבֵּה הַמִּשְׂרָה וּלְשָׁלוֹם אֵין קֵץ. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר זֶה שְׁלוֹם תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כט, יא): ה' עֹז לְעַמּוֹ יִתֵּן ה' יְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ בַשָּׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שִׁנָּה בַּדָּבָר מִפְּנֵי הַשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח, יג): הַאַף אָמְנָם אֵלֵד וַאֲנִי זָקַנְתִּי. גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁשִּׁנָּה הַמַּלְאָךְ שֶׁדִּבֵּר עִם מָנוֹחַ מִפְּנֵי הַשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁלָּאִשָּׁה אָמַר (שופטים יג, ג): הִנֵּה נָא אַתְּ עֲקָרָה וְלֹא יָלַדְתְּ, וְלֹא סִפֵּר דָּבָר זֶה לְמָנוֹחַ. גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁהַשֵּׁם שֶׁנִּכְתַּב בִּקְדֻשָּׁה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִמָּחֶה עַל הַמַּיִם בִּשְׁבִיל לְהַטִּיל שָׁלוֹם בֵּין אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁלֹא נָטְעוּ הַנְּבִיאִים בְּפִי כָּל הַבְּרִיּוֹת אֶלָּא שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא אָמַר גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁאֵין כְּלִי מְקַבֵּל בְּרָכָה אֶלָּא שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כט, יא): ה' יְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ בַשָּׁלוֹם, אַף בְּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים אַחַר כָּל בְּרָכוֹת סִיְּמָן בַּשָּׁלוֹם, וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם, לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין הַבְּרָכוֹת מוֹעִילוֹת כְּלוּם אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן שָׁלוֹם עִמָּהֶם. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר אוֹמֵר גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁאֵין חוֹתֵם כָּל הַתְּפִלָּה אֶלָּא שָׁלוֹם, וְאֵין חוֹתֵם בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים אֶלָּא שָׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן לַעֲנָוִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים לז, יא): וַעֲנָוִים יִרְשׁוּ אֶרֶץ וְהִתְעַנְּגוּ עַל רֹב שָׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁהוּא שָׁקוּל כְּנֶגֶד הַכֹּל, אָנוּ אוֹמְרִים: עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם וּבוֹרֵא אֶת הַכֹּל. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹבְדִין עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְשָׁלוֹם בֵּינֵיהֶם, כִּבְיָכוֹל אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵין הַשָֹּׂטָן נוֹגֵעַ בֵּינֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ד, יז): חֲבוּר עֲצַבִּים אֶפְרָיִם הַנַּח לוֹ. אֲבָל מִשֶּׁנֶּחְלְקוּ מַה נֶּאֱמַר בָּהֶם (הושע י, ב): חָלַק לִבָּם עַתָּה יֶאְשָׁמוּ, הָא גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם וּשְׂנוּאָה מַחְלֹקֶת. גָּדוֹל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת מִלְחָמָה צְרִיכִין שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, י): כִּי תִקְרַב אֶל עִיר וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (דברים ב, כו): וְאֶשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים מִמִּדְבַּר קְדֵמוֹת וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (שופטים יא, יג): הָשִׁיבָה אֶתְהֶן בְּשָׁלוֹם, גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ הַמֵּתִים צְרִיכִין שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית טו, טו): וְאַתָּה תָּבוֹא אֶל אֲבֹתֶיךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם. וְאוֹמֵר (ירמיה לד, ה): בְּשָׁלוֹם תָּמוּת. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן לְעוֹשֵׂי תְּשׁוּבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נז, יט): בּוֹרֵא נִיב שְׂפָתָיִם שָׁלוֹם שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר גָּדוֹל הוּא הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלֹא בָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדָּה יָפָה מִן הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לַצַּדִּיקִים, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּפְטַר מִן הָעוֹלָם שָׁלשׁ כִּתּוֹת שֶׁל מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת מַקְדִּימִין אוֹתוֹ בְּשָׁלוֹם, הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה נז, ב): יָבוֹא שָׁלוֹם. שְׁנִיָּה אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה נז, ב): יָנוּחוּ עַל מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָם, וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁית אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה נז, ב): הוֹלֵךְ נְכֹחוֹ. וְלֹא דַּיָּן לַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁמִּיתָתָן בִּידֵי כָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נח, ח): כְּבוֹד ה' יַאַסְפֶךָ. אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּקַלְּסִים לִפְנֵיהֶם בְּשָׁלוֹם: יָבוֹא שָׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלֹא בָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדָּה יָפָה כְּמוֹ הַשָּׁלוֹם, וּמְנָעָהּ מִן הָרְשָׁעִים, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּפְטָרִין מִן הָעוֹלָם שָׁלשׁ כִּתּוֹת שֶׁל מַלְאֲכֵי חַבָּלָה מַקְדִּימוֹת אוֹתָן, הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה מח, כב): אֵין שָׁלוֹם, הַשְּׁנִיָּה אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה מח, כב): אָמַר ה' לָרְשָׁעִים. הַשְּׁלִישִׁית אוֹמֶרֶת (ישעיה נ, יא): לְמַעֲצֵבָה תִּשְׁכָּבוּן. לֹא דַיָּן לָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁמִּיתָתָן בְּיַד מְחַבְּלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב לג, כב): וַתִּקְרַב לַשַׁחַת נַפְשׁוֹ וְחַיָּתוֹ לַמְמִתִים. וְאוֹמֵר (איוב יח, יח): יֶהְדְּפֻהוּ מֵאוֹר אֶל חשֶׁךְ. וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים לה, ו): יְהִי דַּרְכָּם חשֶׁךְ וַחֲלַקְלַקֹּת וּמַלְאַךְ ה' רֹדְפָם, אֶלָּא שֶׁהֵם מִתְקַנְטְרִים לִפְנֵיהֶם וְאוֹמְרִים לָהֶם: אֵין שָׁלוֹם וגו', לְמַעֲצֵבָה תִּשְׁכָּבוּן. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן שְׂכַר הַתּוֹרָה וְהַמִּצְווֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו, ו): וְנָתַתִּי שָׁלוֹם בָּאָרֶץ. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן לְאוֹהֲבֵי תוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט, קסה): שָׁלוֹם רָב לְאוֹהֲבֵי תוֹרָתֶךָ. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן לְלוֹמְדֵי תוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נד, יג): וְכָל בָּנַיִךְ לִמּוּדֵי ה' וְרַב שְׁלוֹם בָּנָיִךְ. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן לְעוֹשֵׂי צְדָקָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לב, יז): וְהָיָה מַעֲשֵׂה הַצְּדָקָה שָׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁשְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם קָרוּי שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים ו, כד): וַיִּקְרָא לוֹ ה' שָׁלוֹם. גָּדוֹל הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁדָּרֵי עֶלְיוֹנִים צְרִיכִין שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב כה, ב): עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו. וַהֲרֵי דְבָרִים קַל וָחֹמֶר וּמָה אִם בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין אֵיבָה וְשִׂנְאָה צְרִיכִין שָׁלוֹם, קַל וָחֹמֶר לְמָקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כָּל הַמִּדּוֹת הַלָּלוּ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הָיָה אוֹמֵר בּוֹא וּרְאֵה שֶׁלֹא כְּמִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם, מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם כְּשֶׁהוֹלֵךְ לַמִּלְחָמָה הוּא הוֹלֵךְ בְּאֻכְלוּסִין וּבְלִגְיוֹנוֹת, וּכְשֶׁהוֹלֵךְ לַשָּׁלוֹם הוֹלֵךְ יְחִידִי, אֲבָל מִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינָהּ כֵּן, כְּשֶׁהוּא הוֹלֵךְ לַשָּׁלוֹם יוֹצֵא בְּאֻכְלוּסִין וּבְלִגְיוֹנוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, וּכְתִיב אַחֲרָיו (איוב כה, ג): הֲיֵשׁ מִסְפָּר לִגְדוּדָיו, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים סח, יח): רֶכֶב אֱלֹהִים רִבֹּתַיִם אַלְפֵי שִׁנְאָן ה' בָם סִינַי בַּקֹּדֶשׁ. וְאוֹמֵר (דניאל ז, י): אֶלֶף אַלְפִין יְשַׁמְשׁוּנֵהּ וְרִבּוֹ רִבְבָן וגו'. וּכְשֶׁהוּא הוֹלֵךְ לַמִּלְחָמָה אֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ אֶלָּא יְחִידִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, ג): ה' אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה וגו', בִּשְׁמוֹ הוּא נִלְחַם וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְסִיּוּעַ. וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה סג, ג): פּוּרָה דָרַכְתִּי לְבַדִּי וגו'. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֶׁפָּרַע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל לֹא פָּרַע אֶלָּא יְחִידִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ו, יז): הִנְנִי מֵבִיא אֶת הַמַּבּוּל מַיִם. וְכֵן מֵאַנְשֵׁי סְדוֹם לֹא פָּרַע אֶלָּא יְחִידִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יט, כד): וַה' הִמְטִיר עַל סְדֹם וגו'. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁפָּרַע מִן הַמִּצְרִיִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, כט): וַה' הִכָּה כָל בְּכוֹר וגו'. וְכֵן פָרַע מִן הָאֱמוֹרִיִּים יְחִידִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע י, יא): וַה' הִשְׁלִיךְ עֲלֵיהֶם אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת. וְכֵן מִסַּנְחֵרִיב פָּרַע יְחִידִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב יט, לה): וַיֵּצֵא מַלְאַךְ ה' וַיַּךְ בְּמַחֲנֵה וגו'. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: הֲיֵשׁ מִסְפָּר לִגְדוּדָיו, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: אֶלֶף אַלְפִין יְשַׁמְשׁוּנֵהּ, מִשֶּׁגָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַרְצָם, אֶלֶף אַלְפִין יְשַׁמְשׁוּנֵהּ, כִּבְיָכוֹל נִתְמַעֲטָה פָּמַלְיָא שֶׁל מַעְלָה. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם אַבָּא יוֹסֵי בֶּן דּוּסְתָּאי אֶלֶף אַלְפִין יְשַׁמְשׁוּנֵהּ, גְּדוּד אֶחָד, וְכַמָּה הֵן גְּדוּדָיו, הֲיֵשׁ מִסְפָּר לִגְדוּדָיו. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים קמז, ד): מוֹנֶה מִסְפָּר לַכּוֹכָבִים לְכֻלָּם שֵׁמוֹת יִקְרָא, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (ישעיה מ, כו): הַמּוֹצִיא בְמִסְפַּר צְבָאָם לְכֻלָּם בְּשֵׁם יִקְרָא. כְּשֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתָם הוּא קוֹרֵא שְׁמוֹת כֻּלָּן כְּאַחַת וְהֵם עוֹנִין, מַה שֶּׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לְבָשָׂר וָדָם לִקְרוֹא שְׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת כְּאֶחָת. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות כ, א): וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה לֵאמֹר, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכָּל עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת אָמַר בְּדִבּוּר אֶחָד, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים סב, יב): אַחַת דִּבֶּר אֱלֹהִים שְׁתַּיִם זוּ שָׁמָעְתִּי כִּי עֹז לֵאלֹהִים. וְאוֹמֵר (ירמיה כג, כט): הֲלוֹא כֹה דְּבָרִי כָּאֵשׁ נְאֻם ה' וּכְפַטִּישׁ יְפֹצֵץ סָלַע. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם אַבָּא יוֹסֵי בֶּן דּוּסְתָּאי מַהוּ לְכֻלָּם שֵׁמוֹת יִקְרָא, שֶׁאֵין שֵׁם שִׁנּוּי לֹא הַשֵּׁם שֶׁנִּקְרָא עַכְשָׁו נִקְרָא לְאַחַר זְמַן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שופטים יג, יח): לָמָּה זֶה תִּשְׁאַל לִשְׁמִי וְהוּא פֶלִאי, אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ לְאֵיזֶה שֵׁם אֲנִי מִתְחַלֵּף. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (דברי הימים א כא, כה): וַיִּתֵּן דָּוִיד לְאָרְנָן בַּמָּקוֹם שִׁקְלֵי זָהָב מִשְׁקַל שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שמואל ב כד, כד): בְּכֶסֶף שְׁקָלִים חֲמִשִּׁים. כֵּיצַד יִתְקַיְּמוּ שְׁנֵי פְּסוּקִים הַלָּלוּ, מְקוֹם הַגֹּרֶן בְּשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת, מְקוֹם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בַּחֲמִשִּׁים. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם אַבָּא יוֹסֵי בֶּן דּוֹסְתָּאי שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׁבָטִים הָיוּ וְנָטַל דָּוִד מִכָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט חֲמִשִּׁים שֶׁקֶל, נִמְצְאוּ שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שְׁקָלִים מִכָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן שַׁמּוּעַ אוֹמֵר הַגּוֹרֶן בְּשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת, אֲבָל (שמואל ב כד, כב): הַבָּקָר לָעֹלָה וְהַמֹּרִגִים וּכְלֵי הַבָּקָר לָעֵצִים בְּשֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף חֲמִשִּׁים. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (דברי הימים ב ט, כה): וַיְהִי לִשְׁלֹמֹה אַרְבַּעַת אֲלָפִים אֻרְיוֹת סוּסִים. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (מלכים א ה, ו): וַיְהִי לִשְׁלֹמֹה אַרְבָּעִים אֶלֶף אֻרְוֹת סוּסִים. כֵּיצַד יִתְקַיְּמוּ שְׁנֵי כְּתוּבִים הַלָּלוּ, אַרְבַּעַת אֲלָפִים אִסְטַבְּלָאוֹת, אַרְבָּעִים אֶלֶף סוּסִים. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (דברי הימים ב ד, ה): מַחֲזִיק בַּתִּים שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים יָכִיל, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (מלכים א ז, כו): אַלְפַּיִם בַּת יָכִיל. כֵּיצַד שְׁנֵי כְּתוּבִים הַלָּלוּ מִתְקַיְּמִים, בְּלַח אַלְפַּיִם, שֶׁהֵם שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים בְּיָבֵשׁ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ שְׁנֵי כּוֹרִים בְּלַח שֶׁהֵם שְׁלשֶׁת כּוֹרִים בְּיָבֵשׁ. חָבִיב הוּא הַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁכָּל מַעֲשִׂים וּזְכֻיּוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לֹא נָתַן שְׂכָרוֹ אֶלָּא שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית טו, טו): וְאַתָּה תָּבוֹא אֶל אֲבֹתֶיךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּיַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ מִן הַמָּקוֹם שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כח, כא): וְשַׁבְתִּי בְשָׁלוֹם וגו'. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּאַהֲרֹן שֶׁלֹא נִשְׁתַּבַּח לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם אֶלָּא בְּשָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ב, ה): בְּרִיתִי הָיְתָה אִתּוֹ הַחַיִּים וְהַשָּׁלוֹם. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּפִינְחָס שֶׁנָּתַן שְׂכָרוֹ שָׁלוֹם,, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כה, יב): הִנְנִי נֹתֵן לוֹ אֶת בְּרִיתִי שָׁלוֹם. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁלֹא נִמְשְׁלָה הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בְּשָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג, יז): וְכָל נְתִיבוֹתֶיהָ שָׁלוֹם. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁאֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְנַחֵם אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶלָּא בַּשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לב, יח): וְיָשַׁב עִמִּי בִּנְוֵה שָׁלוֹם. וְכֵן לֹא פָרַע מִן עַמּוֹן וּמוֹאָב אֶלָּא שֶׁמָּנַע מֵהֶם שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כג, ז): לֹא תִדְרשׁ שְׁלֹמָם וְטֹבָתָם וגו'. וְכֵן יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְבָּרְכִים בְּכָל יוֹם בַּשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם.
“May the Lord show favor to you, and grant you peace” (Numbers 6:26).
“May the Lord show favor [yisa…panav] to you” – He will remove his anger from you. Yisa is nothing other than an expression of removal, just as it says: “Pharaoh will remove [yisa] your head [from upon you]” (Genesis 40:19). “Panav” – this is the countenance [panim] of rage, just as it says: “I will direct My countenance against that person…” (Leviticus 20:6). In other words, He will remove from you that countenance of rage that was fitting to come upon you.
“May the Lord show [yisa] [favor [panav] to you]” – when you are standing and praying, as it is stated: “He said to him: See, I have granted [nasati] your request [fanekha]…” (Genesis 19:21). The matters may be inferred a fortiori: If I granted Lot’s request due to Abraham, My beloved, will I not show you favor due to you and due to your forefathers? That is what is written: “May the Lord show favor to you.”
One verse says: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). How can both of these verses be realized? When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, “May the Lord show favor to you.” When they do not perform the will of the Omnipresent, “Who will not show favor.”
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor” – does the Holy One blessed be He show favor? Is it not already stated: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17)? The Holy One blessed be He said: Just as they show Me favor, I show them favor. How so? I wrote in My Torah: “You will eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless” (Deuteronomy 8:10), but a person of Israel sits, he, his children, and the members of his household, and they do not have sufficient food to satisfy them, but they show Me favor and recite a blessing, and are exacting with themselves for the measure of an olive-bulk or an egg-bulk.33There is a disagreement among the Sages regarding whether one must say Grace after Meals after eating an olive-bulk of bread or an egg-bulk of bread (Berakhot 45a). Therefore, “may the Lord show favor [to you].”
Another matter: “May the Lord show…” – one verse says: “May…show,” and one verse says: “Who will not show” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Until the sentence is sealed, “may the Lord show…”; after the sentence is sealed, “who will not show favor.”
Similarly, one verse says: “You hear prayer” (Psalms 65:3), and one verse says: “You have covered Yourself with a cloud [so that no prayer can pass]” (Lamentations 3:44). Until the sentence is sealed, “You hear prayer”; after the sentence is sealed, “You have covered Yourself with a cloud.” One verse says: “The Lord is near to all who call Him” (Psalms 145:18), and one verse says: “Why do You stand afar, Lord?” (Psalms 10:1). Until the sentence is sealed, “the Lord is near to all who call Him”; after the sentence is sealed, “why do You stand afar, Lord?”
One verse says: “From the mouth of the Most High, evil and good do not emerge” (Lamentations 3:38), and one verse says: “The Lord was intent on harm” (Daniel 9:14). Until the sentence is sealed, “from the mouth of the Most High…”; after the sentence is sealed, “the Lord was intent…”
One verse says: “Launder your heart of evil, Jerusalem” (Jeremiah 4:14), and one verse says: “For even if you launder with natron [and use much soap, your iniquity is stained before Me]” (Jeremiah 2:22). Until the sentence is sealed, “launder [your heart] of evil…”; after the sentence is sealed, “even if you launder…”
One verse says: “Return, wayward sons” (Jeremiah 3:22), and one verse says: “If they repent, He does not repent” (Jeremiah 8:4).34Even if they repent, God will not retract the punishment. This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “Seek the Lord when He can be found” (Isaiah 55:6), and one verse says: “As I live, the utterance of the Lord God, I will not respond to you” (Ezekiel 20:31). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “I do not desire the death of the wicked” (Ezekiel 33:11), and one verse says: “The Lord wished to put them to death.” (I Samuel 2:25). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you” – in this world; “who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17) – in the World to Come.35Repentance is possible in this world, not in the World to Come (Etz Yosef).
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Rabbi Yosei ben Dostai says: How can these two verses be realized? It is, rather, “may the Lord show favor” – regarding a matter between you and Him; “who will not show favor” – regarding matters between you and your counterpart.
Rabbi Akiva says: One verse says: “He will cleanse” (Exodus 34:7), and one verse says: “He will not cleanse” (Exodus 34:7). How is it possible to realize these two verses? It is, rather, regarding a matter between you and Him, “He will cleanse”; regarding matters between you and your counterpart, “He will not cleanse.” Ben Azai says: He cleanses for those who repent, but does not cleanse for those who do not repent.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor [panav]…” – He will turn His face [panav] toward you. One who greets his counterpart face-to-face is not comparable to one who greets him from the side. Rather, “May the Lord show favor [panav]” – He will turn His face to you, just as it says: “I will turn [ufaniti] to you and make [you] fruitful” (Leviticus 26:9).
“And grant you peace” – peace upon your arrival, peace upon your departure, peace with every person. Rabbi Natan says: “And grant you peace” – peace is the peace of the kingdom of the house of David: “with abundant authority and everlasting peace [upon the throne of David and upon his kingdom]” (Isaiah 9:6).
Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: This is the peace of Torah, as it is stated: “The Lord gives strength to His people; the Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11).
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He altered a matter due to peace, as it is stated: “Shall I indeed bear a child? But I have grown old” (Genesis 18:13).36This is what God told Abraham, despite the fact that Sarah had actually said: “And my lord is old” (Genesis 18:12), referring to Abraham.
Great is peace, as the angel that spoke with Manoaḥ altered due to peace. He had said to the woman: “Behold, you are barren and have not given birth” (Judges 13:3), but he did not relate that matter to Manoaḥ.37He refrained from saying this when Manoaḥ could hear, so that Manoaḥ would not blame his wife for their childlessness.
Great is peace, as the Name that is written in sanctity, the Holy One blessed be He said: Let it be erased on the water in order to instill peace between a man and his wife.38This is referring to the procedure of the sota.
Rabbi Elazar says: Great is peace, as the prophets implanted into the mouths of all the people only peace.39See Nahum 2:1, Hagai 2:9, Isaiah 57:19.
Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta said: Great is peace, as there is no vessel that contains blessing other than peace, as it is stated: “The Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11). In the Priestly Benediction as well, after all the blessings, He concluded them with peace: “And grant you peace,” saying that the blessings are of no avail unless accompanied by peace. Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Great is peace, as every prayer concludes only with peace, and the Priestly Benediction concludes only with peace.
Great is peace, as it is given to the humble, as it is stated: “The humble inherit the earth and delight in abundant peace” (Psalms 37:11). Great is peace, as it is equivalent to everything. We recite: Who makes peace and creates everything.
Rabbi Elazar son of Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Even if Israel engages in idol worship but there is peace between them, the Holy One blessed be He, as it were, said: The accuser cannot touch them, as it is stated: “Ephraim is attached to idols, leave him” (Hosea 4:17). But when they were divided, what is stated in their regard? “Their heart is divided; now they will be punished” (Hosea 10:2). That is, great is peace and dispute is despised.
Great is peace, as even in time of war, peace is necessary, as it is stated: “When you approach a city [to wage war against it, you shall call to it for peace]” (Deuteronomy 20:10). And it says: “I sent messengers from the wilderness of Kedemot [to Siḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, with words of peace]” (Deuteronomy 2:26). And it says: “Restore them peacefully” (Judges 11:13).
Great is peace, as even the dead require peace, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). And it says: “You will die in peace” (Jeremiah 34:5).
Great is peace, as it is provided for penitents, as it is stated: “Creator of the expression of the lips: Peace, peace [for the far and for the near]” (Isaiah 57:19).
Rabbi Meir says: Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, which was given to the righteous, as when he passes from the world, three groups of ministering angels greet him with peace. The first says: “He will come in peace” (Isaiah 57:2). The second says: “They will rest on their resting places” (Isaiah 57:2). The third says: “One who walks with integrity” (Isaiah 57:2). It is not sufficient for the righteous that their death is in the hands of Glory, as it is stated: “The glory of the Lord will gather you” (Isaiah 58:8), but they laud them before them with peace: “He will come in peace.”
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, and He withheld it from the wicked, as when they pass from the world, three groups of angels of destruction greet them. The first says: “There is no peace” (Isaiah 48:22). The second says: “The Lord says to the wicked” (Isaiah 48:22). The third says: “You will lie in suffering” (Isaiah 50:11). It is not sufficient for the wicked that their death is at the hand of destroyers, as it is stated: “His soul approaches perdition and his life to the killers” (Job 33:22); and it says: “He will be driven from light to darkness” (Job 18:18); and it says: “Let their way be dark and slippery, with an angel of the Lord pursuing them” (Psalms 35:6); but they vex them and say to them: “There is no peace,” “you will lie in suffering.”
Great is peace, as it is given as reward for Torah and mitzvot, as it is stated: “I will grant peace in the land” (Leviticus 26:6). Great is peace, as it is given to lovers of Torah, as it is stated: “Great peace for lovers of Your Torah” (Psalms 119:165). Great is peace, as it is given to those who study Torah, as it is stated: “All your children will be students of the Lord, and the peace of your children will be abundant” (Isaiah 54:13). Great is peace, as it is given to those who perform acts of charity [tzedaka], as it is stated: “The act of righteousness [hatzedaka] will be peace” (Isaiah 32:17).
Great is peace, as the name of the Omnipresent is called peace, as it is stated: “He called it: The Lord is peace” (Judges 6:24).
Great is peace, as those who reside On High require peace, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2). The matters can be inferred a fortiori; if in a place where there is no enmity and hatred they require peace, all the more so for a place where all these attributes exist.
Rabbi Shimon would say: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is not like the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He. A king of flesh and blood, when he goes out to war he goes with multitudes and legions, but when he goes to make peace, he goes alone. But the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He is not so. When He goes to make peace, He emerges with multitudes and legions, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2), and then it is written: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3). And it says: “The chariots of God are myriads, thousands upon thousands of companies. My Lord is among them, at Sinai, in holiness” (Psalms 68:18). And it says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him, and myriads upon myriads…” (Daniel 7:10). But when He goes out to war, He goes alone, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war…” (Exodus 15:3) – He wages war with His name and does not require assistance. And it says: “I have trodden a winepress alone…” (Isaiah 63:3).
You find that when the Holy One blessed be He exacted retribution from the generation of the Flood, He exacted retribution only alone, as it is stated: “Behold, I am bringing the Flood, water….” (Genesis 6:17). Likewise, from the people of Sodom, He exacted retribution only alone: “The Lord rained [brimstone and fire] upon Sodom and [upon Gomorrah from the Lord from the heavens]” (Genesis 19:24). Likewise when He exacted retribution from the Egyptians, as it is stated: “The Lord smote every firstborn…” (Exodus 12:29). Likewise, He exacted retribution alone from the Emorites, as it is stated: “And the Lord cast large stones upon them” (Joshua 10:11). Likewise, from Sennacherib, He exacted retribution alone, as it is stated: “The angel of the Lord emerged and smote in the camp…” (II Kings 19:35).
One verse says: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3), and one verse says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” (Daniel 7:10). When Israel were exiled, “Thousands upon thousands serve Him”; as it were, the entourage On High was diminished. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” – one troop; how many troops are they? “Is there a number to his troops?”
One verse says: “He counts a number for the stars, and calls them all by names” (Psalms 147:4), and one verse says: “Who brings out their host by number, calling all of them by name” (Isaiah 40:26).40One verse implies that each one is called by a separate name, and one verse implies that they are all called by one name. When the Holy One blessed be He calls them, He calls all their names simultaneously and they respond, something that is impossible for flesh and blood, to call two names simultaneously. Likewise it says: “God spoke all these matters, saying” (Exodus 20:1). It teaches that He said all of the Ten Commandments in one utterance. And it says: “God spoke one; these are two that I heard. Might belongs to God” (Psalms 62:12). And it says: “Is My word not like fire, the utterance of the Lord, and like a hammer that shatters the rock?” (Jeremiah 23:29).41See Shabbat 88b. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: What is “and calls them all by names”? There is no name repeated; the name that he is called now is not the name that he is called later. Likewise it says: “Why do you ask my name? It is hidden” (Judges 13:18). I do not know to what name I will be switched.
One verse says: “David gave to Ornan for the place shekels of gold, six hundred by weight” (I Chronicles 21:25), and one verse says: “For silver, fifty shekels” (II Samuel 24:24). How can both of these verses be realized? It was the place of the threshing floor for six hundred [shekels of gold], the place of the altar for fifty [shekels of silver]. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: There were twelve tribes, and David took fifty shekels from each and every tribe, the result being six hundred shekels from all the tribes.42See Zevaḥim 116b, where the Gemara explains that according to this opinion David collected from each tribe an amount of silver worth fifty shekels of gold, and paid to Ornan an amount of silver worth six hundred shekels of gold. Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua says: The threshing floor for six hundred, but “the cattle for the burnt offering, the threshing tools, and the implements of the cattle for the wood” (II Samuel 24:22), were for “fifty shekels of silver.”
One verse says: “Solomon had four thousand stables for horses” (II Chronicles 9:25), and one verse says: “Solomon had forty thousand horses’ stables” (I Kings 5:6). How can both of these verses be realized? There were four thousand large stables, with forty thousand horses.
One verse says: “It would hold three thousand bat that it contained” (II Chronicles 4:5), and one verse says: “It would hold two thousand bat” (I Kings 7:26). How can both of these verses be realized? It was two thousand for liquid and three thousand for dry goods. From here they said: Two kor of liquid that are three kor of dry goods.43The term bat, which measured volume, represented different volumes depending on whether the item being measured was liquid or solid. The same was true for the kor. Two kor of liquid took up the same amount of space as three kor of dry goods.
Beloved is peace, as for all the deeds and meritorious acts performed by Abraham our patriarch, He gave only peace as his reward, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). Likewise, you find regarding Jacob our patriarch, who requested peace from the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “And I will return [to my father’s house] in peace” (Genesis 28:21). Likewise you find regarding Aaron, who was praised before the Omnipresent only with peace, as it is stated: “My covenant was with him, life and peace” (Malachi 2:5). Likewise you find regarding Pinḥas that He gave peace as his reward, as it is stated: “Behold, I am granting him My covenant of peace” (Numbers 25:12). Likewise, you find that the Torah was analogized only to peace, as it is stated: “And all its paths are peace” (Proverbs 3:17). Likewise, you find that the Holy One blessed be He consoles Jerusalem only with peace, as it is stated: “My people will reside in an abode of peace” (Isaiah 32:18). Likewise, He exacted retribution from Amon and Moav only by withholding peace from them, as it is stated: “You shall not seek their peace or their welfare…” (Deuteronomy 23:7). Likewise, Israel is blessed each day with peace, as it is stated: “And grant you peace.”
וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי. מַגִּיד שֶׁהֵם מִתְבָּרְכִים בַּשֵּׁם הַמְיֻחָד, יָכוֹל אַף בַּגְּבוּלִין יִהְיוּ מִתְבָּרְכִין בַּשֵּׁם הַמְיֻחָד, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (נחמיה א, ט): לְשַׁכֵּן אֶת שְׁמִי. מַה לְּהַלָּן מִקְדָּשׁ אַף כָּאן מִקְדָּשׁ, אֶלָּא מִשֶּׁרָבּוּ הַפְּרִיצִים חָזְרוּ לִהְיוֹת מוֹסְרִים אֶת הַשֵּׁם לַצְּנוּעִים שֶׁבַּכְּהֻנָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן מַעֲשֶׂה וְהָיִיתִי עִם אַחַי הַכֹּהֲנִים בַּשּׁוּרָה וְהִטֵּיתִי אָזְנַי כְּלַפֵּי כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וְשָׁמַעְתִּי שֶׁאֲמָרוֹ בְּתוֹךְ נְעִימַת הַכֹּהֲנִים. אוֹ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ מְבָרְכִין, וְאֵין מְבָרְכִין בַּגְּבוּלִין, אָמַר (שמות כ, כא): בְּכָל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי, אַף בַּגְּבוּלִין, אֶלָּא שֶׁבַּגְּבוּלִין אוֹמֵר שָׁלשׁ בְּרָכוֹת וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ בְּרָכָה אַחַת, בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ אוֹמֵר הַשֵּׁם כִּכְתָבוֹ, בַּגְבוּלִין בְּכִנּוּיוֹ. בַּגְבוּלִין נוֹשְׂאִין יְדֵיהֶם כְּנֶגֶד כִּתְפוֹתֵיהֶם, וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ עַל גַּבֵּי רָאשֵׁיהֶם. (במדבר ו, כז): וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר, לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ו, כג): כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, לַגֵּרִים לַנָּשִׁים וְלָעֲבָדִים מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם. יָכוֹל אִם רָצוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים לְבָרֵךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל הֲרֵי הֵם מְבֹרָכִים וְאִם לָאו אֵין מְבֹרָכִין, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם, שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים אוֹמְרִים אָנוּ נְבָרֵךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם, אֲנִי אֲבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמִּי, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים טו, ו): כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בֵּרַכְךָ וגו', הַכֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִים אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִי מְבָרֵךְ אֶת הַכֹּהֲנִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם. הַכֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִים אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֵךְ אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ, הֱוֵי: וַאֲנִי אֲבָרֲכֵם.
“And they shall place My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27).
“And they shall place My name” – this tells that they are blessed with the ineffable Name. Is it, perhaps, that even in the outlying areas they will be blessed with the ineffable Name? The verse states: “And they shall place My name,” and elsewhere it is stated: “To cause My name to dwell” (Nehemiah 1:9). Just as elsewhere it is the Temple, here too it is the Temple. However, when the corrupt men increased, they then began entrusting the Name only to the circumspect in the priesthood. Rabbi Tarfon said: There was an incident where I and my brethren the priests were in a line, and I inclined my ear toward the High Priest, and I heard that he recited it in the midst of the intoning of the priests.44That High Priest was circumspect, as he was careful to ensure that God’s name would not be casually overheard.
Or, perhaps, in the Temple they recite the blessing but they do not recite the blessing in the outlying areas? It said: “In every place I mention My name, [I will come to you and I will bless you]” (Exodus 20:21) – even in the outlying areas. However, in the outlying areas one recites three blessings, and in the Temple one blessing. In the Temple, one recites the Name as it is written; in the outlying areas with its appellation. In the outlying areas they lift their hands to the level of their shoulders, but in the Temple, over their heads.
“And I will bless them” – why is it stated? Because it is stated: “So you shall bless the children of Israel” (Numbers 6:23), I have derived only a blessing for Israel; for proselytes, for women, and for slaves, from where is it derived? The verse states: “And I will bless them.”
Is it, perhaps, that if the priests wish to bless Israel they get blessed, but if not, they do not get blessed? The verse states: “And I will bless them,” so the priests will not say: We will bless Israel. The verse states: “And I will bless them” – I will bless My people. Likewise it says: “For the Lord your God has blessed you…” (Deuteronomy 15:6).
The priests bless Israel; who blesses the priests? The verse states: "And I will bless them” – the priests bless Israel, and I bless both these and those. That is, “and I will bless them.”