“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Bring the tribe of Levi near and stand it before Aaron the priest, and they shall serve him” (Numbers 3:5–6). “Bring the tribe of Levi near” – that is what is written: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree; [like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall]. Planted in the House of the Lord, [they will blossom in the courtyards of our God]” (Psalms 92:13–14). “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree” – just as this palm tree, its shade is far removed,1From the trunk of the tree. so, the righteous, the granting of their reward is far removed from them, until the World to Come. Just as this palm tree produces juicy, nikolaos, and unripe dates, and produces thorns, so are Israel: there are Torah personalities among them, there are plain citizens among them, and there are ignoramuses among them. Just as on this palm tree there are unripe dates that do not enter the storehouse and it produces dates and they enter the storehouse, so, Israel, when they were in the wilderness, some of them entered the Land of Israel and some of them did not enter. Just as this palm tree produces dates and produces thorns, and anyone who seeks to steal dates, the thorns that are on it grip him, so are the righteous: anyone who does not protect himself from them, their bite is the bite of a snake, their sting is the sting of a scorpion, their hiss is the hiss of a serpent. And all their statements are like fiery coals. Another matter: Just as this palm tree has no waste, but rather, dates for eating, soft branches for extolment,2On Sukkot. hard branches for roofing,3The sukka. bast for ropes, leaves for a sieve, planks to roof the house, so are Israel: they have no waste, but rather, some of them are masters of Bible, some of them are masters of Mishna, some of them are masters of aggada, some are performers of mitzvot, some are givers of charity, and so on. Another matter: Just as this palm tree, its heart is directed upward,4The soft material at the heart of the trunk goes straight up and does not bend. so, Israel, their heart is directed to their Father in Heaven, as it is stated: “My eyes are always toward the Lord, for He takes my feet from the net” (Psalms 25:15). Another matter: Just as this palm tree has desire,5The fruit buds on the female trees are pollinated from the pollen in the flowers of the male trees. so, the righteous have desire. What is their desire? It is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “With my soul, I desired You at night; while my spirit is within me, I will seek You. For when Your judgments are on the earth, the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness” (Isaiah 26:9). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: There was an incident involving a certain palm tree that was standing in Ḥamtan but did not produce fruit. They pollinated it, but it did not produce fruit. The palm cultivator said to them: It sees a male palm from Jericho, and it desires it in its heart. They brought from it, and pollinated it, and it immediately began to produce fruit. So, the entire desire and the hope of the righteous is the Holy One blessed be He. Just as this palm tree does not produce fewer than three branches, so, Israel is never lacking three righteous ones in the world, like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. Likewise it says: “I said: I will ascend the date palm, I will grasp its branches; and please may your breasts be like clusters of the vine, and the fragrance of your nose like apples” (Song of Songs 7:9).6In Shir HaShirim Rabba 7:9 this verse is explained as referring to Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. Just as this palm tree has soft branches for extolment, hard branches for a sukka, even its bast is used for strengthening,7Making ropes and its wood for kindling, so [there are] in Israel the righteous, the upright, the pious, Torah personalities, and even their wayward are performers of acts of kindness. If so, just as this palm tree, one does not craft utensils from it, is the same true of the righteous?8They provide no benefit for people. The verse states: “[The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree;] like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall” (Psalms 92:13).9Utensils are crafted from cedars. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: I asked it of Rav Huna and he said: We were in Babylon, and we would craft utensils, tables, and candelabra from it. If so, just as this cedar does not produce fruit, so the righteous do not produce fruit? The verse states: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree.” Just as the palm tree produces fruit, so the righteous produce fruit, as it is stated: “Say of the righteous that it is good, for they will eat the fruit of their deeds” (Isaiah 3:10). Just as the palm and the cedar, anyone who climbs to their treetop and does not protect himself, he falls and dies, so, anyone who comes and confronts Israel, ultimately, he will receive his just deserts at their hand. Know that it is so, as Sarah, because she was taken by Pharaoh one night, he and his household were struck with afflictions, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…” (Genesis 12:17). Just as the palm and the cedar are greater than all the trees, so, Israel is greater than all the nations, as it is stated: “For Mordekhai was great [in the king’s palace, and his renown spread in all the provinces] (Esther 9:4); “David became steadily greater” (II Samuel 5:10). Just as this palm, if it is uprooted, it has no replacement, so are the righteous: they have no replacements when they die, as it is stated: “But wisdom, where will it be found, and where is the place of understanding?” (Job 28:12). Another matter: “The righteous man [will blossom] like a palm tree” (Psalms 92:13) is speaking of the tribe of Levi, as they were righteous and they caused good deeds to blossom when Israel crafted the calf, as it is stated: “All the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He exalted them in Israel, like this cedar, which is taller and greater in Lebanon than the rest of the trees. So, they are greater than all of Israel, as from all the tribes He selected only the tribe of Levi alone, to serve Him. That is what is written: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14). Rabbi Ḥanan ben Pazi said: While they are still saplings they are in the House of the Lord; these are the children while they are in school. Another matter: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14) – they would never move from the Temple. “They will blossom in the courtyards of our God” (Psalms 92:14) – these are the services.10The service done by the tribe of Levi in the Temple. Know that it is so, as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near.… They shall keep his commission” (Numbers 3:6–7).
Another matter: “Bring the tribe of Levi near…” (Numbers 3:6) – that is what is written: “Happy is one You choose and bring near” (Psalms 65:5). Happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen even if He did not bring him near, and happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He brought near, even if He did not choose him. Who is the one whom He chose? It is Abraham, as it is stated: “You are the Lord God, who chose Abram” (Nehemiah 9:7); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near. Jacob, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord has chosen Jacob for Himself” (Psalms 135:4), and likewise it says: “Jacob whom I have chosen” (Isaiah 41:8); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near, as it is stated: “Jacob was a wholesome man who resided in tents.” (Genesis 25:27).11Bereshit Rabba 63:10 states that the word “tents” is referring to the study halls of Shem and Ever, in which Jacob studied Torah. Moses, He chose him, as it is stated: “Were it not for Moses, His chosen” (Psalms 106:23), but He did not bring him near. Happy are those whom the Holy One blessed be He chose even though He did not bring them near. Come and see Yitro;12Shemot Rabba 27:2. the Holy One blessed be He brought him near but did not choose him. Raḥav13Ruth Rabba 2:1. the prostitute, He brought her near but did not choose her. Happy are those whom He brought near even though He did not choose them. A noblewoman asked Rabbi Yosei; she said to him: Does Your God bring near anyone He wants? He brought a basket of figs before her, and she was selecting carefully and selecting and eating. He said to her: Do you know how to select and the Holy One blessed be He does not know how to select? One whom He sees that his deeds are good, He chooses him and brings him near. Rabbi Neḥemya in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak: Not everyone who is near remains near, and neither does everyone who is distant remain distant. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and brought near. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and not brought near. Aaron was chosen: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). He was rejected: “The Lord was incensed with Aaron” (Deuteronomy 9:20). And it is written: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1). Saul was chosen: “Have you seen that the Lord has chosen him” (I Samuel 10:24). He was rejected: “I have regretted that I crowned Saul…” (I Samuel 15:11). But he was not brought near: “I have spurned him from reigning over Israel” (I Samuel 16:1). David was chosen: “He chose David His servant” (Psalms 78:70). He was rejected: “The king set out with his entire household in his wake.… [The king set out,] and all the people in his wake, and they stopped at a remote house” (II Samuel 15:16–17). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: They ostracized him; nevertheless, he accepted his ostracization; that is what is written: “David ascended the ascent of the Mount of Olives, weeping as he ascended, and his head was covered [and he walked barefoot]” (II Samuel 15:30). And he was brought near; Rabbi Yudan said: Ira the Ya’irite, David’s teacher, brought him near. That is what David says: “May those who fear You and who know [yodei] Your precepts turn to me.” (Psalms 119:79). It is written: Who know him [yodo];14Although the verse is read in the plural – those who know – the word know is written in the singular, thus implying that it is referring to a single individual who can be described as the one who knows Your precepts. Ira the Ya’irite was his teacher and brought him near. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin in the name of Rabbi Levi: They are six who were chosen: Priesthood, Levites, Israel, the royal house of David, Jerusalem, the Temple. Priesthood, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). Levites, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him from all your tribes” (Deuteronomy 18:5). Israel, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “The Lord your God has chosen you” (Deuteronomy 7:6). The royal house of David, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “He chose David His servant.” (Psalms 78:70). Jerusalem, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “[Jerusalem,] the city that I have chosen” (I Kings 11:32). The Temple, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “I have chosen and sanctified this House” (II Chronicles 7:16). David said: Happy is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and happy is one whom He brought near. Who is doubly happy? It is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and brought near. Who is that? It is Aaron and Levi. Aaron, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1). Levi, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him” (Deuteronomy 18:5). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near, and stand it.” In their regard, the verse says: “Happy is the one You choose to bring near to You to dwell in Your courtyards” (Psalms 65:5), just as it says: “They shall keep his commission, and the commission of the entire congregation…[to perform the service of the Tabernacle]” (Numbers 3:7). “May we be sated by the bounty of Your House, [the holiness of Your Temple]” (Psalms 65:5) – as they would eat all the tithes that were brought to the House, just as it says: “To the children of Levi, I have hereby given all tithe in Israel as an inheritance…” (Numbers 18:21).
“And stand it before Aaron, the priest, and they shall serve him” – they shall serve him in his service and he will appoint treasurers and overseers from among them. “They shall serve him” – in their regard the verse says: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell with Me. He who walks in the path of integrity, it is he who will serve Me…” (Psalms 101:6). “They shall keep his commission.… They shall safeguard all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting…” (Numbers 3:7–8) – they would encamp around the Tent of Meeting, and they would carry its vessels and load them. “You shall give the Levites to Aaron…” (Numbers 3:9) – is it perhaps that they shall serve him in his service, that they should perform his labor? The verse states: “I have hereby taken [the Levites]…and the Levites [shall be] Mine” (Numbers 3:12). “Given for the Lord” (Numbers 18:6) – they are given for the Lord to the priests, and not to perform his labor, as they were gatekeepers and singers, and safeguarded all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting, carrying them, and loading them. “You shall count Aaron and his sons, [and they shall observe their priesthood]” (Numbers 3:10) – just as the Levites were commanded, so, the priests were commanded regarding their service, and all of them by Moses. “The commoner who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 3:10) – this is the punishment.
“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: I have hereby taken the Levites from among the children of Israel in place of every firstborn, first issue of the womb from the children of Israel, and the Levites shall be Mine. For every firstborn is Mine; on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt I sanctified to Me every firstborn in Israel, from man to animal; they shall be Mine; I am the Lord” (Numbers 3:11–13). “The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: I have hereby taken…”: “I [vaani]” – joyfully, “hereby [hineh]” – willingly; the statement of Rabbi Yishmael. His students said to him: Our teacher, because it says: “I [vaani] am hereby [hineni] bringing the flood, water” (Genesis 6:17), do I hear that there is joy before the Omnipresent? He said to them: There is joy before the Omnipresent when those who anger Him are eradicated. Likewise it says: “With the good of the righteous the city exults…” (Proverbs 11:10); and it says: “You have broken the teeth of the wicked…” (Psalms 3:8); and it says: “Salvation belongs to the Lord…” (Psalms 3:9); and it says: “The Lord is King forever and ever; [nations have] perished [from His land]” (Psalms 10:16); and it says: “May sinners be eliminated [from the earth, and may the wicked be no more]” (Psalms 104:35); and it says: “And with the eradication of the wicked there is singing” (Proverbs 11:10). Rabbi Natan says: “I [vaani]” – I add to their love.15That is, God’s love for them. Hineh – joyfully; likewise it says: “Behold [hineh], he too is going out to meet you, and he will see you and rejoice in his heart” (Exodus 4:14). The Rabbis say: Everywhere that vaani is stated, it is, as it were, the Holy One blessed be He and His court. The paradigm of them all: “And the Lord [vadonai] spoke evil of you” (I Kings 22:23).16I Kings 22:19–22 contains a description of the heavenly court.
“In place of every firstborn, first issue of the womb from the children of Israel” – initially the service was performed by the firstborns. Because [the firstborns] sinned with the calf, the Levites merited to take their place because they did not err with the calf. “For every firstborn is Mine…” – just as it says: “Sanctify for Me every firstborn…” (Exodus 13:2), “They shall be Mine, I am the Lord.” Because it says: “I have hereby taken the Levites from among the children of Israel in place of every firstborn,” do I hear that from this day forward the firstborn are no longer sacred? The verse states: “They shall be”; it teaches that they require redemption.17Even though the firstborns were replaced by the Levites, they are still holy and they must be redeemed by giving five Shekalim to a priest.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying” (Numbers 3:14). “In the wilderness of Sinai, saying” – that is what is written: “God settles individuals in a house” (Psalms 68:7). The Holy One blessed be He said: Even though people in this world were individuals, [I did not leave them as individuals]; rather, I made them fruitful and multiplied them and rendered them dynastic houses in which they would reside in this world. How so? David was an individual, and I rendered him a dynastic house, as it is stated: “House of David, so said the Lord” (Jeremiah 21:12). Aaron was an individual, and I rendered him a dynastic house, as it is stated: “House of Levi, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:20); “house of Aaron, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:19). Israel, too, were individuals, as it is stated: “Who is like your people Israel, one nation in the land…” (II Samuel 7:23), and God multiplied them, as it is stated: “The Lord your God has multiplied you” (Deuteronomy 1:10). That is, “God settles individuals in a house.” Another matter: “God settles [individuals in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – a certain noblewoman asked Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta; she said to him: Everyone agrees that God created the world in six days. From six until now, what does He do? He said to her: He elevates ladders and lowers ladders. So-and-so, who was wealthy, will become poor, and so-and-so, who was poor, will become wealthy, as it is stated: “The Lord impoverishes and makes wealthy…” (I Samuel 2:7). Rabbi Berekhya said: That is not what he answered; but rather, this is what he said to her: He makes matches in His world and says: So-and-so man will marry so-and-so woman, and so-and-so woman will marry so-and-so man, and He settles them in houses. She said to him: I can make one thousand matches in one day. Rabbi Yosei was silent and went on his way. What did she do? She brought one thousand slaves and one thousand maidservants and matched them with each other. She said to them: So-and-so man will marry so-and-so woman, and so-and-so woman will marry so-and-so man. When they entered with them at night, an altercation broke out between them, and they stood and struck each other. In the morning they went to her; this one’s head was wounded, and that one, his hand was injured. She sent for Rabbi Yosei and related the incident to him. He said to her: If this matter is insignificant in your eyes, it is as difficult before the Omnipresent like the parting of the Red Sea. That is what is written: “God settles individuals in a house.” What is “God settles individuals”? The Holy One blessed be He sits and judges them; He brings this one from this place and that one from that place and settles them in one house. “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – he takes them from their houses, bound against their will, and makes matches between them. “Bakosharot” – if they do not merit, they weep [bokhin], but if they merit, they sing [meshorerin].18This is a portmanteau of the words bekhi and shirot – weeping and singing. Another matter: “God settles individuals in a house” (Psalms 68:7) – that He makes a match for each and every one of them with a kindred soul. Another matter: “God settles [individuals in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – one who marries a wife suitable for him, the Holy One blessed be He renders them houses. Individual [yaḥid] is nothing other than an expression of greatness, just as it says: “One of [aḥad] the people19This is an allusion to Avimelekh, the king. almost lay with [your wife]” (Genesis 26:10), and it says: “Who is like your people Israel, one [eḥad] nation in the land” (II Samuel 7:23). From them He produces sons, masters of Torah, who issue rulings to prohibit [osrim] and permit [umakhshirim]. That is, “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners [asirim]” (Psalms 68:7). “But the rebellious” (Psalms 68:7) – but one who does not marry a wife suitable for him, ignorant sons emerge from him. That is what is written: “Dwell in a parched land [tzeḥiḥa]” (Psalms 68:7). Tzeḥiḥa is nothing other than an expression of thirst, just as it says: “Parched [tziḥe] with thirst” (Isaiah 5:13). What the verse said, “parched,” is that they were thirsty, [meaning] without Torah, just as what is written: “Not famine for bread and not thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the Lord.” (Amos 8:11). Another matter: “God settles individuals [in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – who was it? These are Amram and Yokheved, by virtue of whose merit “He joyously leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – these are Israel, who were enslaved in Egypt. What did the Holy One blessed be He do? He matched Yokheved with Amram, so that a redeemer would emerge from them and redeem Israel. Another matter: “God settles individuals [in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – these are Israel, who descended as individuals with seventy people, and the Holy One blessed be He rendered them houses, as it is stated: “The children of Israel were fruitful and prolific…” (Exodus 1:7). “He joyously leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – because they distanced themselves from licentiousness, He took them out of Egypt. Likewise, Solomon says: “A locked garden is my sister, my bride; [a locked fountain, a sealed spring]” (Song of Songs 4:12). “A locked garden” – these are the virgins. “A locked fountain” – these are the married women. “A sealed spring” – these are the single women. The Holy One blessed be He said to them: Due to their merit, I am redeeming My children. That is what is written: “Your branches [shelaḥayikh] are a pomegranate orchard” (Song of Songs 4:13) – by merit of this, I have sent you out [shelaḥayikh]. “It was when Pharaoh sent out [beshalakh]” (Exodus 13:17) – that is, due to the upright [kesherot] women, Israel departed from Egypt. That is why it is stated: “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners.” Another matter: “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – what is bakosharot? When Israel departed from Egypt, they departed only at a propitious time [bakosharot]. Rabbi Akiva said: He took them out only in a month during which it was propitious to depart; not in Tamuz, due to the heat, and not in Tevet, due to the cold, but in Nisan, which is propitious for setting out on a journey, neither extreme heat nor extreme cold. If you say Tishrei, there are rainy seasons.20Tishrei is followed by the rainy season, when it is difficult to travel, whereas Nisan is followed by mild weather. That is bakosharot. Another matter: Bakosharot – Rabbi Elazar said: Bakosharot: Those who were weeping [bokhin], these are Israel and Moses: “Behold, a boy weeping” (Exodus 2:6), and likewise, “The children of Israel sighed…” (Exodus 2:23). They are singing [meshorerin] now, as it is stated: “Then Moses and the children of Israel sang” (Exodus 15:1); that is bakosharot. Another matter: Bakosharot – Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya said: There are weeping [bekhiya] and singing [veshira] here. The Egyptians were weeping because they were despoiled, as Israel despoiled them and emptied their houses, as it is stated: “They stripped Egypt” (Exodus 12:36). Israel was singing, as they were loaded with the spoils of their enemies. That is, bakosharot. Another matter: The master of a slave weeps because his slave fled before him. A slave sings because he was extricated from slavery. So, the Egyptians wept because Israel fled, as it is stated: “It was told to the king of Egypt that the people had fled” (Exodus 14:5). Israel was reciting song because they were extricated from slavery. That is bakosharot. Another matter: By virtue of what merit did Israel depart from Egypt? Rabbi Ḥilefai said: It is by virtue of the merit of Jacob, as it is stated: Bakosharot, as likewise, it says: “He strove [vayasar] with an angel and prevailed; he wept [bakha] and pleaded with him” (Hosea 12:5). Another matter: Bakosharot – our Rabbis say: It is by virtue of the women, the upright [hakesherot] matriarchs, as it is stated: Bakosharot. It is not written here bekhishron, but bakosharot,21In the feminine. the fair and upright. Another matter: Bakosharot – due to the upright [haksherim] who were in their midst, they departed. Who were the upright among them? This is the tribe of Levi, as although Israel were idol worshippers in Egypt, the tribe of Levi would worship the Holy One blessed be He and circumcise themselves. That is why Moses lauds them before his death, as it is stated: “Because they observed Your saying, and they upheld Your covenant” (Deuteronomy 33:9). That is, due to the upright who were in their midst, Israel departed from Egypt. Another matter: Bakosharot – by virtue of what merit did Israel depart from Egypt? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is because the Holy One blessed be He foresaw that they are destined to craft a Tabernacle for Him, as it is stated: “They will know that I am the Lord their God, who took them out of the land of Egypt” (Exodus 29:46) in order “that I may dwell among them” (Exodus 29:46). That is, it was only by virtue of the merit of the Tabernacle that Israel departed from Egypt. By virtue of what merit did the tribe of Levi depart? Was it, perhaps, by virtue of the Tent of Meeting that they, too, departed? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: No, it was by virtue of their own merit that they departed. Therefore, when he came to count Israel at the beginning of the book, He mentions the Tent of Meeting and the exodus from Egypt, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting” (Numbers 1:1), and it mentions immediately, “[in the second year] of their exodus from the land of Egypt” (Numbers 1:1), to inform you that Israel departed from Egypt only by virtue of the merit of the Tent of Meeting. But the children of Levi, who departed by virtue of their own merit, when it came to count them, it does not mention in their passage the Tent of Meeting, nor the exodus from Egypt. That is what is written: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…saying” (Numbers 1:1).
“Count the children of Levi by their patrilineal house, by their families; every male from one month old and above, you shall count them” (Numbers 3:15). “Count the children of Levi” – elsewhere it says: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count]” (Numbers 1:49), and here it says: “Count the children of Levi.” Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: For the benefit of the children of Levi they were not counted with Israel. As you find that the Israelites who departed from Egypt did not enter the Land, as it is stated: “Your carcasses will fall in this wilderness…” (Numbers 14:29). Had the tribe of Levi been counted with them, they would have been included in the decree, as this is what the Holy One blessed be He said: “All those of you who were counted in any of your censuses, from twenty years old…” (Numbers 14:29). But they were not counted with them, and they entered the Land. Why did they all merit entering the Land? It is because, just as they were righteous in Egypt, so they were righteous in the wilderness, and they gave their lives for the sake of the Holy One blessed be He. When did they do so? It was when Israel performed that act.22The sin of the Golden Calf. What is written: “Moses stood at the gate of the camp and said: [Whoever is for the Lord, come to me; and all the sons of Levi gathered to him]” (Exodus 32:26). Just as they stood in the days of Moses, so it was in the Land of Israel in the days of Joshua. They would teach Israel to worship the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua [and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua]” (Joshua 24:31). Who were these elders? Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi said in the name of our Rabbis: These were the children of Levi. Rabbi Berekhya ben Rabbi Ḥelbo in the name of Abba Semukeyad: They were Eldad and Medad. You conclude and say: They outlived Joshua. From where is it derived that the tribe of Levi entered the Land of Israel? It is as it is stated: “For the Lord said to them they will die in the wilderness” (Numbers 26:65) – these were Israel. “And no man remained of them except Caleb son of Yefuneh and Joshua son of Nun” (Numbers 26:65) – from the inference of the verse one learns that no man of Israel remained except for Caleb son of Yefuneh and Joshua. That is not so. Rather, you read and find that Elazar ben Aaron the priest entered, and through him the land was distributed to each and every tribe of the children of those who departed from Egypt, as it is stated: “These are the inheritances that Elazar the priest and Joshua son of Nun…apportioned” (Joshua 19:51). How is it so that it said: “And no man remained of them except Caleb…,” and you find that Elazar remained? Rather, [the example of] Elazar came and taught regarding his tribe; just as he entered, so did they enter. Like that which we learned: Any matter that was included in a generalization, but emerged to teach a halakha, it emerged to teach not in its regard but to teach regarding the entire generalization.23Baraita of Rabbi Yishmael, principle 8. Elazar was included in the generalization of Israel regarding the decree, as it is stated: “They will die in the wilderness.” He emerged from the generalization of Israel to teach. It was not to teach in his regard, but to teach regarding the entire tribe. If you say that the entire tribe did not enter, Elazar did not enter. If you say he entered, the entire tribe entered as well. Rabbi Tanḥuma bar Rabbi Abba said: I asked and studied it before Rabbi Abba Huna HaKohen bar Rabbi Avin, and I said to him: Know that the entire tribe of Levi entered the Land of Israel, and I said to him from the Bible: “These are the inheritances that Elazar the priest [and Joshua son of Nun…apportioned]” (Joshua 19:51). He said to me: Was the decree not issued only upon twenty-year-olds? You find that one who was less than twenty years old entered. Say that Elazar was less than twenty years old. I said to him: We find that he was married to a wife while still in Egypt, as it is stated: “Elazar son of Aaron took of the daughters of Putiel as his wife” (Exodus 6:25). Rabbi Huna said to me: I say he was ten years old. Was not the decree only upon one twenty years old? I said to him: But did he not serve in the Tent of Meeting before the decree was issued, as it is stated: “The charge of Elazar son of Aaron the priest…[all the Tabernacle and all that is in it]” (Numbers 4:16), and we find that no one of the priests had license to enter and serve in the Tent of Meeting unless he was thirty years old, as it is stated: “From thirty years old and above, until fifty years old…” (Numbers 4:39). We find, then, that before the decree was issued, Elazar was at least thirty years old. Immediately, Rav Huna conceded to Rabbi Tanḥuma that the entire tribe of Levi entered the Land. That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: Since Israel is not entering and the tribe of Levi is entering, when you come to count them, make a distinction between them. That is what is written: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:49) – you do not count them with Israel, but you count them separately. That is what is written: “Count the children of Levi.”
“Every male” – why “every male,” and it does not mention every female? It is because the glory of the Holy One blessed be He is exalted by the males. David said: “Behold, sons are a portion of the Lord; a reward, the fruit of one’s womb.” (Psalms 127:3). “Behold, sons are a portion of the Lord” – these are the males, but if the females came, they too are a reward. “From one month old and above you shall count them” – why “from one month old and above”? Are they able to guard the Tent of Meeting from one month old? He Himself requests those who should guard it; why does He count “from one month old”? Rabbi Huna HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Ze’eira: It is in order to double their reward. Why? You find that they approach to serve only from thirty years old. Why then does He count them from one month old? It is so they will receive reward while they are still one month old. Rabbi Huna HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Ze’eira: You find written in Samuel’s regard: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life” (I Samuel 7:15). Did Samuel judge Israel “all the days of his life”? But all the days of his life were only fifty-two years, and you find two during which he was nursing, forty years during which Eli was alive and judging, in which Samuel was unable to judge before his teacher, and two years that Saul ruled; that is forty-two. Ten years remained there; that is, he bore the burden of Israel for only ten years, but it is written: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life.” Rather, the Holy One blessed be He said: I am writing in his regard “all the days of his life” so that he will receive reward for all the days that he existed in the world. Regarding the tribe of Levi, too, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses that he should count them from one month old and above, so that their reward would be calculated for them from one month old. That is, “from one month old and above you shall count them.” Another matter: “From one month old” – Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi bar Rabbi Shalom said: The Holy One blessed be He is accustomed to be counting this tribe everywhere from when they are still young. From where is it derived? When the Holy One blessed be He said to Jacob to descend to Egypt, at that moment he counted his offspring; they all totaled sixty-six, as it is stated: “All the people were sixty-six” (Genesis 46:26). The two sons of Joseph and Joseph, that is sixty-nine. But it says: “All the people of the house of Jacob who came to Egypt were seventy” (Genesis 46:27). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: The Holy One blessed be He is accustomed to count this tribe while they are still in their mother’s womb. Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen bar Rabbi said: This resin does not begin to emerge before one absorbs it;24As soon as it appears it is taken. Similarly as soon as the Levite appears, he is counted. so, Yokheved, her mother was pregnant with her at that moment, and she was in her mother’s womb and she was counted. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: Before her mother entered into the threshold of Egypt, she gave birth to her. That is why it is stated in her regard: “With seventy people your ancestors descended to Egypt.” (Deuteronomy 10:22). Regarding the children of her children as well: “Every male from one month old and above, you shall count them.” Why is it so? It is because this tribe is always beloved before the Holy One blessed be He. Of all the tribes, it is only this tribe alone that was chosen, as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). Rabbi Levi said: You find that there are many items that the Holy One blessed be He created in the world and he selected one of them for Himself. He created seven days, and the Holy One blessed be He chose Shabbat, as it is stated: “God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it” (Genesis 2:3). He created years, and selected one for Himself, as it is stated: “The land shall observe a Shabbat for the Lord; [.…the seventh year shall be a Shabbat of solemn rest for the land]” (Leviticus 25:2–4). He created seven-year cycles and selected one for Himself, as it is stated: “You shall sanctify the fiftieth year” (Leviticus 25:10). He created lands, and selected one of them for Himself, the Land of Israel, as it is stated: “The eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it” (Deuteronomy 11:12). Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He characterizes it as His land: “They divided My land” (Joel 4:2). He created heavens, and selected one of them for Himself; this is the highest heaven, as it is stated: “Praise Him who rides in the highest heavens” (Psalms 68:5). He created nations, and selected one of them for Himself; this is Israel, as it is stated: “And the Lord has chosen you to be a treasured people for Him” (Deuteronomy 14:2). He created tribes, and selected one of them for Himself; this is the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel” (I Samuel 2:28). That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses to count them from one month old, because He is exceedingly fond of them. They raised an objection: According to these reasons, He should have counted them from one day old. Our Rabbis of blessed memory said: Why was it necessary to count them from one month old? It is because a one-day-old is not viable, but it is known that a one-month-old is viable; therefore, “from one month old and above you shall count them.” Alternatively, why were they counted from one month old? It is because the Levites were counted in this census only in order to redeem the firstborn of Israel. Just as the firstborn are redeemed from one month old, so the Levites were counted from one month old.
“Moses counted them according to the directive of the Lord” (Numbers 3:16) – Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You say to me to count them from one month old; can I move and circulate in their courtyards and inside their houses and count each and every one, that You are saying to me: “Every male from one month old and above, you shall count them”?’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You do yours and I will do Mine.’ Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi bar Rabbi Shalom said: Moses would go and stand at the entrance of their tents, and the Divine Presence would draw near and say to him: There are five children in this house, there are five children in that tent, there are ten children in that tent. That is what is written: “Moses counted them according to the directive of the Lord,” just as the Divine Presence says to him.
“These [eleh] were the sons of Levi by their names…” (Numbers 3:17) – Rabbi Abbahu said: Every place that eleh is stated, it rejects what preceded it; ve’eleh adds to what preceded it. Here, where it is stated: “These [eleh] were the sons of Levi by their names,” what does it reject? It rejects the firstborn of Israel, who worshipped the calf. “And these are the names of the sons of Gershon [by their families]” (Numbers 3:18) – see how beloved the Levites are, as the Holy One blessed be He engaged Himself in all their families to count their names, what He did not do regarding Israel. That is what is written: “And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families: Livni and Shimi”; and likewise, “the sons of Kehat: Amram and Yitzhar, Ḥevron and Uziel” (Numbers 3:19); and likewise, “the sons of Merari by their families: Maḥli and Mushi” (Numbers 3:20). Our Rabbis said: These are the eight priestly watches25Each week a different shift worked in the Temple. that Moses instituted at the directive of the Holy One blessed be He, until David stood and rendered them twenty-four for the priesthood and the Levites.26Tosefta, Taanit 3:2.
“For Gershon, the family of the Livnites [and the Shimites]” (Numbers 3:21) – why was it necessary to repeat their families; were they not stated above? Why did the verse need this? Because it says: “These are the sons of Aaron: the firstborn [Nadav, and Avihu, Elazar, and Itamar].… Nadav [and Avihu] died…” (Numbers 3:2–4) – although Aaron had four sons, only the two, Elazar and Itamar, established families; perhaps the same is true regarding the Levites. Although Gershon has two sons, Kehat four sons, and Merari two sons, perhaps not all of them established families. That is why the verse repeated when it came to enumerate the sons of Gershon, Kehat, and Merari. It specified that all their sons established families, as they were all righteous. The children of Levi are beloved, as the Omnipresent Himself dealt with each and every one of their families regarding their number, their location, their princes, and their service in the Tabernacle. The sons of Gershon, what does it say? “The number of all males counted…[were seven thousand five hundred]” (Numbers 3:22); thus the verse dealt in the number of the sons of Gershon. “The families of the Gershonites shall encamp behind the Tabernacle to the west” (Numbers 3:23) – that is their location. “The prince of the patrilineal house [of the Gershonites] was Elyasaf [son of Lael]” (Numbers 3:24) – that is their prince. “The commission of the sons of Gershon.… and the hangings of the courtyard…” (Numbers 3:25–26) – that is their service in the Tabernacle. Likewise, the verse counts the sons of Kehat. That is what is written: “For Kehat, the family of the Amramites, [and the family of the Yitzharites, and the family of the Hevronites, and the family of the Uzielites]” (Numbers 3:27) – the verse apprised regarding the sons of Kehat that all of them established families, and not one of them perished. “In number, all males, [from one month old and above, eight thousand and six hundred, keepers of the commission of the sacred]” (Numbers 3:28) – that is their number. Why did the verse specify regarding the number of sons of Kehat “keepers of the commission of the sacred,” which is not stated regarding the number of the sons of Gershon nor regarding the number of sons of Merari; were the sons of Kehat “keepers of the commission of the sacred” from one month old and above? After all, one was not eligible for service until he was thirty years old. Why did it do so? It is because the Ark would purge from the sons of Kehat and would diminish their number, as it would shorten their lives.27An improper action by somebody carrying the Ark could lead to his death. Nevertheless, due to their affection for the sacred, the sons of Kehat would run after it. That is why He accorded them a reward as though they entered to serve from one month old, as it is written regarding Samuel the Ramatite: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life” (I Samuel 7:15). He, too, was of the descendants of Kehat. “The families of the sons of Kehat shall encamp on the side of the Tabernacle to the south” (Numbers 3:29) – that is their place. “And the prince of the patrilineal house [of the families of the Kehatites was Elitzafan son of Uziel]” (Numbers 3:30) – that is their prince. “Their commission: the Ark, [the Table, the Candelabrum, the altars, the sacred vessels with which they would serve, the screen, and all its work]” (Numbers 3:31) – that is their service in the Tabernacle. “The prince of the princes of the Levites [was Elazar son of Aaron the priest, the charge over the keepers of the commission of the sacred]” (Numbers 3:32) – why did it specify two princes for the sons of Kehat? It is because priests and Levites emerged from Kehat. Moses and Aaron emerged from Amram; Moses’s sons were Levites, and Aaron’s sons were priests. That is why it specified Elazar, who was from the priests, and he was overseer of the Levites of the sons of Kehat, and he would carry some of the sacred service [items] with the sons of Kehat. That is what is written: “The charge of Elazar, son of Aaron [the priest, is the illuminating oil, the fragrant incense, the meal offering of the daily offering, and the anointing oil; the charge of the entire Tabernacle, and of all that is in it, in the sacred, and in its vessels]” (Numbers 4:16). Why did it not specify Itamar? After all, the commissions of the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari were entrusted to him. Why did it not enumerate him with them as a prince like it enumerated Elazar as a prince with the sons of Kehat? It is because Itamar did not participate in the service of the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari; that is why it did not enumerate him as a prince with them. However, Elazar participated in the burden of the sons of Kehat; that is why the verse enumerated him as a prince with them. “For Merari, the family of the Maḥlites [and the family of the Mushites]” (Numbers 3:33) – the verse counted the sons of Merari, as not one of them died and they established families. “The number of all males counted…[were six thousand two hundred]” (Numbers 3:34) – it apprised of their number. “The prince of the patrilineal house [of the families of Merari was Tzuriel son of Aviḥayil]…” (Numbers 3:35) – that is their prince. “They shall encamp on the side of the Tabernacle to the north” (Numbers 3:35) – that is their place. “The appointed commission of the sons of Merari…” (Numbers 3:36) – that is their service in the Tabernacle.
“These encamped in front of the Tabernacle, to the east, in front of the Tent of Meeting eastward: Moses, and Aaron, and his sons, keeping the commission of the Sanctuary, for the commission of the children of Israel; and the commoner who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 3:38). “These encamped in front of the Tabernacle, to the east” – Kehat merited that his descendants surrounded the Tabernacle in two directions. The tribe of Levi became four divisions to surround the four directions of the Tabernacle, corresponding to the four banners. In accordance with their actions, the Levites encamped in the four directions just as the banners were arranged. How so? West, from there were the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat.28The west is associated with these weather phenomena. Corresponding to them encamped the banner of Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh, who were mighty, in order to withstand them all. Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He settled Gershon to the west, as his sacred service was “the Tent, its covering, and the screen” (Numbers 3:25). What can withstand snow, hail, cold, and heat? It is a tent, a covering, and a screen. That is why he was called Gershon. Who will reside in the face of snow, hail, cold, and heat? It is one who is as strong as ivory.29Gershon is a portmanteau of gar – reside, and shen – ivory. Ivoryis nothing other than an expression of strength, as it is written: “His belly is like a tablet of ivory” (Song of Songs 5:14). The south, from which dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge into the world, there, the banner of Reuben, who is a penitent, encamps. It is by virtue of penitence that rain falls. Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He settled in that same southern direction the sons of Kehat, who would bear the Ark in which the Torah was, as the rains are dependent only upon the Torah, as it is stated: “If you follow My statutes.… I will provide your rains…” (Leviticus 26:3–4), and “But if you reject My statutes” (Leviticus 26:15), “I will render your heavens like iron” (Leviticus 26:19). That is why he was called Kehat, just as it says: “If the iron is blunt [keha]” (Ecclesiastes 10:10) – if you see that the heavens have been blunted from causing rain to fall and have become iron, just as it says: “I will render your heavens like iron,” know that it is due to a punishment for Torah that they did not fulfill, as it is written: “And one did not whet [kilkal] the edge [panim]” (Ecclesiastes 10:10). It is because they did not fulfill the Torah that was given to them face-to-face, just as it says: “Face-to-face [panim befanim] the Lord spoke with you…” (Deuteronomy 5:4), and they corrupted [kilkelu] their actions. That is kilkal. The north, from which darkness emerges into the world, there encamps the tribe of Dan, who embodied the darkness of the idol crafted by Yerovam and situated in Dan. That is why the children of Merari encamped there, as their labor was with wood: “The boards of the Tabernacle, and its bars, and its pillars” (Numbers 3:36), just as it says: “[Their] doctrine is but delusion; it is a piece of wood” (Jeremiah 10:8). That is why his name was called Merari, because of bitterness [merur].30Bitterness is caused by idol worship. The east, from which light emerges into the world, there, the encampment of Judah, who were masters of royalty, masters of Torah, and masters of mitzvot, encamps. That is why Moses, Aaron and his sons encamped there, as they were masters of Torah and masters of mitzvot, and they atoned for Israel with their prayers and their offerings. In their regard it is stated: Happy is the righteous and happy is his neighbor;31Mishna Sukka 56:2. these are the tribes that were adjacent to Moses and Aaron: Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. They were all great in Torah: “The scepter shall not depart [from Judah, nor a scholar from among his descendants]” (Genesis 49:10); “from the children of Issachar, possessors of understanding” (I Chronicles 12:33); “from Zebulun, those who ply the scribe’s quill” (Judges 5:14). Because they were neighbors of the Torah, they all became Torah scholars. Three in the south, who were adjacent to masters of divisiveness, were eradicated with them. In their regard it was stated: Woe to the wicked, woe to his neighbor. Who were the masters of divisiveness? It was “Koraḥ son of Yitzhar son of Kehat” (Numbers 16:1).32Referring to Koraḥ and his assembly. Because Reuben, Simeon, and Gad were adjacent to them, they were all masters of divisiveness, as it says: “Koraḥ son of Yitzhar [son of Kehat] took […sons of Reuben]” (Numbers 16:1). Likewise, the sons of Gad and the sons of Simeon were also masters of divisiveness.33The tribes of Reuben and Gad remained east of the Jordan, and Zimri (see Numbers 25:6–14) was the prince of the tribe of Simeon. “Keeping the commission of the Sanctuary, for the commission of the children of Israel” – they would guard so that Israel would not enter there. Why to that extent? Since were they to enter there, they would be punishable by death. That is what is written: “And the commoner who approaches shall be put to death.”
“All those counted of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron counted by the directive of the Lord, by their families, all males from one month old and above, were twenty-two thousand” (Numbers 3:39). “All those counted of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron [ve’aharon] counted” – the vav in ve’aharon is dotted because Aaron was not part of the census.34He was not counted, nor did he participate with Moses in the census. Similarly, “may the Lord judge between me and you [uveinekha]” (Genesis 16:5) – as she said it only regarding Hagar alone.35There is a dot over the yod in uveinekha, indicating that Sarah did not demand that God punish Abraham. Some say, it was regarding those who introduce discord between him and her.36While this interpretation also maintains that Sarah was referring to Hagar, it is not based on the dot over the yod, but rather on understanding “between me and you” as referring to one who introduces discord between them. Similarly, “They said to him [elav]: Where is Sarah?” (Genesis 18:9) – the alef in elav is dotted, as they knew where she was but made inquiries about her. Similarly, “He did not know when she lay down and when she arose [uvkuma]” (Genesis 19:33) – the vav in the middle of uvkuma regarding the elder daughter is dotted; he did not know when she lay down, but he knew when she arose. Similarly, “he kissed him [vayishakehu] (Genesis 33:4)37Esau kissed Jacob. – it is dotted, because he did not kiss him with all his heart. Similarly, “his brothers went to herd et” (Genesis 37:12) – why is it dotted over et? It teaches that they did not go to herd, but rather to eat, drink, and be seduced. Similarly, “or on a distant [reḥoka] journey” (Numbers 9:10) – the ḥet of reḥoka is dotted.38While the midrash here states that there is a dot on the ḥet, the Mishna (Pesaḥim 93b) and other sources state that the dot is on the heh. In our Torah scrolls the dot is on the heh. It teaches that even if it was not a distant journey, but just outside the threshold of the courtyard of the Temple. Some say, even if it was a near journey, but it39The path which he has to take to reach the Temple (Etz Yosef). is impure, he would not perform the rite of the paschal offering with them. Similarly, “we laid waste until Nofaḥ that [asher]” (Numbers 21:30) – the reish in asher is dotted, as it was so even beyond there. Some say: It teaches that they did not destroy the entire country, but rather the large cities. Similarly, “You shall offer one-tenth [isaron isaron] for each” (Numbers 29:15) – the first isaron of the first day of the festival is dotted. It teaches that there was only one one-tenth alone.40Namely, there was only a one-tenth measure, and for sacrifices which require two-tenths or three-tenths, each tenth would be measured separately. Similarly, “The concealed are for the Lord our God, but the revealed are for us and for our children [lanu ulvaneinu] forever [ad olam]” (Deuteronomy 29:28) – why is it dotted over lanu ulvaneinu and the ayin of ad? He said to them: ‘If you perform the revealed, I will inform you of the concealed.’ Some say: Why is it dotted? Rather, this is what Ezra said: If Elijah will come and say: Why did you write them?41I.e., you should not have written them. I will say to him: I dotted above them. If he will say: You wrote them well, I will erase the dots from above them.
“By the directive of the Lord, by their families, all males from one month old and above, were twenty-two thousand” – you find that the tribe of Levi in the detailed account was twenty-two thousand three hundred, because they were four families: Gershon, Kehat, Merari, and Moses.42Moses and Aaron had their own camp. Furthermore, Aaron and his sons were Kohanim. Therefore, the Levites are described as containing four families. However, the people in the fourth family who were counted are included in the count of Kehat. You read each and every family individually and calculate it: “For Gershon.… seven thousand five hundred” (Numbers 3:21–22); “for Kehat.…eight thousand six hundred” (Numbers 3:27–28); “for Merari.… six thousand two hundred” (Numbers 3:33–34). They total twenty-two thousand three hundred. When the verse includes all the Levites, it renders them twenty-two thousand. Where are the three hundred? Rather, those mentioned in the detailed count informed how many were in each and every family. Those who were included in the twenty-two thousand and had three hundred missing from them, why was this done? It was, because they were counted in order to be in parallel to, and to redeem, the firstborn of Israel. Three hundred from them that were firstborn among the Levites were subtracted, as a firstborn does not redeem a firstborn. Therefore, in the families there were twenty-two thousand three hundred, and in the total [there were] twenty-two thousand, to redeem the firstborn of Israel with them.
הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' (במדבר ג, ו), הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צב, יג יד): צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח וגו' שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה' וגו', צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מָה הַתָּמָר הַזּוֹ צִלָּהּ רָחוֹק, כָּךְ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים רָחוֹק מֵהֶם עַד לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. מָה הַתָּמָר הַזּוֹ עוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים רְטוּבִים, נִיקוֹלַוְוסִין, נוֹבְלוֹת, וְעוֹשָׂה סוֹלִין. כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ בָּהֶם בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה וְיֵשׁ בָּהֶם עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, וְיֵשׁ בָּהֶם בּוּרִים. מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהֶם נוֹבְלוֹת שֶׁאֵינָן נִכְנָסוֹת לָאוֹצָר וְעוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים וְהֵם נִכְנָסוֹת לָאוֹצָר, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר מֵהֶם נִכְנְסוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵהֶם לֹא נִכְנְסוּ. מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ עוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים וְעוֹשָׂה קוֹצִים וְכָל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ לִגְבּוֹת תְּמָרִים הַקּוֹצִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ שׁוֹלְטִין בּוֹ, כָּךְ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר עַצְמוֹ מֵהֶם נְשִׁיכָתָן נְשִׁיכַת שׁוּעָל, וַעֲקִיצָתָן עֲקִיצַת עַקְרָב, וּלְחִישָׁתָן לְחִישַׁת שָׂרָף, וְאַף כָּל דִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּגַחֲלֵי אֵשׁ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ פְּסוֹלֶת אֶלָּא תְּמָרִים לַאֲכִילָה, לוּלָבִין לְהִלּוּל, חֲרָיוֹת לְסִכּוּךְ, סִיבִים לַחֲבָלִים, סַנְסַנִּים לַכְּבָרָה, שִׁפְעַת קוֹרוֹת לְקָרוֹת בָּהֶן אֶת הַבַּיִת. כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין בָּהֶם פְּסֹלֶת אֶלָּא מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי אַגָּדָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִצְווֹת, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי צְדָקוֹת וְכָל הָעִנְיָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ לִבָּהּ מְכֻוָּן לְמַעְלָה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לַאֲבִיהֶן שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כה, טו): עֵינַי תָּמִיד אֶל ה' כִּי הוּא יוֹצִיא מֵרֶשֶׁת רַגְלָי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ יֵשׁ לָהּ תַּאֲוָה, כָּךְ צַדִּיקִים יֵשׁ לָהֶם תַּאֲוָה, מַה תַּאֲוָתָם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה כו, ט): נַפְשִׁי אִוִּיתִךָ בַּלַּיְלָה אַף רוּחִי בְקִרְבִּי אֲשַׁחֲרֶךָּ כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ לָאָרֶץ צֶדֶק לָמְדוּ ישְׁבֵי תֵבֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא מַעֲשֶׂה בִּתְמָרָה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה עוֹמֶדֶת בְּחַמְתָן וְלֹא הָיְתָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת, וְהָיוּ מַרְכִּיבִין אוֹתָהּ וְלֹא עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם דִּקְלֵי תְּמָרָה הִיא רוֹאָה מִירִיחוֹ וְהִיא מִתְאַוָּה לָהּ בְּלִבָּהּ, וְהֵבִיאוּ מִמֶּנָּהּ וְהִרְכִּיבוּ אוֹתָהּ מִיָּד עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ כָּל תַּאֲוָתָן וְצִפּוּיָין שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה פָּחוֹת מִשְׁלשֶׁת אָנְבּוֹנִין, כָּךְ אֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲסֵרִים מִשְּׁלשָׁה צַדִּיקִים בָּעוֹלָם כְּאַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שיר השירים ז, ט): אָמַרְתִּי אֶעֱלֶה בְתָמָר אֹחֲזָה בְּסַנְסִנָּיו וְיִהְיוּ נָא שָׁדַיִךְ כְּאֶשְׁכְּלוֹת הַגֶּפֶן וְרֵיחַ אַפֵּךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִים. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהּ לוּלָבִין לְהַלֵּל, וַחֲרָיוֹת לְסֻכָּה, אֲפִלּוּ הַסִּיב שֶׁלָהּ הוֹלֵךְ לְחִזּוּק וְעֵצָהּ לְהַדְלִיק, כָּךְ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל צַדִּיקִים, יְשָׁרִים, חֲסִידִים, בְּנֵי תוֹרָה, אֲפִלּוּ סוּרֵיהֶן גּוֹמְלֵי חֶסֶד אִינוּן. אִי מָה הַתְּמָרָה אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּהּ כֵּלִים כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (תהלים צב, יג): כְּאֶרֶז בַּלְּבָנוֹן יִשְׂגֶּה. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא שָׁאַלְתִּי אוֹתָהּ לְרַב הוּנָא וְאָמַר הָיִינוּ בְּבָבֶל וְעוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּהּ כֵּלִים, שֻׁלְחָנוֹת וּמְנוֹרוֹת. אִי מָה הָאֶרֶז הַזֶּה אֵין עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין עוֹשִׂין פֵּרוֹת, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מַה הַתְּמָרָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים עוֹשִׂים פֵּרוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ג, י): אִמְרוּ צַדִּיק כִּי טוֹב כִּי פְרִי מַעַלְלֵיהֶם יֹאכֵלוּ. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה לְרֹאשָׁם וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר אֶת עַצְמוֹ הוּא נוֹפֵל וָמֵת, כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא בָּא וּמִזְדַּוֵּג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל סוֹף שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶם, תֵּדַע לָךְ שֶׁכֵּן שָׂרָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁמְּשָׁכָהּ פַּרְעֹה לַיְלָה אַחַת לָקָה הוּא וּבֵיתוֹ בִּנְגָעִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה וגו'. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל הָאֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (אסתר ט, ד): כִּי גָדוֹל מָרְדְּכַי וגו', (שמואל ב ה, י), וַיֵּלֶךְ דָּוִד הָלוֹךְ וְגָדוֹל. מַה תְּמָרָה אִם נֶעֶקְרָה אֵין לָהּ חִלּוּפִים כָּךְ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין לָהֶם חִלּוּפִים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמֵּתִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב כח, יב): וְהַחָכְמָה מֵאַיִן תִּמָּצֵא וְאֵי זֶה מְקוֹם בִּינָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר וגו' מְדַבֵּר בְּשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁהָיוּ צַדִּיקִים וְהִפְרִיחוּ מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, בְּעֵת שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כו): וַיֵּאָסְפוּ אֵלָיו כָּל בְּנֵי לֵוִי, לְפִיכָךְ גִּדְּלָם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כָּאֶרֶז הַזֶּה שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ וְגָדוֹל בַּלְּבָנוֹן מִשְּׁאָר הָאִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ הֵם גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁלֹא בָּחַר בְּכָל הַשְּׁבָטִים לַעֲמֹד בְּשִׁמּוּשׁוֹ אֶלָּא בְּנֵי לֵוִי בִּלְבָד, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צב, יד): שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה', אָמַר רַבִּי חָנָן בֶּן פָּזִי עַד שֶׁהֵם שְׁתוּלִים הֵם בְּבֵית ה', אֵלּוּ הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁהֵם בְּבֵית הַסֵּפֶר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה', שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ זָזִים מִבֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לְעוֹלָם. בְּחַצְרוֹת אֱלֹהֵינוּ יַפְרִיחוּ, אֵלּוּ הַשִּׁירוֹת, תֵּדַע לָךְ שֶׁהוּא כֵּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וגו'.
“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Bring the tribe of Levi near and stand it before Aaron the priest, and they shall serve him” (Numbers 3:5–6).
“Bring the tribe of Levi near” – that is what is written: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree; [like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall]. Planted in the House of the Lord, [they will blossom in the courtyards of our God]” (Psalms 92:13–14). “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree” – just as this palm tree, its shade is far removed,1From the trunk of the tree. so, the righteous, the granting of their reward is far removed from them, until the World to Come. Just as this palm tree produces juicy, nikolaos, and unripe dates, and produces thorns, so are Israel: there are Torah personalities among them, there are plain citizens among them, and there are ignoramuses among them. Just as on this palm tree there are unripe dates that do not enter the storehouse and it produces dates and they enter the storehouse, so, Israel, when they were in the wilderness, some of them entered the Land of Israel and some of them did not enter. Just as this palm tree produces dates and produces thorns, and anyone who seeks to steal dates, the thorns that are on it grip him, so are the righteous: anyone who does not protect himself from them, their bite is the bite of a snake, their sting is the sting of a scorpion, their hiss is the hiss of a serpent. And all their statements are like fiery coals.
Another matter: Just as this palm tree has no waste, but rather, dates for eating, soft branches for extolment,2On Sukkot. hard branches for roofing,3The sukka. bast for ropes, leaves for a sieve, planks to roof the house, so are Israel: they have no waste, but rather, some of them are masters of Bible, some of them are masters of Mishna, some of them are masters of aggada, some are performers of mitzvot, some are givers of charity, and so on.
Another matter: Just as this palm tree, its heart is directed upward,4The soft material at the heart of the trunk goes straight up and does not bend. so, Israel, their heart is directed to their Father in Heaven, as it is stated: “My eyes are always toward the Lord, for He takes my feet from the net” (Psalms 25:15).
Another matter: Just as this palm tree has desire,5The fruit buds on the female trees are pollinated from the pollen in the flowers of the male trees. so, the righteous have desire. What is their desire? It is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “With my soul, I desired You at night; while my spirit is within me, I will seek You. For when Your judgments are on the earth, the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness” (Isaiah 26:9). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: There was an incident involving a certain palm tree that was standing in Ḥamtan but did not produce fruit. They pollinated it, but it did not produce fruit. The palm cultivator said to them: It sees a male palm from Jericho, and it desires it in its heart. They brought from it, and pollinated it, and it immediately began to produce fruit. So, the entire desire and the hope of the righteous is the Holy One blessed be He.
Just as this palm tree does not produce fewer than three branches, so, Israel is never lacking three righteous ones in the world, like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. Likewise it says: “I said: I will ascend the date palm, I will grasp its branches; and please may your breasts be like clusters of the vine, and the fragrance of your nose like apples” (Song of Songs 7:9).6In Shir HaShirim Rabba 7:9 this verse is explained as referring to Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya.
Just as this palm tree has soft branches for extolment, hard branches for a sukka, even its bast is used for strengthening,7Making ropes and its wood for kindling, so [there are] in Israel the righteous, the upright, the pious, Torah personalities, and even their wayward are performers of acts of kindness.
If so, just as this palm tree, one does not craft utensils from it, is the same true of the righteous?8They provide no benefit for people. The verse states: “[The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree;] like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall” (Psalms 92:13).9Utensils are crafted from cedars. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: I asked it of Rav Huna and he said: We were in Babylon, and we would craft utensils, tables, and candelabra from it. If so, just as this cedar does not produce fruit, so the righteous do not produce fruit? The verse states: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree.” Just as the palm tree produces fruit, so the righteous produce fruit, as it is stated: “Say of the righteous that it is good, for they will eat the fruit of their deeds” (Isaiah 3:10).
Just as the palm and the cedar, anyone who climbs to their treetop and does not protect himself, he falls and dies, so, anyone who comes and confronts Israel, ultimately, he will receive his just deserts at their hand. Know that it is so, as Sarah, because she was taken by Pharaoh one night, he and his household were struck with afflictions, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…” (Genesis 12:17).
Just as the palm and the cedar are greater than all the trees, so, Israel is greater than all the nations, as it is stated: “For Mordekhai was great [in the king’s palace, and his renown spread in all the provinces] (Esther 9:4); “David became steadily greater” (II Samuel 5:10).
Just as this palm, if it is uprooted, it has no replacement, so are the righteous: they have no replacements when they die, as it is stated: “But wisdom, where will it be found, and where is the place of understanding?” (Job 28:12).
Another matter: “The righteous man [will blossom] like a palm tree” (Psalms 92:13) is speaking of the tribe of Levi, as they were righteous and they caused good deeds to blossom when Israel crafted the calf, as it is stated: “All the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He exalted them in Israel, like this cedar, which is taller and greater in Lebanon than the rest of the trees. So, they are greater than all of Israel, as from all the tribes He selected only the tribe of Levi alone, to serve Him. That is what is written: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14). Rabbi Ḥanan ben Pazi said: While they are still saplings they are in the House of the Lord; these are the children while they are in school.
Another matter: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14) – they would never move from the Temple. “They will blossom in the courtyards of our God” (Psalms 92:14) – these are the services.10The service done by the tribe of Levi in the Temple. Know that it is so, as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near.… They shall keep his commission” (Numbers 3:6–7).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים סה, ה): אַשְׁרֵי תִבְחַר וּתְקָרֵב, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁבְּחָרוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא הִקְרִיבוֹ, וְאַשְׁרֵי אִישׁ שֶׁקֵּרְבוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא בְּחָרוֹ, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה שֶׁבְּחָרוֹ, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחמיה ט, ז): אַתָּה הוּא ה' הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתָּ בְּאַבְרָם, אֲבָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ אֶלָּא הוּא קֵרַב אֶת עַצְמוֹ. יַעֲקֹב, בְּחָרוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלה, ד): כִּי יַעֲקֹב בָּחַר לוֹ יָהּ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה מא, ח): יַעֲקֹב אֲשֶׁר בְּחַרְתִּיךָ, אֲבָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ אֶלָּא הוּא קֵרַב אֶת עַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כה, כז): וְיַעֲקֹב אִישׁ תָּם ישֵׁב אֹהָלִים. משֶׁה בְּחָרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, כג): לוּלֵי משֶׁה בְּחִירוֹ, אֲבָָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ, אַשְׁרֵיהֶם אֵלּוּ שֶׁבְּחָרָם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא קֵרְבָם, בֹּא וּרְאֵה יִתְרוֹ קֵרְבוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲבָל לֹא בְּחָרוֹ, רָחָב הַזּוֹנָה קֵרְבָהּ אֲבָל לֹא בְּחָרָהּ, אַשְׁרֵיהֶם אֵלּוּ שֶׁקֵּרְבָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא בְּחָרָן. מַטְרוֹנָה שָׁאֲלָה לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אֱלָהֲכוֹן מַאן הוּא בָּעֵי מְקָרֵב, הֵבִיא לְפָנֶיהָ כַּלְכָּלָה שֶׁל תְּאֵנִים וְהָיְתָה בּוֹרֶרֶת יָפָה וּבוֹרֶרֶת וְאוֹכֶלֶת. אָמַר לָהּ אַתְּ יָדַעְתְּ לִבְרֹר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לִבְרֹר, מַאן דְּהוּא חָמֵי עוֹבָדוֹי טָבִין הוּא בָּחַר בֵּיהּ וּמְקָרֵב לֵיהּ. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק לֹא כָּל הַקָּרוֹב קָרוֹב וְלֹא כָּל הָרָחוֹק רָחוֹק, יֵשׁ נִבְחָר וְנִדְחָה וְנִתְקָרֵב, יֵשׁ נִבְחָר וְנִדְחָה וְלֹא נִתְקָרֵב. אַהֲרֹן נִבְחַר (שמואל א ב, כח): וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן, וְנִדְחָה, (דברים ט, כ): וּבְאַהֲרֹן הִתְאַנַּף ה', וּכְתִיב (שמות כח, א): וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ אֶת אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ, שָׁאוּל נִבְחַר (שמואל א י, כד): הַרְאִיתֶם אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בּוֹ ה', וְנִדְחָה, (שמואל א טו, יא): נִחַמְתִּי כִּי הִמְלַכְתִּי אֶת שָׁאוּל וגו', וְלֹא נִתְקָרֵב, (שמואל א טז, א): וַאֲנִי מְאַסְתִּיו מִמְּלֹךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּוִד נִבְחַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּבְחַר בְּדָוִד עַבְדּוֹ, וְנִדְחָה, (שמואל ב טו, טז יז): וַיֵּצֵא הַמֶּלֶךְ וְכָל בֵּיתוֹ בְּרַגְלָיו וגו' וְכָל הָעָם בְּרַגְלָיו וַיַּעַמְדוּ בֵּית הַמֶּרְחָק, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר נִדּוּהוּ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן קִבֵּל עָלָיו נִדּוּיוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב טו, ל): וְדָוִד עֹלֶה בְמַעֲלֵה הַזֵּיתִים עֹלֶה וּבוֹכֶה וְרֹאשׁ לוֹ חָפוּי, וְנִתְקָרֵב. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן עִירָא הַיָּאִירִי רַבּוֹ שֶׁל דָּוִד קֵרְבוֹ, הוּא שֶׁדָּוִד אוֹמֵר (תהלים קיט, עט): יָשׁוּבוּ לִי יְרֵאֶיךָ וְיֹדְעֵי עֵדֹתֶיךָ, יֹדְעוֹ כְּתִיב, עִירָא הַיָּאִירִי הָיָה רַבּוֹ וְקֵרְבוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר שִׁשָּׁה הֵם שֶׁנִּבְחֲרוּ, כְּהֻנָּה, לְוִיָה, יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. כְּהֻנָּה מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, כח): וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן. לְוִיָה מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח, ה): כִּי בוֹ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. יִשְרָאֵל מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ז, ו): בְּךָ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּבְחַר בְּדָוִד עַבְדּוֹ. יְרוּשָׁלַיִם מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יא, לב): הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתִּי בָהּ. בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ מִנַיִן, דִּכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב ז, טז): בָּחַרְתִּי וְהִקְדַּשְׁתִּי אֶת הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה. אָמַר דָּוִד, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּחַר בּוֹ וְאַשְׁרֵי מִי הוּא שֶׁקֵּרְבוֹ, וְאֵיזֶהוּ אַשְׁרֵי בְּכִפְלַיִם מִי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּחַר בּוֹ וְקֵרְבוֹ, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה, זֶה אַהֲרֹן וְלֵוִי, אַהֲרֹן מִנַּיִן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהִקְרִיבוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ אֶת אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ. לֵוִי, בָּחַר בּוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי בוֹ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהִקְרִיבוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ, וַעֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (תהלים סה, ה): אַשְׁרֵי תִּבְחַר וּתְקָרֵב יִשְׁכֹּן חֲצֵרֶיךָ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ג, ז): וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וְאֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת כָּל הָעֵדָה וגו'. (תהלים סה, ה): נִשְׂבְּעָה בְּטוּב בֵּיתֶךָ, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹכְלִים מִן הַמַּעְשְׂרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ מְבִיאִים לַבַּיִת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר יח, כא): וְלִבְנֵי לֵוִי הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי כָּל מַעֲשֵׂר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לְנַחֲלָה וגו'.
Another matter: “Bring the tribe of Levi near…” (Numbers 3:6) – that is what is written: “Happy is one You choose and bring near” (Psalms 65:5). Happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen even if He did not bring him near, and happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He brought near, even if He did not choose him. Who is the one whom He chose? It is Abraham, as it is stated: “You are the Lord God, who chose Abram” (Nehemiah 9:7); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near. Jacob, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord has chosen Jacob for Himself” (Psalms 135:4), and likewise it says: “Jacob whom I have chosen” (Isaiah 41:8); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near, as it is stated: “Jacob was a wholesome man who resided in tents.” (Genesis 25:27).11Bereshit Rabba 63:10 states that the word “tents” is referring to the study halls of Shem and Ever, in which Jacob studied Torah. Moses, He chose him, as it is stated: “Were it not for Moses, His chosen” (Psalms 106:23), but He did not bring him near. Happy are those whom the Holy One blessed be He chose even though He did not bring them near.
Come and see Yitro;12Shemot Rabba 27:2. the Holy One blessed be He brought him near but did not choose him. Raḥav13Ruth Rabba 2:1. the prostitute, He brought her near but did not choose her. Happy are those whom He brought near even though He did not choose them.
A noblewoman asked Rabbi Yosei; she said to him: Does Your God bring near anyone He wants? He brought a basket of figs before her, and she was selecting carefully and selecting and eating. He said to her: Do you know how to select and the Holy One blessed be He does not know how to select? One whom He sees that his deeds are good, He chooses him and brings him near.
Rabbi Neḥemya in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak: Not everyone who is near remains near, and neither does everyone who is distant remain distant. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and brought near. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and not brought near. Aaron was chosen: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). He was rejected: “The Lord was incensed with Aaron” (Deuteronomy 9:20). And it is written: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1).
Saul was chosen: “Have you seen that the Lord has chosen him” (I Samuel 10:24). He was rejected: “I have regretted that I crowned Saul…” (I Samuel 15:11). But he was not brought near: “I have spurned him from reigning over Israel” (I Samuel 16:1).
David was chosen: “He chose David His servant” (Psalms 78:70). He was rejected: “The king set out with his entire household in his wake.… [The king set out,] and all the people in his wake, and they stopped at a remote house” (II Samuel 15:16–17). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: They ostracized him; nevertheless, he accepted his ostracization; that is what is written: “David ascended the ascent of the Mount of Olives, weeping as he ascended, and his head was covered [and he walked barefoot]” (II Samuel 15:30). And he was brought near; Rabbi Yudan said: Ira the Ya’irite, David’s teacher, brought him near. That is what David says: “May those who fear You and who know [yodei] Your precepts turn to me.” (Psalms 119:79). It is written: Who know him [yodo];14Although the verse is read in the plural – those who know – the word know is written in the singular, thus implying that it is referring to a single individual who can be described as the one who knows Your precepts. Ira the Ya’irite was his teacher and brought him near.
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin in the name of Rabbi Levi: They are six who were chosen: Priesthood, Levites, Israel, the royal house of David, Jerusalem, the Temple. Priesthood, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). Levites, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him from all your tribes” (Deuteronomy 18:5). Israel, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “The Lord your God has chosen you” (Deuteronomy 7:6). The royal house of David, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “He chose David His servant.” (Psalms 78:70). Jerusalem, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “[Jerusalem,] the city that I have chosen” (I Kings 11:32). The Temple, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “I have chosen and sanctified this House” (II Chronicles 7:16).
David said: Happy is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and happy is one whom He brought near. Who is doubly happy? It is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and brought near. Who is that? It is Aaron and Levi. Aaron, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1).
Levi, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him” (Deuteronomy 18:5). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near, and stand it.” In their regard, the verse says: “Happy is the one You choose to bring near to You to dwell in Your courtyards” (Psalms 65:5), just as it says: “They shall keep his commission, and the commission of the entire congregation…[to perform the service of the Tabernacle]” (Numbers 3:7). “May we be sated by the bounty of Your House, [the holiness of Your Temple]” (Psalms 65:5) – as they would eat all the tithes that were brought to the House, just as it says: “To the children of Levi, I have hereby given all tithe in Israel as an inheritance…” (Numbers 18:21).
וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ אֹתוֹ לִפְנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וְשֵׁרְתוּ אֹתוֹ (במדבר ג, ו), יְשָׁרְתוּהוּ בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ וִימַנֶּה מֵהֶם גִּזְבָּרִין וַאֲמַרְכְּלִין, וְשֵׁרְתוּ אֹתוֹ, עֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (תהלים קא, ו): עֵינַי בְּנֶאֶמְנֵי אֶרֶץ לָשֶׁבֶת עִמָּדִי הֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ תָּמִים הוּא יְשָׁרְתֵנִי וגו' (במדבר ג, ז ח): וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וגו' וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת כָּל כְּלֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וגו', שֶׁהָיוּ חוֹנִים סָבִיב לַמִּשְׁכָּן וְהֵם הָיוּ נוֹשְׂאִין כֵּלָיו וְטוֹעֲנִין אוֹתָם, (במדבר ג, ט): וְנָתַתָּה אֶת הַלְוִיִּם לְאַהֲרֹן וגו', יָכוֹל יְשָׁרְתוּהוּ בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ, שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ לוֹ מְלַאכְתּוֹ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ג, יב): וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה לָקַחְתִּי וגו' לִי הַלְוִיִּם וגו' (במדבר יח, ו): נְתֻנִים לַה', לַשֵּׁם הֵם מְסוּרִים, לַכֹּהֲנִים וְלֹא לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתּוֹ, שֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹעֲרִים וּמְשׁוֹרְרִים וְשׁוֹמְרִין כָּל כְּלֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְנוֹשְׂאִין אוֹתָם וְטוֹעֲנִים אוֹתָם, (במדבר ג, י): וְאֶת אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת בָּנָיו תִּפְקֹד וגו', כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ הַלְוִיִּם כֵּן נִצְטַוּוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים עַל עֲבוֹדָתָם, וְכֻלָּם עַל יְדֵי משֶׁה, (במדבר ג, י): וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת, הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹנֶשׁ.
“And stand it before Aaron, the priest, and they shall serve him” – they shall serve him in his service and he will appoint treasurers and overseers from among them. “They shall serve him” – in their regard the verse says: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell with Me. He who walks in the path of integrity, it is he who will serve Me…” (Psalms 101:6).
“They shall keep his commission.… They shall safeguard all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting…” (Numbers 3:7–8) – they would encamp around the Tent of Meeting, and they would carry its vessels and load them. “You shall give the Levites to Aaron…” (Numbers 3:9) – is it perhaps that they shall serve him in his service, that they should perform his labor? The verse states: “I have hereby taken [the Levites]…and the Levites [shall be] Mine” (Numbers 3:12). “Given for the Lord” (Numbers 18:6) – they are given for the Lord to the priests, and not to perform his labor, as they were gatekeepers and singers, and safeguarded all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting, carrying them, and loading them. “You shall count Aaron and his sons, [and they shall observe their priesthood]” (Numbers 3:10) – just as the Levites were commanded, so, the priests were commanded regarding their service, and all of them by Moses. “The commoner who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 3:10) – this is the punishment.
וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה לֵאמֹר, וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה לָקַחְתִּי וגו' (במדבר ג, יא יב), וַאֲנִי בְּשִׂמְחָה, הִנֵּה בְּרָצוֹן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו רַבֵּנוּ, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (בראשית ו, יז): וַאֲנִי הִנְּנִי מֵבִיא אֶת הַמַּבּוּל מַיִם, שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי יֵשׁ שִׂמְחָה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם, אָמַר לָהֶם יֵשׁ שִׂמְחָה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם כְּשֶׁיֹּאבְדוּ מַכְעִיסָיו, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי יא, י): בְּטוּב צַדִּיקִים תַּעֲלֹץ קִרְיָה וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים ג, ח): שִׁנֵּי רְשָׁעִים שִׁבַּרְתָּ וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים ג, ט): לַה' הַיְשׁוּעָה וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים י, טז): ה' מֶלֶךְ עוֹלָם וָעֶד אָבְדוּ וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים קד, לה): יִתַּמּוּ חַטָּאִים וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (משלי יא, י): וּבַאֲבֹד רְשָׁעִים רִנָּה. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: וַאֲנִי מוֹסִיף אֲנִי עַל חִבָּתָן, הִנֵּה בְּשִׂמְחָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות ד, יד): וְגַם הִנֵּה הוּא יוֹצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ וְרָאֲךָ וְשָׂמַח בְּלִבּוֹ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ וַאֲנִי, כִּבְיָכוֹל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּבֵית דִּינוֹ, וּבִנְיַן אָב שֶׁבְּכֻלָּם (מלכים א כב, כג): וַה' דִּבֶּר עָלֶיךָ רָעָה.
“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: I have hereby taken the Levites from among the children of Israel in place of every firstborn, first issue of the womb from the children of Israel, and the Levites shall be Mine. For every firstborn is Mine; on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt I sanctified to Me every firstborn in Israel, from man to animal; they shall be Mine; I am the Lord” (Numbers 3:11–13).
“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: I have hereby taken…”: “I [vaani]” – joyfully, “hereby [hineh]” – willingly; the statement of Rabbi Yishmael. His students said to him: Our teacher, because it says: “I [vaani] am hereby [hineni] bringing the flood, water” (Genesis 6:17), do I hear that there is joy before the Omnipresent? He said to them: There is joy before the Omnipresent when those who anger Him are eradicated. Likewise it says: “With the good of the righteous the city exults…” (Proverbs 11:10); and it says: “You have broken the teeth of the wicked…” (Psalms 3:8); and it says: “Salvation belongs to the Lord…” (Psalms 3:9); and it says: “The Lord is King forever and ever; [nations have] perished [from His land]” (Psalms 10:16); and it says: “May sinners be eliminated [from the earth, and may the wicked be no more]” (Psalms 104:35); and it says: “And with the eradication of the wicked there is singing” (Proverbs 11:10).
Rabbi Natan says: “I [vaani]” – I add to their love.15That is, God’s love for them. Hineh – joyfully; likewise it says: “Behold [hineh], he too is going out to meet you, and he will see you and rejoice in his heart” (Exodus 4:14). The Rabbis say: Everywhere that vaani is stated, it is, as it were, the Holy One blessed be He and His court. The paradigm of them all: “And the Lord [vadonai] spoke evil of you” (I Kings 22:23).16I Kings 22:19–22 contains a description of the heavenly court.
תַּחַת כָּל בְּכוֹר פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר ג, יב), בַּתְּחִלָּה הָיְתָה הָעֲבוֹדָה בַּבְּכוֹרוֹת, וּלְפִי שֶׁקִּלְקְלוּ בָּעֵגֶל זָכוּ לְוִיִּם עַל שֶׁלֹא טָעוּ בָּעֵגֶל לִכָּנֵס תַּחְתֵּיהֶם, (במדבר ג, יג): כִּי לִי כָּל בְּכוֹר וגו' כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות יג, ב): קַדֶּשׁ לִי כָל בְּכוֹר וגו' (במדבר ג, יג): לִי יִהְיוּ אֲנִי ה', לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר ג, יב): וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה לָקַחְתִּי אֶת הַלְוִיִּם מִתּוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל תַּחַת כָּל בְּכוֹר, שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי מֵהַיּוֹם הַהוּא וְאֵילָךְ לֹא יִהְיוּ הַבְּכוֹרוֹת קְדוֹשִׁים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: יִהְיוּ, מְלַמּד שֶׁהֵם צְרִיכִים פִּדְיוֹן.
“In place of every firstborn, first issue of the womb from the children of Israel” – initially the service was performed by the firstborns. Because [the firstborns] sinned with the calf, the Levites merited to take their place because they did not err with the calf. “For every firstborn is Mine…” – just as it says: “Sanctify for Me every firstborn…” (Exodus 13:2), “They shall be Mine, I am the Lord.” Because it says: “I have hereby taken the Levites from among the children of Israel in place of every firstborn,” do I hear that from this day forward the firstborn are no longer sacred? The verse states: “They shall be”; it teaches that they require redemption.17Even though the firstborns were replaced by the Levites, they are still holy and they must be redeemed by giving five Shekalim to a priest.
בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי לֵאמֹר (במדבר ג, יד), הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים סח, ז): אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים בַּיְתָה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבְּנֵי אָדָם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה הָיוּ יְחִידִים אֶלָּא הִפְרֵיתִי אוֹתָן וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אוֹתָן וַעֲשִׂיתִים בָּתִּים שֶׁיֵּשְׁבוּ בָּהֶן בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, כֵּיצַד, דָּוִד הָיָה יְחִידִי וְעָשִׂיתִי אוֹתוֹ בַּיִת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה כא, כב): בֵּית דָּוִד כֹּה אָמַר ה'. וְאַהֲרֹן הָיָה יְחִידִי וְעָשִׂיתִי אוֹתוֹ בַּיִת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלה, כ): בֵּית הַלֵּוִי בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה' (תהלים קלה, יט): בֵּית אַהֲרֹן בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה'. וְאַף יִשְׂרָאֵל יְחִידִים הָיוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ז, כג): וּמִי כְעַמְךָ כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל גּוֹי אֶחָד בָּאָרֶץ וגו', וְהִרְבָּה אוֹתָן הָאֱלֹהִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים א, י): ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם הִרְבָּה אֶתְכֶם וגו', הֱוֵי: מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים בַּיְתָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב וגו', שָׁאֲלָה מַטְרוֹנָה אַחַת לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא אָמְרָה לוֹ הַכֹּל מוֹדִים שֶׁבְּשֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָעוֹלָם, מִשִּׁשָּׁה וּלְכָאן מַהוּ עוֹשֶׂה, אָמַר לָהּ מַעֲלֶה סֻלָּמוֹת וּמוֹרִיד סֻלָּמוֹת, פְּלוֹנִי שֶׁהָיָה עָשִׁיר יַעֲנִי וּפְלוֹנִי שֶׁהָיָה עָנִי יַעֲשִׁיר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב, ז): ה' מוֹרִישׁ וּמַעֲשִׁיר וגו'. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אוֹמֵר לֹא הֱשִׁיבָהּ כֵּן, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר לָהּ מְזַוֵּג בְּעוֹלָמוֹ זִוּוּגִים וְאוֹמֵר פְּלוֹנִי יִשָֹּׂא פְּלוֹנִית וּפְלוֹנִית תִּנָּשֵׂא לִפְלוֹנִי וּמוֹשִׁיבָן בְּבָתֵּיהֶן. אָמְרָה לוֹ יְכוֹלָה אֲנִי לְזַוֵּג אֶלֶף בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, שָׁתַק רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְהָלַךְ לוֹ, מֶה עָשְׂתָה, הֵבִיאָה אֶלֶף עֲבָדִים וְאֶלֶף שְׁפָחוֹת וְזִוְּגָתַן זֶה לָזֶה, אָמְרָה לָהֶם פְּלוֹנִי יִשָֹּׂא פְּלוֹנִית וּפְלוֹנִית תִּנָּשֵׂא לִפְלוֹנִי, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ עִמָּהֶן בַּלַּיְלָה נָפְלָה קְטָטָה בֵּינֵיהֶן וְעָמְדוּ וְהִכּוּ אֵלּוּ אֶת אֵלּוּ, לַבֹּקֶר הָלְכוּ אֶצְלָהּ דֵּין רֵישֵׁיהּ פָּצוּעַ, וְדֵין יָדֵיהּ פָּצוּעַ. שָׁלְחָה בִּשְׁבִיל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְסִפְּרָה לוֹ הַמַּעֲשֶׂה, אָמַר לָהּ אִם הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה קַל הוּא בְּעֵינַיִךְ קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם כִּקְרִיעַת יַם סוּף, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים בַּיְתָה וגו', מַהוּ אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יוֹשֵׁב וְדָן אוֹתָם וּמֵבִיא זֶה מִמָּקוֹם אֶחָד וְזֶה מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר וּמוֹשִׁיבָן בְּבַיִת אֶחָד. מוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָן מִבָּתֵּיהֶם אֲסוּרִים בְּעַל כָּרְחָן וּמְזַוְּגָן. בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אִם אֵינָן זוֹכִין בּוֹכִין, וְאִם זָכוּ מְשׁוֹרְרִין. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים בַּיְתָה, שֶׁהוּא מְזַוֵּג לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד כְּמוֹתָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב, מִי שֶׁהוּא נוֹשֵׂא אִשָּׁה הֲגוּנָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן בָּתִּים, וְאֵין יָחִיד אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹן גְּדֻלָּה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית כו, י): כִּמְעַט שָׁכַב אַחַד הָעָם, וְאוֹמֵר (שמואל ב ז, כג): וּמִי כְעַמְךָ כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל גּוֹי אֶחָד בָּאָרֶץ, וְהוּא מוֹצִיא מֵהֶם בָּנִים בַּעֲלֵי תּוֹרָה, אוֹסְרִים וּמַכְשִׁירִים, הֱוֵי: מוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. (תהלים סח, ז): אַךְ סוֹרְרִים, אֲבָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹשֵׂא אִשָּׁה הֲגוּנָה לוֹ, יוֹצְאִין מֵהֶם בָּנִים עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים סח, ז): שָׁכְנוּ צְחִיחָה, וְאֵין צְחִיחָה אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן צָמָא, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ישעיה ה, יג): צִחֵה צָמָא, וּמַה שֶּׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: צְחִיחָה, שֶׁהֵן צְמֵאִים בְּלֹא תוֹרָה, הֵיךְ מָה דְתֵימָא (עמוס ח, יא): לֹא רָעֵב לַלֶּחֶם וְלֹא צָמֵא לַמַּיִם כִּי אִם לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת דִּבְרֵי ה', דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים, מִי הָיָה זֶה עַמְרָם וְיוֹכֶבֶד, בִּזְכוּת לְהוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהָיוּ מְשֻׁעְבָּדִים בְּמִצְרַיִם. מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא זִוֵּג יוֹכֶבֶד לְעַמְרָם בִּכְדֵי שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד מֵהֶם גּוֹאֵל וְיִגְאַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֱלֹהִים מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁיָּרְדוּ יְחִידִים לְמִצְרַיִם בְּשִׁבְעִים נָפֶשׁ, וַעֲשָׂאָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּתִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות א, ז): וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּרוּ וַיִּשְׁרְצוּ וגו', מוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, עַל שֶׁהִרְחִיקוּ עַצְמָן מִן הַזְּנוּת הוֹצִיאָן מִמִּצְרַיִם, וְכֵן שְׁלֹמֹה אוֹמֵר (שיר השירים ד, יב): גַּן נָעוּל אֲחֹתִי כַלָּה וגו', גַּן נָעוּל, אֵלּוּ הַבְּתוּלוֹת, גַּל נָעוּל, אֵלּוּ נְשֵׁי הָאֲנָשִׁים, מַעְיָן חָתוּם, אֵלּוּ הַפְּנוּיוֹת. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּזְכוּתָם אֲנִי גוֹאֵל אֶת בָּנַי, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב אַחֲרָיו (שיר השירים ד, יג): שְׁלָחַיִךְ פַּרְדֵּס רִמּוֹנִים, בִּזְכוּת כֵּן שְׁלָחַיִךְ (שמות יג, יג): וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, הֱוֵי: בִּזְכוּת הַנָּשִׁים כְּשֵׁרוֹת יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מוֹצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, מַהוּ בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם לֹא יָצְאוּ אֶלָּא בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא לֹא הוֹצִיאָם אֶלָּא בְּחֹדֶשׁ כָּשֵׁר לָצֵאת, לֹא בְּתַמּוּז מִפְּנֵי הַשָּׁרָב, וְלֹא בְּטֵבֵת מִפְּנֵי הַצִּנָּה, אֶלָּא בְּנִיסָן שֶׁהוּא כָּשֵׁר לָצֵאת בּוֹ לַדֶּרֶךְ, לֹא חַמָּה קָשָׁה וְלֹא צִנָּה קָשָׁה, וְאִם תֹּאמַר תִּשְׁרֵי הֲרֵי יֵשׁ בּוֹ עוֹנוֹת גְּשָׁמִים, הֱוֵי: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אוֹתָן שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹכִין, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמשֶׁה (שמות ב, ו): וְהִנֵּה נַעַר בֹּכֶה, וְכֵן (שמות ב, כג): וַיֵּאָנְחוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', הֲרֵי הֵם מְשׁוֹרְרִין עַכְשָׁו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, א): אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֱוֵי: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה בְּכִיָּה וְשִׁירָה יֵשׁ כָּאן, הַמִּצְרִיִּים בּוֹכִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיוּ בְּזוּזִים, שֶׁבְּזָזוּם יִשְׂרָאֵל וְרִיקְנוּ בָּתֵּיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, לו): וַיְנַצְּלוּ אֶת מִצְרָיִם, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ מְשׁוֹרְרִים, שֶׁהָיוּ טְעוּנִים בִּזַּת שׂוֹנְאֵיהֶם, הֱוֵי: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֲדוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עֶבֶד בּוֹכֶה שֶׁבָּרַח עַבְדּוֹ לְפָנָיו, וְעֶבֶד מְשׁוֹרֵר שֶׁנִּפְנָה מִן הַשִּׁעְבּוּד, כָּךְ הַמִּצְרִיִּים בּוֹכִין שֶׁבָּרְחוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יד, ה): וַיֻּגַּד לְמֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם כִּי בָרַח הָעָם, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה שֶׁנִּפְנוּ מִן הַשִּׁעְבּוּד, הֱוֵי: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בְּאֵיזֶה זְכוּת יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם, אָמַר רַבִּי חִילְפַיי בִּזְכוּת יַעֲקֹב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, שֶׁכֵּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (הושע יב, ה): וַיָּשַׂר אֶל מַלְאָךְ וַיֻּכָל בָּכָה וַיִּתְחַנֶּן לוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אוֹמְרִים בִּזְכוּת הַנָּשִׁים, הָאִמָּהוֹת הַכְּשֵׁרוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת. בְּכִשְּׁרוֹן אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, בַּיָּפוֹת וּכְשֵׁרוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, בִּזְכוּת הַכְּשֵׁרִים שֶׁהָיוּ בָּהֶם יָצְאוּ, וּמִי הָיוּ הַכְּשֵׁרִים שֶׁהָיוּ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בְּמִצְרַיִם, שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי הָיוּ עוֹבְדִין לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּמָלִין עַצְמָן, לְפִיכָךְ משֶׁה מְקַלְּסָן בְּסוֹף מִיתָתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג, ט): כִּי שָׁמְרוּ אִמְרָתֶךָ וּבְרִיתְךָ יִנְצֹרוּ, הֱוֵי: בִּזְכוּת הַכְּשֵׁרִים שֶׁבָּהֶם יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת, בִּזְכוּת מַה יָּצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מִפְנֵי שֶׁצָּפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהֵם עֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ מִשְׁכָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כט, מו): וְיָדְעוּ כִּי אֲנִי ה' אֱלֹהֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, עַל מְנָת (שמות כט, מו): לְשָׁכְנִי בְּתוֹכָם, הֱוֵי: לֹא יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת הַמִּשְׁכָּן. וְשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי בִּזְכוּת מָה יָצְאוּ, שֶׁמָּא בִּזְכוּת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד יָצְאוּ אַף הֵם, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, לֹא, אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת עַצְמָן יָצְאוּ, לְפִיכָךְ כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא בָּא לִמְנוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּרֹאשׁ הַסֵּפֶר הוּא מַזְכִּיר אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וִיצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר א, א): וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, מַזְכִּיר מִיָּד (במדבר א, א): לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ שֶׁלֹא יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִצְרַיִם אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, אֲבָל בְּנֵי לֵוִי שֶׁיָּצְאוּ בִּזְכוּת עַצְמָן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא בָּא לִמְנוֹתָן אֵינוֹ מַזְכִּיר בְּפָרָשָׁתָן לֹא אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְלֹא יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי לֵאמֹר.
“The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying” (Numbers 3:14).
“In the wilderness of Sinai, saying” – that is what is written: “God settles individuals in a house” (Psalms 68:7). The Holy One blessed be He said: Even though people in this world were individuals, [I did not leave them as individuals]; rather, I made them fruitful and multiplied them and rendered them dynastic houses in which they would reside in this world. How so? David was an individual, and I rendered him a dynastic house, as it is stated: “House of David, so said the Lord” (Jeremiah 21:12). Aaron was an individual, and I rendered him a dynastic house, as it is stated: “House of Levi, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:20); “house of Aaron, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:19). Israel, too, were individuals, as it is stated: “Who is like your people Israel, one nation in the land…” (II Samuel 7:23), and God multiplied them, as it is stated: “The Lord your God has multiplied you” (Deuteronomy 1:10). That is, “God settles individuals in a house.”
Another matter: “God settles [individuals in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – a certain noblewoman asked Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta; she said to him: Everyone agrees that God created the world in six days. From six until now, what does He do? He said to her: He elevates ladders and lowers ladders. So-and-so, who was wealthy, will become poor, and so-and-so, who was poor, will become wealthy, as it is stated: “The Lord impoverishes and makes wealthy…” (I Samuel 2:7). Rabbi Berekhya said: That is not what he answered; but rather, this is what he said to her: He makes matches in His world and says: So-and-so man will marry so-and-so woman, and so-and-so woman will marry so-and-so man, and He settles them in houses. She said to him: I can make one thousand matches in one day. Rabbi Yosei was silent and went on his way. What did she do? She brought one thousand slaves and one thousand maidservants and matched them with each other. She said to them: So-and-so man will marry so-and-so woman, and so-and-so woman will marry so-and-so man. When they entered with them at night, an altercation broke out between them, and they stood and struck each other. In the morning they went to her; this one’s head was wounded, and that one, his hand was injured. She sent for Rabbi Yosei and related the incident to him. He said to her: If this matter is insignificant in your eyes, it is as difficult before the Omnipresent like the parting of the Red Sea. That is what is written: “God settles individuals in a house.” What is “God settles individuals”? The Holy One blessed be He sits and judges them; He brings this one from this place and that one from that place and settles them in one house. “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – he takes them from their houses, bound against their will, and makes matches between them. “Bakosharot” – if they do not merit, they weep [bokhin], but if they merit, they sing [meshorerin].18This is a portmanteau of the words bekhi and shirot – weeping and singing.
Another matter: “God settles individuals in a house” (Psalms 68:7) – that He makes a match for each and every one of them with a kindred soul.
Another matter: “God settles [individuals in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – one who marries a wife suitable for him, the Holy One blessed be He renders them houses. Individual [yaḥid] is nothing other than an expression of greatness, just as it says: “One of [aḥad] the people19This is an allusion to Avimelekh, the king. almost lay with [your wife]” (Genesis 26:10), and it says: “Who is like your people Israel, one [eḥad] nation in the land” (II Samuel 7:23). From them He produces sons, masters of Torah, who issue rulings to prohibit [osrim] and permit [umakhshirim]. That is, “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners [asirim]” (Psalms 68:7). “But the rebellious” (Psalms 68:7) – but one who does not marry a wife suitable for him, ignorant sons emerge from him. That is what is written: “Dwell in a parched land [tzeḥiḥa]” (Psalms 68:7). Tzeḥiḥa is nothing other than an expression of thirst, just as it says: “Parched [tziḥe] with thirst” (Isaiah 5:13). What the verse said, “parched,” is that they were thirsty, [meaning] without Torah, just as what is written: “Not famine for bread and not thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the Lord.” (Amos 8:11).
Another matter: “God settles individuals [in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – who was it? These are Amram and Yokheved, by virtue of whose merit “He joyously leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – these are Israel, who were enslaved in Egypt. What did the Holy One blessed be He do? He matched Yokheved with Amram, so that a redeemer would emerge from them and redeem Israel.
Another matter: “God settles individuals [in a house]” (Psalms 68:7) – these are Israel, who descended as individuals with seventy people, and the Holy One blessed be He rendered them houses, as it is stated: “The children of Israel were fruitful and prolific…” (Exodus 1:7). “He joyously leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – because they distanced themselves from licentiousness, He took them out of Egypt. Likewise, Solomon says: “A locked garden is my sister, my bride; [a locked fountain, a sealed spring]” (Song of Songs 4:12). “A locked garden” – these are the virgins. “A locked fountain” – these are the married women. “A sealed spring” – these are the single women. The Holy One blessed be He said to them: Due to their merit, I am redeeming My children. That is what is written: “Your branches [shelaḥayikh] are a pomegranate orchard” (Song of Songs 4:13) – by merit of this, I have sent you out [shelaḥayikh]. “It was when Pharaoh sent out [beshalakh]” (Exodus 13:17) – that is, due to the upright [kesherot] women, Israel departed from Egypt. That is why it is stated: “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners.”
Another matter: “He joyously [bakosharot] leads out prisoners” (Psalms 68:7) – what is bakosharot? When Israel departed from Egypt, they departed only at a propitious time [bakosharot]. Rabbi Akiva said: He took them out only in a month during which it was propitious to depart; not in Tamuz, due to the heat, and not in Tevet, due to the cold, but in Nisan, which is propitious for setting out on a journey, neither extreme heat nor extreme cold. If you say Tishrei, there are rainy seasons.20Tishrei is followed by the rainy season, when it is difficult to travel, whereas Nisan is followed by mild weather. That is bakosharot.
Another matter: Bakosharot – Rabbi Elazar said: Bakosharot: Those who were weeping [bokhin], these are Israel and Moses: “Behold, a boy weeping” (Exodus 2:6), and likewise, “The children of Israel sighed…” (Exodus 2:23). They are singing [meshorerin] now, as it is stated: “Then Moses and the children of Israel sang” (Exodus 15:1); that is bakosharot.
Another matter: Bakosharot – Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya said: There are weeping [bekhiya] and singing [veshira] here. The Egyptians were weeping because they were despoiled, as Israel despoiled them and emptied their houses, as it is stated: “They stripped Egypt” (Exodus 12:36). Israel was singing, as they were loaded with the spoils of their enemies. That is, bakosharot.
Another matter: The master of a slave weeps because his slave fled before him. A slave sings because he was extricated from slavery. So, the Egyptians wept because Israel fled, as it is stated: “It was told to the king of Egypt that the people had fled” (Exodus 14:5). Israel was reciting song because they were extricated from slavery. That is bakosharot.
Another matter: By virtue of what merit did Israel depart from Egypt? Rabbi Ḥilefai said: It is by virtue of the merit of Jacob, as it is stated: Bakosharot, as likewise, it says: “He strove [vayasar] with an angel and prevailed; he wept [bakha] and pleaded with him” (Hosea 12:5).
Another matter: Bakosharot – our Rabbis say: It is by virtue of the women, the upright [hakesherot] matriarchs, as it is stated: Bakosharot. It is not written here bekhishron, but bakosharot,21In the feminine. the fair and upright.
Another matter: Bakosharot – due to the upright [haksherim] who were in their midst, they departed. Who were the upright among them? This is the tribe of Levi, as although Israel were idol worshippers in Egypt, the tribe of Levi would worship the Holy One blessed be He and circumcise themselves. That is why Moses lauds them before his death, as it is stated: “Because they observed Your saying, and they upheld Your covenant” (Deuteronomy 33:9). That is, due to the upright who were in their midst, Israel departed from Egypt.
Another matter: Bakosharot – by virtue of what merit did Israel depart from Egypt? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is because the Holy One blessed be He foresaw that they are destined to craft a Tabernacle for Him, as it is stated: “They will know that I am the Lord their God, who took them out of the land of Egypt” (Exodus 29:46) in order “that I may dwell among them” (Exodus 29:46). That is, it was only by virtue of the merit of the Tabernacle that Israel departed from Egypt.
By virtue of what merit did the tribe of Levi depart? Was it, perhaps, by virtue of the Tent of Meeting that they, too, departed? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: No, it was by virtue of their own merit that they departed. Therefore, when he came to count Israel at the beginning of the book, He mentions the Tent of Meeting and the exodus from Egypt, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting” (Numbers 1:1), and it mentions immediately, “[in the second year] of their exodus from the land of Egypt” (Numbers 1:1), to inform you that Israel departed from Egypt only by virtue of the merit of the Tent of Meeting. But the children of Levi, who departed by virtue of their own merit, when it came to count them, it does not mention in their passage the Tent of Meeting, nor the exodus from Egypt. That is what is written: “The Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…saying” (Numbers 1:1).
פְּקֹד אֶת בְּנֵי לֵוִי (במדבר ג, טו), לְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר א, מט): אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו', וְכָאן הוּא אוֹמֵר: פְּקֹד אֶת בְּנֵי לֵוִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר שָׁלוֹם לְטוֹבָתָן שֶׁל בְּנֵי לֵוִי לֹא נִמְנוּ עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁאַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם לֹא נִכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יד, כט): בַּמִּדְבָּר הַזֶּה יִפְּלוּ פִגְרֵיכֶם וגו', וְאִלּוּ נִמְנָה שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי עִמָּהֶם הָיוּ בַּגְּזֵרָה, שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (במדבר יד, כט): וְכָל פְּקֻדֵיכֶם לְכָל מִסְפַּרְכֶם מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וגו', אֲבָל לֹא נִמְנוּ עִמָּהֶם וְנִכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ. וְלָמָּה זָכוּ שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ כֻּלָּן לָאָרֶץ, לְפִי שֶׁכְּשֵׁם שֶׁהָיוּ צַדִּיקִים בְּמִצְרַיִם כָּךְ הָיוּ צַדִּיקִים בַּמִּדְבָּר וְנָתְנוּ נַפְשָׁם עַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְאֵימָתַי עָשׂוּ כֵּן, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה, מַה כְּתִיב (שמות לב, כו): וַיַּעֲמֹד משֶׁה בְּשַׁעַר הַמַּחֲנֶה וגו', וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁעָמְדוּ בִּימֵי משֶׁה כָּךְ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּימֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הָיוּ מְלַמְּדִים יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיַּעַבְדוּ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע כד, לא): וַיַּעֲבֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת ה' כֹּל יְמֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וגו', מִי הָיוּ הַזְּקֵנִים הַלָּלוּ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַלֵּוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמַר אֵלּוּ הָיוּ בְּנֵי לֵוִי. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בֶּן רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ בְּשֵׁם אַבָּא סְמוּקְיָד אֶלְדָד וּמֵידָד הָיוּ, נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁהֶאֱרִיכוּ יָמִים אַחַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁנִּכְנַס שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כו, סה): כִּי אָמַר ה' לָהֶם מוֹת יָמֻתוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר, אֵלּוּ הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, (במדבר כו, סה): וְלֹא נוֹתַר מֵהֶם אִישׁ כִּי אִם כָּלֵב בֶּן יְפֻנֶּה וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן נוּן, מִן הַמַּשְׁמָע שֶׁל מִקְרָא אַתָּה שׁוֹמֵעַ שֶׁלֹא נִשְׁתַּיֵּיר אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כִּי אִם כָּלֵב בֶּן יְפֻנֶּה וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, אֵינוֹ כֵן, אֶלָּא אַתָּה קוֹרֵא וּמוֹצֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וְעַל יָדוֹ נִתְחַלְּקָה הָאָרֶץ לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט מִבְּנֵיהֶן שֶׁל אוֹתָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע יט, נא): אֵלֶּה הַנְּחָלֹת אֲשֶׁר נִחֲלוּ אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן נוּן וגו', מַהוּ כֵּן, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר: וְלֹא נוֹתַר מֵהֶם אִישׁ כִּי אִם כָּלֵב וגו', וְאַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּיֵּיר אֶלְעָזָר, אֶלָּא בָּא אֶלְעָזָר לְלַמֵּד עַל שִׁבְטוֹ, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּכְנַס הוּא כֵּן נִכְנְסוּ הֵם, כְּהַהִיא דִּתְנֵינַן [ברייתא דרבי ישמעאל מדה ח]: כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא מִן הַכְּלָל לְלַמֵּד, לֹא לְלַמֵּד עַל עַצְמוֹ יָצָא אֶלָּא לְלַמֵּד עַל הַכְּלַל כֻּלּוֹ יָצָא, וְאַף אֶלְעָזָר הָיָה בִּכְלָלָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּגְּזֵרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מוֹת יָמֻתוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְיָצָא מִכְּלָלָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְלַמֵּד, לֹא לְלַמֵּד עַל עַצְמוֹ יָצָא, אֶלָּא לְלַמֵּד עַל הַשֵּׁבֶט, אִם אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹא נִכְנַס כָּל הַשֵּׁבֶט אַף אֶלְעָזָר לֹא נִכְנַס, וְאִם אַתְּ אוֹמֵר שֶׁנִּכְנַס, אַף כָּל הַשֵּׁבֶט נִכְנָס. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בַּר רַבִּי אַבָּא, אֲנִי שָׁאַלְתִּי וְלָמַדְתִּי אוֹתָהּ לִפְנֵי רַבִּי אַבָּא הוּנָא הַכֹּהֵן בַּר רַבִּי אָבִין וְאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ כָּל שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ מִן הַמִּקְרָא: אֵלֶּה הַנְּחָלֹת אֲשֶׁר נִחֲלוּ אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וגו', וְאָמַר לִי כְּלוּם נִגְזְרָה הַגְּזֵרָה אֶלָּא עַל בְּנֵי עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה, נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר מִי שֶׁהָיָה פָּחוֹת מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה נִכְנַס, אֱמֹר שֶׁהָיָה אֶלְעָזָר פָּחוֹת מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים. וְאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ הֲרֵי אָנוּ מוֹצְאִים שֶׁהָיָה נָשׂוּי אִשָּׁה עַד שֶׁהוּא בְּמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ו, כה): וְאֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן לָקַח לוֹ מִבְּנוֹת פּוּטִיאֵל לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה, וְאָמַר לִי רַבִּי הוּנָא אוֹמֵר אֲנִי שֶׁהָיָה בֶּן עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, כְּלוּם הָיְתָה הַגְּזֵרָה אֶלָּא עַל בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים, וְאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ וַהֲרֵי הָיָה עַד שֶׁלֹא נִגְזְרָה גְזֵרָה מְשַׁמֵּשׁ בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ד, טז): וּפְקֻדַּת אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וגו', וּמָצִינוּ שֶׁלֹא הָיָה רְשׁוּת לְאֶחָד מִן הַכֹּהֲנִים לִכָּנֵס וּלְשַׁמֵּשׁ בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה לוֹ בֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ד, לט): מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה וָמַעְלָה וְעַד בֶּן חֲמִשִּׁים שָׁנָה וגו', הֱוֵי נִמְצֵאנוּ לְמֵדִים שֶׁהָיָה אֶלְעָזָר עַד שֶׁלֹא נִגְזְרָה הַגְּזֵרָה בֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה אוֹ יוֹתֵר, מִיָּד הוֹדָה לוֹ רַבִּי הוּנָא לְרַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ כָּל שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי לָאָרֶץ, לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה הוֹאִיל שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֵין נִכְנָסִין וְשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי נִכְנָסִין, כְּשֶׁתָּבוֹא לִמְנוֹתָן עֲשֵׂה הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵינֵיהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר א, מט): אַךְ אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי לֹא תִפְקֹד וגו', אִי אַתָּה מוֹנֶה אוֹתָם עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲבָל אַתָּה מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן לְעַצְמָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ג, טו): פְּקֹד אֶת בְּנֵי לֵוִי וגו'.
“Count the children of Levi by their patrilineal house, by their families; every male from one month old and above, you shall count them” (Numbers 3:15).
“Count the children of Levi” – elsewhere it says: “However, the tribe of Levi [you shall not count]” (Numbers 1:49), and here it says: “Count the children of Levi.” Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: For the benefit of the children of Levi they were not counted with Israel. As you find that the Israelites who departed from Egypt did not enter the Land, as it is stated: “Your carcasses will fall in this wilderness…” (Numbers 14:29). Had the tribe of Levi been counted with them, they would have been included in the decree, as this is what the Holy One blessed be He said: “All those of you who were counted in any of your censuses, from twenty years old…” (Numbers 14:29). But they were not counted with them, and they entered the Land. Why did they all merit entering the Land? It is because, just as they were righteous in Egypt, so they were righteous in the wilderness, and they gave their lives for the sake of the Holy One blessed be He. When did they do so? It was when Israel performed that act.22The sin of the Golden Calf. What is written: “Moses stood at the gate of the camp and said: [Whoever is for the Lord, come to me; and all the sons of Levi gathered to him]” (Exodus 32:26).
Just as they stood in the days of Moses, so it was in the Land of Israel in the days of Joshua. They would teach Israel to worship the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua [and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua]” (Joshua 24:31). Who were these elders? Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi said in the name of our Rabbis: These were the children of Levi. Rabbi Berekhya ben Rabbi Ḥelbo in the name of Abba Semukeyad: They were Eldad and Medad. You conclude and say: They outlived Joshua.
From where is it derived that the tribe of Levi entered the Land of Israel? It is as it is stated: “For the Lord said to them they will die in the wilderness” (Numbers 26:65) – these were Israel. “And no man remained of them except Caleb son of Yefuneh and Joshua son of Nun” (Numbers 26:65) – from the inference of the verse one learns that no man of Israel remained except for Caleb son of Yefuneh and Joshua. That is not so. Rather, you read and find that Elazar ben Aaron the priest entered, and through him the land was distributed to each and every tribe of the children of those who departed from Egypt, as it is stated: “These are the inheritances that Elazar the priest and Joshua son of Nun…apportioned” (Joshua 19:51). How is it so that it said: “And no man remained of them except Caleb…,” and you find that Elazar remained? Rather, [the example of] Elazar came and taught regarding his tribe; just as he entered, so did they enter. Like that which we learned: Any matter that was included in a generalization, but emerged to teach a halakha, it emerged to teach not in its regard but to teach regarding the entire generalization.23Baraita of Rabbi Yishmael, principle 8. Elazar was included in the generalization of Israel regarding the decree, as it is stated: “They will die in the wilderness.” He emerged from the generalization of Israel to teach. It was not to teach in his regard, but to teach regarding the entire tribe. If you say that the entire tribe did not enter, Elazar did not enter. If you say he entered, the entire tribe entered as well.
Rabbi Tanḥuma bar Rabbi Abba said: I asked and studied it before Rabbi Abba Huna HaKohen bar Rabbi Avin, and I said to him: Know that the entire tribe of Levi entered the Land of Israel, and I said to him from the Bible: “These are the inheritances that Elazar the priest [and Joshua son of Nun…apportioned]” (Joshua 19:51). He said to me: Was the decree not issued only upon twenty-year-olds? You find that one who was less than twenty years old entered. Say that Elazar was less than twenty years old. I said to him: We find that he was married to a wife while still in Egypt, as it is stated: “Elazar son of Aaron took of the daughters of Putiel as his wife” (Exodus 6:25). Rabbi Huna said to me: I say he was ten years old. Was not the decree only upon one twenty years old? I said to him: But did he not serve in the Tent of Meeting before the decree was issued, as it is stated: “The charge of Elazar son of Aaron the priest…[all the Tabernacle and all that is in it]” (Numbers 4:16), and we find that no one of the priests had license to enter and serve in the Tent of Meeting unless he was thirty years old, as it is stated: “From thirty years old and above, until fifty years old…” (Numbers 4:39). We find, then, that before the decree was issued, Elazar was at least thirty years old. Immediately, Rav Huna conceded to Rabbi Tanḥuma that the entire tribe of Levi entered the Land. That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: Since Israel is not entering and the tribe of Levi is entering, when you come to count them, make a distinction between them. That is what is written: “However, the tribe of Levi you shall not count…” (Numbers 1:49) – you do not count them with Israel, but you count them separately. That is what is written: “Count the children of Levi.”
כָּל זָכָר (במדבר ג, טו), לָמָּה כָּל זָכָר, וְאֵינוֹ מַזְכִּיר כָּל נְקֵבָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכְּבוֹדוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹלֶה מִן הַזְּכָרִים, אָמַר דָּוִד (תהלים קכז, ג): הִנֵּה נַחֲלַת ה' בָּנִים שָׂכָר פְּרִי הַבָּטֶן, הִנֵּה נַחֲלַת ה' בָּנִים, אֵלּוּ הַזְּכָרִים, וְאִם בָּאוּ הַנְּקֵבוֹת אַף הֵן שָׂכָר. (במדבר קכז, ג): מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה תִּפְקְדֵם, לָמָּה מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה, וְכִי מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ יְכוֹלִים לִשְׁמֹר אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, הֲרֵי הוּא עַצְמוֹ מְבַקֵּשׁ לְמִי שֶׁיִּשְׁמְרֶנּוּ, וְלָמָּה הוּא מוֹנֶה מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי הוּנָא הַכֹּהֵן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר זְעֵירָא, בִּשְׁבִיל לִכְפֹּל לָהֶם שָׂכָר, לָמָּה, שֶׁאַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁאֵינָן קְרֵבִים לְשָׁרֵת אֶלָּא מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה, וְלָמָּה הוּא מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, אֶלָּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מְקַבְּלִים שָׂכָר וּבָאִים עַד שֶׁהֵם מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי הוּנָא הַכֹּהֵן אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר זְעֵירָא אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּתוּב בִּשְׁמוּאֵל (שמואל א ז, טו): וַיִּשְׁפֹּט שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו, וְכִי כָּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו שָׁפַט שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וַהֲרֵי כָּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו לֹא הָיוּ אֶלָּא חֲמִשִּׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם שָׁנָה, וְאַתָּה מוֹצֵא שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהָיָה יוֹנֵק, וְאַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה שֶׁהָיָה עֵלִי קַיָּם וְשׁוֹפֵט, בָּהֶם לֹא הָיָה שְׁמוּאֵל יָכוֹל לִשְׁפֹּט לִפְנֵי רַבּוֹ, וּשְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים שֶׁמָּלַךְ שָׁאוּל, הֲרֵי אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם, נִשְׁתַּיֵּיר שָׁם עוֹד עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, הֱוֵי לֹא נָשָׂא נְשׂוּאָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, וּכְתִיב: וַיִּשְׁפֹּט שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו, אֶלָּא אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲרֵינִי מַכְתִּיב עָלָיו כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו, שֶׁיְקַבֵּל שָׂכָר כָּל יָמִים שֶׁהָיָה בָּעוֹלָם. וְאַף שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה שֶׁיִּמְנֶה אוֹתָן מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִתְחַשֵּׁב לָהֶם עַד שֶׁהֵם מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, הֱוֵי: מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה תִּפְקְדֵם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַלֵּוִי בַּר רַבִּי שָׁלוֹם, לָמוּד הוּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִהְיוֹת מוֹנֶה בַּשֵּׁבֶט הַזֶּה בְּכָל מָקוֹם עַד שֶׁהֵם קְטַנִּים, מִנַּיִן, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיַעֲקֹב שֶׁיֵּרֵד לְמִצְרַיִם אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה סָפַר אֶת בָּנָיו, נִמְצְאוּ כֻּלָּם שִׁשִּׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מו, כו): כָּל נֶפֶשׁ שִׁשִּׁים וָשֵׁשׁ, וּשְׁנֵי בָּנָיו שֶׁל יוֹסֵף וְיוֹסֵף, הֲרֵי שִׁשִּׁים וְתִשְׁעָה, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר (בראשית מו, כז): כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ לְבֵית יַעֲקֹב הַבָּאָה מִצְרַיְמָה שִׁבְעִים, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן לָמוּד הוּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִמְנוֹת הַשֵּׁבֶט הַזֶּה עַד שֶׁהֵם בִּמְעֵי אִמָּן. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה הַכֹּהֵן בַּר רַבִּי הַשָֹּׂרָף הַזֶּה אֵינוֹ מַסְפִּיק לָצֵאת עַד שֶׁמְּסַפְּגִין אוֹתוֹ, כָּךְ יוֹכֶבֶד הָיְתָה אִמָּהּ מְעֻבֶּרֶת בָּהּ בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה, וְהָיְתָה בִּמְעֵי אִמָּהּ וְנִמְנְתָה עָלֶיהָ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ עַד שֶׁאִמָּהּ נִכְנֶסֶת לְפֶתַח מִצְרַיִם יָלְדָה אוֹתָהּ, לְפִיכָךְ נֶאֱמַר עָלֶיהָ (דברים י, כב): בְּשִׁבְעִים נֶפֶשׁ יָרְדוּ אֲבֹתֶיךָ מִצְרָיְמָה, וְאַף מִבְּנֵי בָּנֶיהָ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: כָּל זָכָר מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה תִּפְקְדֵם, לָמָּה הוּא כֵן, לְפִי שֶׁהַשֵּׁבֶט הַזֶּה חָבִיב הוּא לְעוֹלָם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מִכָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים לֹא נִבְחַר אֶלָּא הַשֵּׁבֶט הַזֶּה בִּלְבַד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב, כח): וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי אַתְּ מוֹצֵא דְּבָרִים הַרְבֵּה בָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּעוֹלָם וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, בָּרָא שִׁבְעָה יָמִים וּבָחַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בַּשַּׁבָּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, ג): וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ. בָּרָא שָׁנִים וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כה, ב): וְשָׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ שַׁבָּת לַה'. בָּרָא שָׁבֻעִים וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כה, י): וְקִדַּשְׁתֶּם אֵת שְׁנַת הַחֲמִשִּׁים שָׁנָה. בָּרָא אֲרָצוֹת וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יא, יב): תָּמִיד עֵינֵי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בָּהּ. וְכֵן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתָהּ אַרְצוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יואל ד, ב): וְאֶת אַרְצִי חִלֵּקוּ. בָּרָא רְקִיעִים וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, זֶה עֲרָבוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים סח, ה): סֹלּוּ לָרֹכֵב בָּעֲרָבוֹת. בָּרָא אֻמּוֹת וּבֵרַר לוֹ אַחַת מֵהֶם, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יד, ב): וּבְךָ בָּחַר ה' לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם סְגֻלָּה. בָּרָא שְׁבָטִים וּבֵרַר לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, זֶה שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה שֶׁיִּפְקְדֵם מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְחַבְּבָן בְּיוֹתֵר. אֵיתִיבִין אִם טְעָמִים אֵלּוּ הָיָה צָרִיךְ לִמְנוֹתָן מִבֶּן יוֹם אֶחָד, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה לָמָּה צָרִיךְ לִמְנוֹתָם מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין בֶּן יוֹם בֶּן קַיָּמָא אֲבָל בֶּן חֹדֶשׁ יָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא בֶּן קַיָּמָא, לְפִיכָךְ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה תִּפְקְדֵם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לָמָּה נִמְנוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ לְפִי שֶׁלֹא נִמְנוּ הַלְוִיִּם מִנְיָן הַזֶּה אֶלָּא לִפְדוֹת בְּכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהַבְּכוֹרִים נִפְדִים מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ כָּךְ הַלְוִיּם נִמְנוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ.
“Every male” – why “every male,” and it does not mention every female? It is because the glory of the Holy One blessed be He is exalted by the males. David said: “Behold, sons are a portion of the Lord; a reward, the fruit of one’s womb.” (Psalms 127:3). “Behold, sons are a portion of the Lord” – these are the males, but if the females came, they too are a reward.
“From one month old and above you shall count them” – why “from one month old and above”? Are they able to guard the Tent of Meeting from one month old? He Himself requests those who should guard it; why does He count “from one month old”? Rabbi Huna HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Ze’eira: It is in order to double their reward. Why? You find that they approach to serve only from thirty years old. Why then does He count them from one month old? It is so they will receive reward while they are still one month old.
Rabbi Huna HaKohen said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Ze’eira: You find written in Samuel’s regard: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life” (I Samuel 7:15). Did Samuel judge Israel “all the days of his life”? But all the days of his life were only fifty-two years, and you find two during which he was nursing, forty years during which Eli was alive and judging, in which Samuel was unable to judge before his teacher, and two years that Saul ruled; that is forty-two. Ten years remained there; that is, he bore the burden of Israel for only ten years, but it is written: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life.” Rather, the Holy One blessed be He said: I am writing in his regard “all the days of his life” so that he will receive reward for all the days that he existed in the world. Regarding the tribe of Levi, too, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses that he should count them from one month old and above, so that their reward would be calculated for them from one month old. That is, “from one month old and above you shall count them.”
Another matter: “From one month old” – Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi bar Rabbi Shalom said: The Holy One blessed be He is accustomed to be counting this tribe everywhere from when they are still young. From where is it derived? When the Holy One blessed be He said to Jacob to descend to Egypt, at that moment he counted his offspring; they all totaled sixty-six, as it is stated: “All the people were sixty-six” (Genesis 46:26). The two sons of Joseph and Joseph, that is sixty-nine. But it says: “All the people of the house of Jacob who came to Egypt were seventy” (Genesis 46:27). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: The Holy One blessed be He is accustomed to count this tribe while they are still in their mother’s womb. Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen bar Rabbi said: This resin does not begin to emerge before one absorbs it;24As soon as it appears it is taken. Similarly as soon as the Levite appears, he is counted. so, Yokheved, her mother was pregnant with her at that moment, and she was in her mother’s womb and she was counted. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: Before her mother entered into the threshold of Egypt, she gave birth to her. That is why it is stated in her regard: “With seventy people your ancestors descended to Egypt.” (Deuteronomy 10:22). Regarding the children of her children as well: “Every male from one month old and above, you shall count them.” Why is it so? It is because this tribe is always beloved before the Holy One blessed be He. Of all the tribes, it is only this tribe alone that was chosen, as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28).
Rabbi Levi said: You find that there are many items that the Holy One blessed be He created in the world and he selected one of them for Himself. He created seven days, and the Holy One blessed be He chose Shabbat, as it is stated: “God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it” (Genesis 2:3). He created years, and selected one for Himself, as it is stated: “The land shall observe a Shabbat for the Lord; [.…the seventh year shall be a Shabbat of solemn rest for the land]” (Leviticus 25:2–4). He created seven-year cycles and selected one for Himself, as it is stated: “You shall sanctify the fiftieth year” (Leviticus 25:10). He created lands, and selected one of them for Himself, the Land of Israel, as it is stated: “The eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it” (Deuteronomy 11:12). Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He characterizes it as His land: “They divided My land” (Joel 4:2). He created heavens, and selected one of them for Himself; this is the highest heaven, as it is stated: “Praise Him who rides in the highest heavens” (Psalms 68:5). He created nations, and selected one of them for Himself; this is Israel, as it is stated: “And the Lord has chosen you to be a treasured people for Him” (Deuteronomy 14:2). He created tribes, and selected one of them for Himself; this is the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel” (I Samuel 2:28). That is why the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses to count them from one month old, because He is exceedingly fond of them.
They raised an objection: According to these reasons, He should have counted them from one day old. Our Rabbis of blessed memory said: Why was it necessary to count them from one month old? It is because a one-day-old is not viable, but it is known that a one-month-old is viable; therefore, “from one month old and above you shall count them.” Alternatively, why were they counted from one month old? It is because the Levites were counted in this census only in order to redeem the firstborn of Israel. Just as the firstborn are redeemed from one month old, so the Levites were counted from one month old.
וַיִּפְקֹד אֹתָם משֶׁה עַל פִּי ה' וגו' (במדבר ג, טז), אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי שֶׁאֶמְנֶה אוֹתָן מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ, יָכוֹל אֲנִי לִהְיוֹת מְחַזֵּר וּמְסַבֵּב בְּחַצְרוֹתֵיהֶם וּבְתוֹךְ בָּתֵּיהֶם וְלִסְפֹּר כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד שֶׁאַתְּ אוֹמֵר לִי: כָּל זָכָר מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה תִּפְקְדֵם, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתְּ עוֹשֶׂה שֶׁלָּךְ וַאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה שֶׁלִּי. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַלֵּוִי בַּר רַבִּי שָׁלוֹם הָיָה משֶׁה הוֹלֵךְ וְעוֹמֵד לוֹ עַל פֶּתַח אָהֳלֵיהֶם וְהַשְּׁכִינָה מְקָרֶבֶת וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה תִּינוֹקִים יֵשׁ בַּבַּיִת הַזֶּה, חֲמִשָּׁה תִּינוֹקִים יֵשׁ בָּאֹהֶל הַזֶּה, עֲשָׂרָה תִּינוֹקִים יֵשׁ בָּאֹהֶל הַזֶּה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ג, טז): וַיִּפְקֹד אֹתָם משֶׁה עַל פִּי ה' וגו', כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה אוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ.
“Moses counted them according to the directive of the Lord” (Numbers 3:16) – Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘You say to me to count them from one month old; can I move and circulate in their courtyards and inside their houses and count each and every one, that You are saying to me: “Every male from one month old and above, you shall count them”?’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You do yours and I will do Mine.’ Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi bar Rabbi Shalom said: Moses would go and stand at the entrance of their tents, and the Divine Presence would draw near and say to him: There are five children in this house, there are five children in that tent, there are ten children in that tent. That is what is written: “Moses counted them according to the directive of the Lord,” just as the Divine Presence says to him.
וַיִּהְיוּ אֵלֶּה בְנֵי לֵוִי בִּשְׁמֹתָם וגו' (במדבר ג, יז), אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵלֶּה, פָּסַל אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, וְאֵלֶּה, מוֹסִיף עַל הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, כָּאן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּהְיוּ אֵלֶּה בְנֵי לֵוִי בִּשְׁמֹתָם, מַה פָּסַל, פָּסַל בְּכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל שֶׁעָבְדוּ לָעֵגֶל. (במדבר ג, יח): וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וגו', רְאֵה כַּמָּה חֲבִיבִין הַלְוִיִּם, שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּכָל מִשְׁפָּחוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם לִמְנוֹת שְׁמוֹתָם, מַה שֶׁלֹא עָשָׂה כֵן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָם וגו', וְכֵן (במדבר ג, יט): וּבְנֵי קְהָת וגו', וְכֵן (במדבר ג, כ): וּבְנֵי מְרָרִי לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָם וגו', אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (תוספתא תענית ג, ב): אֵלּוּ שְׁמוֹנָה מִשְׁמָרוֹת שֶׁהִתְקִין משֶׁה מִפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַד שֶׁעָמַד דָּוִד וְעָשָׂה אוֹתָן עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה לִכְהֻנָּה וּלְוִיָּה.
“These [eleh] were the sons of Levi by their names…” (Numbers 3:17) – Rabbi Abbahu said: Every place that eleh is stated, it rejects what preceded it; ve’eleh adds to what preceded it. Here, where it is stated: “These [eleh] were the sons of Levi by their names,” what does it reject? It rejects the firstborn of Israel, who worshipped the calf.
“And these are the names of the sons of Gershon [by their families]” (Numbers 3:18) – see how beloved the Levites are, as the Holy One blessed be He engaged Himself in all their families to count their names, what He did not do regarding Israel. That is what is written: “And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families: Livni and Shimi”; and likewise, “the sons of Kehat: Amram and Yitzhar, Ḥevron and Uziel” (Numbers 3:19); and likewise, “the sons of Merari by their families: Maḥli and Mushi” (Numbers 3:20). Our Rabbis said: These are the eight priestly watches25Each week a different shift worked in the Temple. that Moses instituted at the directive of the Holy One blessed be He, until David stood and rendered them twenty-four for the priesthood and the Levites.26Tosefta, Taanit 3:2.
לְגֵרְשׁוֹן מִשְׁפַּחַת הַלִּבְנִי וגו' (במדבר ג, כא), לָמָּה צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר מִשְׁפְּחוֹתֵיהֶם וַהֲלוֹא כְּבָר אֲמוּרִים לְמַעְלָה, לָמָּה צָרִיךְ הַכָּתוּב לְכָךְ, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר ג, ב ד): וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַבְּכֹר וגו' וַיָּמָת נָדָב וגו', אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיוּ לְאַהֲרֹן אַרְבָּעָה בָנִים לֹא הֶעֱמִידוּ מִשְׁפָּחוֹת אֶלָּא הַשְּׁנַיִם אֶלְעָזָר וְאִיתָמָר, יָכוֹל אַף בַּלְוִיִּם כֵּן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיוּ לְגֵרְשׁוֹן שְׁנֵי בָנִים וְלִקְהָת אַרְבָּעָה בָנִים וְלִמְרָרִי שְׁנֵי בָנִים שֶׁמָּא לֹא הֶעֱמִידוּ כֻּלָּם מִשְׁפָּחוֹת, לְכָךְ חָזַר הַכָּתוּב כְּשֶׁבָּא לִמְנוֹת בְּנֵיהֶם גֵּרְשׁוֹן וּקְהָת וּמְרָרִי, חָשַׁב שֶׁהֶעֱמִידוּ כָּל בְּנֵיהֶם מִשְׁפָּחוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים. חֲבִיבִין בְּנֵי לֵוִי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק הַמָּקוֹם בְּכָל מִשְׁפָּחָה וּמִשְׁפָּחָה מֵהֶן בְּמִנְיָנָם וּבִמְקוֹמָם וּבִנְשִׂיאֵיהֶם וּבַעֲבוֹדָתָן בַּמִּשְׁכָּן. בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן, מַהוּ אוֹמֵר (במדבר ג, כב): פְּקֻדֵיהֶם בְּמִסְפַּר כָּל זָכָר וגו', הֲרֵי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק הַכָּתוּב בְּמִנְיַן בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן (במדבר ג, כג): מִשְׁפְּחֹת הַגֵּרְשֻׁנִּי אַחֲרֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן יַחֲנוּ יָמָּה, הֲרֵי מְקוֹמָן, (במדבר ג, כד): וּנְשִׂיא בֵית אָב אֶלְיָסָף וגו', הֲרֵי נָשִׂיא שֶׁלָּהֶם, (במדבר ג, כה כו): וּמִשְׁמֶרֶת בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וגו' וְקַלְעֵי הֶחָצֵר וגו', הֲרֵי עֲבוֹדָתָן בַּמִּשְׁכָּן. וְכֵן מוֹנֶה הַכָּתוּב בִּבְנֵי קְהָת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ג, כז): וְלִקְהָת מִשְׁפַּחַת הָעַמְרָמִי וגו', הֲרֵי שֶׁהוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב בִּבְנֵי קְהָת שֶׁהֶעֱמִידוּ כֻּלָּם מִשְׁפָּחוֹת, שֶׁלֹא נִתְכַּלָּה אֶחָד מֵהֶם, (במדבר ג, כח): בְּמִסְפַּר כָּל זָכָר וגו', הֲרֵי מִנְיָנָם. לָמָּה פֵּרַשׁ הַכָּתוּב בְּמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי קְהָת: שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ, מַה שֶׁלֹא נֶאֱמַר לֹא בְמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וְלֹא בְמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי מְרָרִי, וְכִי בְּנֵי קְהָת מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה שׁוֹמְרִים מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וַהֲלוֹא עַד שֶׁהָיָה בֶּן שְׁלשִׁים לֹא הָיָה כָּשֵׁר לָעֲבוֹדָה, לָמָּה עָשָׂה כֵן, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה הָאָרוֹן מְכַלֶה בִּבְנֵי קְהָת וְהָיָה מְמַעֲטָן, שֶׁהָיָה מְקַצֵּר יְמֵיהֶם וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן מֵחִבַּת הַקֹּדֶשׁ הָיוּ רָצִים בְּנֵי קְהָת אַחֲרָיו, לְפִיכָךְ הֶעֱלָה עֲלֵיהֶם שָׂכָר כְּאִלּוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ נִכְנְסוּ לְשַׁמֵּשׁ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בִּשְׁמוּאֵל הָרָמָתִי (שמואל א ז, טו): וַיִּשְׁפֹּט שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו, אַף הוּא הָיָה מִבְּנֵי קְהָת. (במדבר ג, כט): מִשְׁפְּחֹת בְּנֵי קְהָת יַחֲנוּ עַל יֶרֶךְ הַמִּשְׁכָּן תֵּימָנָה, הֲרֵי מְקוֹמָן, (במדבר ג, ל): וּנְשִׂיא בֵּית אָב וגו', הֲרֵי נָשִׂיא שֶׁלָּהֶם, (במדבר ג, לא): וּמִשְׁמַרְתָּם הָאָרֹן וגו', הֲרֵי עֲבוֹדָתָן בַּקֹּדֶשׁ, (במדבר ג, לב): וּנְשִׂיא נְשִׂיאֵי הַלֵּוִי וגו', לָמָּה חָשַׁב בִּבְנֵי קְהָת שְׁנֵי נְשִׂיאִים, לְפִי שֶׁמִּקְהָת יָצְאוּ כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם, מֵעַמְרָם יָצְאוּ משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן, בְּנֵי משֶׁה הָיוּ לְוִיִּם וּבְנֵי אַהֲרֹן כֹּהֲנִים, וּלְכָךְ חָשַׁב אֶלְעָזָר שֶׁהָיָה מִן הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהוּא הָיָה אֲמַרְכָּל עַל הַלְוִיִּם שֶׁל בְּנֵי קְהָת, וְגַם הוּא הָיָה נוֹשֵׂא מֵעֲבוֹדַת הַקֹּדֶשׁ עִם בְּנֵי קְהָת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ד, טז): וּפְקֻדַּת אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן וגו', וְלָמָּה לֹא חָשַׁב אִיתָמָר הֲלוֹא עַל יָדוֹ הָיְתָה מִשְׁמֶרֶת בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וּבְנֵי מְרָרִי לָמָּה לֹא מְנָאוֹ עִמָּהֶם לְנָשִׂיא כְּמוֹ שֶׁמָּנָה אֶלְעָזָר לְנָשִׂיא עִם בְּנֵי קְהָת, לְפִי שֶׁאִיתָמָר לֹא הָיָה מְשֻׁתָּף בַּעֲבוֹדַת בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וּבְנֵי מְרָרִי לְכָךְ לֹא מְנָאוֹ לְנָשִׂיא עִמָּהֶם, אֲבָל אֶלְעָזָר שֶׁהָיָה שֻׁתָּף בְּמַשָֹּׂאָן עִם בְּנֵי קְהָת, לְכָךְ מְנָאוֹ הַכָּתוּב לְנָשִׂיא עִמָּהֶם (במדבר ג, לג): לִמְרָרִי מִשְׁפַּחַת הַמַּחְלִי, הֲרֵי שֶׁמָּנָה הַכָּתוּב בִּבְנֵי מְרָרִי שֶׁלֹא מֵת אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְהֶעֱמִידוּ מִשְׁפָּחוֹת, (במדבר ג, לד): וּפְקֻדֵיהֶם בְּמִסְפַּר כָּל זָכָר וגו', הֲרֵי הוֹדִיעַ מִנְיָנָן, (במדבר ג, לה): וּנְשִׂיא בֵית אָב לְמִשְׁפְּחֹת מְרָרִי צוּרִיאֵל וגו', הֲרֵי נָשִׂיא שֶׁלָּהֶם, (במדבר ג, לה): עַל יֶרֶךְ הַמִּשְׁכָּן יַחֲנוּ צָפֹנָה, הֲרֵי מְקוֹמָם, (במדבר ג, לו): וּפְקֻדַּת מִשְׁמֶרֶת בְּנֵי מְרָרִי, הֲרֵי עֲבוֹדָתָן בַּמִּשְׁכָּן.
“For Gershon, the family of the Livnites [and the Shimites]” (Numbers 3:21) – why was it necessary to repeat their families; were they not stated above? Why did the verse need this? Because it says: “These are the sons of Aaron: the firstborn [Nadav, and Avihu, Elazar, and Itamar].… Nadav [and Avihu] died…” (Numbers 3:2–4) – although Aaron had four sons, only the two, Elazar and Itamar, established families; perhaps the same is true regarding the Levites. Although Gershon has two sons, Kehat four sons, and Merari two sons, perhaps not all of them established families. That is why the verse repeated when it came to enumerate the sons of Gershon, Kehat, and Merari. It specified that all their sons established families, as they were all righteous.
The children of Levi are beloved, as the Omnipresent Himself dealt with each and every one of their families regarding their number, their location, their princes, and their service in the Tabernacle. The sons of Gershon, what does it say? “The number of all males counted…[were seven thousand five hundred]” (Numbers 3:22); thus the verse dealt in the number of the sons of Gershon. “The families of the Gershonites shall encamp behind the Tabernacle to the west” (Numbers 3:23) – that is their location. “The prince of the patrilineal house [of the Gershonites] was Elyasaf [son of Lael]” (Numbers 3:24) – that is their prince. “The commission of the sons of Gershon.… and the hangings of the courtyard…” (Numbers 3:25–26) – that is their service in the Tabernacle.
Likewise, the verse counts the sons of Kehat. That is what is written: “For Kehat, the family of the Amramites, [and the family of the Yitzharites, and the family of the Hevronites, and the family of the Uzielites]” (Numbers 3:27) – the verse apprised regarding the sons of Kehat that all of them established families, and not one of them perished. “In number, all males, [from one month old and above, eight thousand and six hundred, keepers of the commission of the sacred]” (Numbers 3:28) – that is their number. Why did the verse specify regarding the number of sons of Kehat “keepers of the commission of the sacred,” which is not stated regarding the number of the sons of Gershon nor regarding the number of sons of Merari; were the sons of Kehat “keepers of the commission of the sacred” from one month old and above? After all, one was not eligible for service until he was thirty years old. Why did it do so? It is because the Ark would purge from the sons of Kehat and would diminish their number, as it would shorten their lives.27An improper action by somebody carrying the Ark could lead to his death. Nevertheless, due to their affection for the sacred, the sons of Kehat would run after it. That is why He accorded them a reward as though they entered to serve from one month old, as it is written regarding Samuel the Ramatite: “Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life” (I Samuel 7:15). He, too, was of the descendants of Kehat. “The families of the sons of Kehat shall encamp on the side of the Tabernacle to the south” (Numbers 3:29) – that is their place. “And the prince of the patrilineal house [of the families of the Kehatites was Elitzafan son of Uziel]” (Numbers 3:30) – that is their prince. “Their commission: the Ark, [the Table, the Candelabrum, the altars, the sacred vessels with which they would serve, the screen, and all its work]” (Numbers 3:31) – that is their service in the Tabernacle.
“The prince of the princes of the Levites [was Elazar son of Aaron the priest, the charge over the keepers of the commission of the sacred]” (Numbers 3:32) – why did it specify two princes for the sons of Kehat? It is because priests and Levites emerged from Kehat. Moses and Aaron emerged from Amram; Moses’s sons were Levites, and Aaron’s sons were priests. That is why it specified Elazar, who was from the priests, and he was overseer of the Levites of the sons of Kehat, and he would carry some of the sacred service [items] with the sons of Kehat. That is what is written: “The charge of Elazar, son of Aaron [the priest, is the illuminating oil, the fragrant incense, the meal offering of the daily offering, and the anointing oil; the charge of the entire Tabernacle, and of all that is in it, in the sacred, and in its vessels]” (Numbers 4:16).
Why did it not specify Itamar? After all, the commissions of the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari were entrusted to him. Why did it not enumerate him with them as a prince like it enumerated Elazar as a prince with the sons of Kehat? It is because Itamar did not participate in the service of the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari; that is why it did not enumerate him as a prince with them. However, Elazar participated in the burden of the sons of Kehat; that is why the verse enumerated him as a prince with them.
“For Merari, the family of the Maḥlites [and the family of the Mushites]” (Numbers 3:33) – the verse counted the sons of Merari, as not one of them died and they established families. “The number of all males counted…[were six thousand two hundred]” (Numbers 3:34) – it apprised of their number. “The prince of the patrilineal house [of the families of Merari was Tzuriel son of Aviḥayil]…” (Numbers 3:35) – that is their prince. “They shall encamp on the side of the Tabernacle to the north” (Numbers 3:35) – that is their place. “The appointed commission of the sons of Merari…” (Numbers 3:36) – that is their service in the Tabernacle.
וְהַחֹנִים לִפְנֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן קֵדְמָה (במדבר ג, לח), זָכָה קְהָת שֶׁהִקִּיפוּ בָּנָיו הַמִּשְׁכָּן מִשְׁנֵי רוּחוֹת, הֲרֵי נַעֲשׂוּ שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי אַרְבַּע מַחְלָקוֹת לְהַקִּיף אַרְבָּעָה רוּחוֹת הַמִּשְׁכָּן כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבָּעָה דְּגָלִים, וּלְפִי מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם הָיוּ הַלְוִיִּם חוֹנִים לְאַרְבָּעָה רוּחוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ הַדְּגָלִים סְדוּרִים, הָא כֵיצַד, מַעֲרָב מִשָּׁם אוֹצְרוֹת שֶׁלֶג וְאוֹצְרוֹת בָּרָד וְקֹר וָחֹם, וּכְנֶגְדָן הָיוּ חוֹנִים דֶּגֶל אֶפְרַיִם וּבִנְיָמִין וּמְנַשֶּׁה שֶׁהָיוּ גִּבּוֹרִים, כְּדֵי לַעֲמֹד בְּכֻלָּם, וְכֵן הִשְׁרָה הַמָּקוֹם לְרוּחַ מַעֲרָב גֵּרְשׁוֹן שֶׁהָיָה עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בַּקֹּדֶשׁ (במדבר ג, כה): הָאֹהֶל מִכְסֵהוּ וּמָסָךְ, מִי יַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי שֶׁלֶג וּבָרָד וְקֹר וָחֹם, אֹהֶל וּמִכְסֶה וּמָסָךְ, וּלְכָךְ נִקְרָא גֵּרְשׁוֹן, מִי יָגוּר נֶגֶד שֶׁלֶג וּבָרָד וְקֹר וָחֹם, מִי שֶׁהוּא חָזָק כַּשֵּׁן, וְאֵין שֵׁן אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹן חָזָק, כְּדִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ה, יד): מֵעָיו עֶשֶׁת שֵׁן. דָּרוֹם טַלְּלֵי בְּרָכָה וְגִשְׁמֵי בְּרָכָה יוֹצְאִין מִמֶּנּוּ לָעוֹלָם, וְשָׁם חוֹנִים דֶּגֶל רְאוּבֵן שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל תְּשׁוּבָה, שֶׁבִּזְכוּת הַתְּשׁוּבָה הַגְּשָׁמִים יוֹרְדִין, וְכֵן הִשְׁרָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאוֹתוֹ רוּחַ דָּרוֹם בְּנֵי קְהָת, שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹשְׂאִין הָאָרוֹן שֶׁבּוֹ הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁאֵין הַגְּשָׁמִים תְּלוּיִים אֶלָּא עַל הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו, ג ד): אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ וגו' וְנָתַתִּי גִשְׁמֵיכֶם וגו', (ויקרא כו, טו): וְאִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תִּמְאָסוּ וגו' (ויקרא כו, יט): וְנָתַתִּי אֶת שְׁמֵיכֶם כַּבַּרְזֶל, וּלְכָךְ נִקְרָא קְהָת כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (קהלת י, י): אִם קֵהָה הַבַּרְזֶל, אִם רָאִיתָ שֶׁקָּהוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם מִלְּהוֹרִיד מָטָר וְנַעֲשׂוּ בַּרְזֶל, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא: וְנָתַתִּי אֶת שְׁמֵיכֶם כַּבַּרְזֶל, הֱוֵי יוֹדֵעַ בַּעֲבוּר עֹנֶשׁ הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁלֹא קִיְמוּ, דִּכְתִיב (קהלת י, י): וְהוּא לֹא פָנִים קִלְקַל, עַל שֶׁלֹא קִיְמוּ הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנְּתָנָהּ לָהֶם פָּנִים בְּפָנִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (דברים ה, ד): פָּנִים בְּפָנִים דִּבֶּר ה' עִמָּכֶם וגו' וְקִלְקְלוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם, הֱוֵי: קִלְקַל, צָפוֹן מִשָּׁם הַחשֶׁךְ יוֹצֵא לָעוֹלָם וְשָׁם הָיוּ חוֹנִים שֵׁבֶט דָּן שֶׁהָיוּ חשֶׁךְ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁעָשָׂה יָרָבְעָם וְהִנִּיחַ בְּדָן, לְכָךְ הָיוּ חוֹנִים שָׁם בְּנֵי מְרָרִי שֶׁהָיְתָה עֲבוֹדָתָם הָעֵצִים (במדבר ג, לו). קַרְשֵׁי הַמִּשְׁכָּן וּבְרִיחָיו וְעַמֻּדָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ירמיה י, ח): מוּסַר הֲבָלִים עֵץ הוּא, וּלְכָךְ נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ מְרָרִי, עַל מֵרוּר. מִזְרָח מִשָּׁם הָאוֹר יוֹצֵא לָעוֹלָם וְשָׁם הָיוּ חוֹנִים דֶּגֶל יְהוּדָה שֶׁהָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי מְלוּכָה בַּעֲלֵי תּוֹרָה בַּעֲלֵי מִצְווֹת, לְכָךְ הָיוּ חוֹנִים שָׁם משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו שֶׁהָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי תּוֹרָה, בַּעֲלֵי מִצְווֹת, מְכַפְּרִים עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּתְפִלָּתָם וּבְקָרְבָּנָם, וַעֲלֵיהֶם נֶאֱמַר אַשְׁרֵי צַדִּיק וְאַשְׁרֵי שְׁכֵנוֹ, אֵלּוּ שְׁבָטִים שֶׁהָיוּ סְמוּכִים לְמשֶׁה וּלְאַהֲרֹן, יְהוּדָה וְיִשָֹּׂשכָר וּזְבוּלוּן, הָיוּ כֻּלָּם גְּדוֹלִים בַּתּוֹרָה (בראשית מט, י): לֹא יָסוּר שֵׁבֶט וגו', (דברי הימים א יב, לג). וּמִבְּנֵי יִשָֹּׂשכָר יוֹדְעֵי בִינָה וגו', (שופטים ה, יד): וּמִזְבוּלֻן משְׁכִים בְּשֵׁבֶט סֹפֵר, עַל שֶׁהָיוּ שְׁכֵנִים לַתּוֹרָה נַעֲשׂוּ כֻּלָּן בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה, וּשְׁלשָׁה שֶׁל דָּרוֹם שֶׁהָיוּ לְבַעֲלֵי מַחֲלֹקֶת סְמוּכִין, אָבְדוּ עִמָּהֶם, וַעֲלֵיהֶם נֶאֱמַר אוֹי לָרָשָׁע אוֹ לִשְׁכֵנוֹ, וּמִי הָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי מַחֲלֹקֶת (במדבר טז, א): קֹרַח בֶּן יִצְהָר בֶּן קְהָת, וּלְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ סְמוּכִים לָהֶם רְאוּבֵן וְשִׁמְעוֹן וְגָד, הָיוּ כֻּלָּם בַּעֲלֵי מַחֲלֹקֶת, שֶׁכֵּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר טז, א): וַיִּקַּח קֹרַח בֶּן יִצְהָר וגו'. וְכֵן בְּנֵי גָד וּבְנֵי שִׁמְעוֹן אַף הֵם הָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי מְרִיבָה, (במדבר ג, לח): שֹׁמְרִים מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הָיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים שֶׁלֹא יִכָּנְסוּ שָׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה שֶׁאִם הָיוּ נִכְנָסִין לְשָׁם הָיוּ נֶעֱנָשִׁים מִיתָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ג, לח): וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת.
“These encamped in front of the Tabernacle, to the east, in front of the Tent of Meeting eastward: Moses, and Aaron, and his sons, keeping the commission of the Sanctuary, for the commission of the children of Israel; and the commoner who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 3:38).
“These encamped in front of the Tabernacle, to the east” – Kehat merited that his descendants surrounded the Tabernacle in two directions. The tribe of Levi became four divisions to surround the four directions of the Tabernacle, corresponding to the four banners. In accordance with their actions, the Levites encamped in the four directions just as the banners were arranged. How so? West, from there were the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat.28The west is associated with these weather phenomena. Corresponding to them encamped the banner of Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh, who were mighty, in order to withstand them all. Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He settled Gershon to the west, as his sacred service was “the Tent, its covering, and the screen” (Numbers 3:25). What can withstand snow, hail, cold, and heat? It is a tent, a covering, and a screen. That is why he was called Gershon. Who will reside in the face of snow, hail, cold, and heat? It is one who is as strong as ivory.29Gershon is a portmanteau of gar – reside, and shen – ivory. Ivory is nothing other than an expression of strength, as it is written: “His belly is like a tablet of ivory” (Song of Songs 5:14).
The south, from which dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge into the world, there, the banner of Reuben, who is a penitent, encamps. It is by virtue of penitence that rain falls. Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He settled in that same southern direction the sons of Kehat, who would bear the Ark in which the Torah was, as the rains are dependent only upon the Torah, as it is stated: “If you follow My statutes.… I will provide your rains…” (Leviticus 26:3–4), and “But if you reject My statutes” (Leviticus 26:15), “I will render your heavens like iron” (Leviticus 26:19). That is why he was called Kehat, just as it says: “If the iron is blunt [keha]” (Ecclesiastes 10:10) – if you see that the heavens have been blunted from causing rain to fall and have become iron, just as it says: “I will render your heavens like iron,” know that it is due to a punishment for Torah that they did not fulfill, as it is written: “And one did not whet [kilkal] the edge [panim]” (Ecclesiastes 10:10). It is because they did not fulfill the Torah that was given to them face-to-face, just as it says: “Face-to-face [panim befanim] the Lord spoke with you…” (Deuteronomy 5:4), and they corrupted [kilkelu] their actions. That is kilkal.
The north, from which darkness emerges into the world, there encamps the tribe of Dan, who embodied the darkness of the idol crafted by Yerovam and situated in Dan. That is why the children of Merari encamped there, as their labor was with wood: “The boards of the Tabernacle, and its bars, and its pillars” (Numbers 3:36), just as it says: “[Their] doctrine is but delusion; it is a piece of wood” (Jeremiah 10:8). That is why his name was called Merari, because of bitterness [merur].30Bitterness is caused by idol worship.
The east, from which light emerges into the world, there, the encampment of Judah, who were masters of royalty, masters of Torah, and masters of mitzvot, encamps. That is why Moses, Aaron and his sons encamped there, as they were masters of Torah and masters of mitzvot, and they atoned for Israel with their prayers and their offerings. In their regard it is stated: Happy is the righteous and happy is his neighbor;31Mishna Sukka 56:2. these are the tribes that were adjacent to Moses and Aaron: Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. They were all great in Torah: “The scepter shall not depart [from Judah, nor a scholar from among his descendants]” (Genesis 49:10); “from the children of Issachar, possessors of understanding” (I Chronicles 12:33); “from Zebulun, those who ply the scribe’s quill” (Judges 5:14). Because they were neighbors of the Torah, they all became Torah scholars.
Three in the south, who were adjacent to masters of divisiveness, were eradicated with them. In their regard it was stated: Woe to the wicked, woe to his neighbor. Who were the masters of divisiveness? It was “Koraḥ son of Yitzhar son of Kehat” (Numbers 16:1).32Referring to Koraḥ and his assembly. Because Reuben, Simeon, and Gad were adjacent to them, they were all masters of divisiveness, as it says: “Koraḥ son of Yitzhar [son of Kehat] took […sons of Reuben]” (Numbers 16:1). Likewise, the sons of Gad and the sons of Simeon were also masters of divisiveness.33The tribes of Reuben and Gad remained east of the Jordan, and Zimri (see Numbers 25:6–14) was the prince of the tribe of Simeon.
“Keeping the commission of the Sanctuary, for the commission of the children of Israel” – they would guard so that Israel would not enter there. Why to that extent? Since were they to enter there, they would be punishable by death. That is what is written: “And the commoner who approaches shall be put to death.”
כָּל פְּקוּדֵי הַלְוִיִּם אֲשֶׁר פָּקַד משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן (במדבר ג, לט), וָא"ו שֶׁל וְאַהֲרֹן נָקוּד, עַל שֶׁלֹא הָיָה אֶחָד מִן הַמִּנְיָן. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (בראשית טז, ה): יִשְׁפֹּט ה' בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶיךָ, שֶׁלֹא אָמְרָה לוֹ אֶלָּא עַל הָגָר בִּלְבָד, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל הַמַּטִּילִים מְרִיבָה בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (בראשית יח, ט): וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו אַיֵּה שָׂרָה, נָקוּד עַל אי"ו שֶׁבְּאֵלָיו, שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹדְעִין הֵיכָן הִיא וּמְבַקְּרִים אַחֲרֶיהָ. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (בראשית יט, לג): וְלֹא יָדַע בְּשִׁכְבָהּ וּבְקוּמָהּ, נָקוּד עַל וא"ו שֶׁבָּאֶמְצַע שֶׁל וּבְקוּמָהּ שֶׁל בְּכִירָה, בְּשִׁכְבָהּ לֹא יָדַע אֲבָל בְּקוּמָהּ יָדַע, וְדִכְוָתָהּ (בראשית לג, ד): וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ, נָקוּד עָלָיו עַל שֶׁלֹא נְשָׁקוֹ בְּכָל לִבּוֹ. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (בראשית לז, יב): וַיֵּלְכוּ אֶחָיו לִרְעוֹת אֶת, לָמָּה נָקוּד עַל אֶת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלֹא הָלְכוּ לִרְעוֹת אֶלָּא לֶאֱכֹל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת וּלְהִתְפַּתּוֹת. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (במדבר ט, י): אוֹ בְדֶרֶךְ רְחֹקָה לָכֶם, נָקוּד עַל חֵי"ת שֶׁל רְחֹקָה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלֹא הָיָה דֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה אֶלָּא מִן אַסְקֻפַּת הָעֲזָרָה וְלַחוּץ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בְּדֶרֶךְ קְרוֹבָה וְהוּא טָמֵא לֹא הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה עִמָּהֶם אֶת הַפֶּסַח. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (במדבר כא, ל): וַנַּשִּׁים עַד נֹפַח אֲשֶׁר נָקוּד עַל רֵי"שׁ שֶׁבַּאֲשֶׁר: שֶׁאַף מִלְּהַלָּן הָיָה כֵּן. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלֹא הֶחֱרִיבוּ הָאֻמּוֹת אֶלָּא מְדִינוֹת. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (במדבר כח, כא): עִשָֹּׂרוֹן עִשָֹּׂרוֹן תַּעֲשֶׂה, נָקוּד עַל עִשָֹּׂרוֹן רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלֹא הָיָה שָׁם אֶלָּא עִשָֹּׂרוֹן אֶחָד בִּלְבָד. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (דברים כט, כח): הַנִּסְתָּרֹת לַה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ וְהַנִּגְלֹת לָנוּ וּלְבָנֵינוּ עַד עוֹלָם, לָמָּה נָקוּד עַל לָנוּ וּלְבָנֵינוּ וְעַל עי"ן שֶׁבְּעַד, אָמַר לָהֶם עֲשִׂיתֶם גְּלוּיִם אַף אֲנִי אוֹדִיעַ לָכֶם אֶת הַנִּסְתָּרוֹת. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים לָמָּה נָקוּד, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר עֶזְרָא אִם יָבוֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ וְיֹאמַר לָמָּה כָּתַבְתָּ אוֹתָן אוֹמַר לוֹ כְּבָר נִקַּדְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם, וְאִם יֹאמַר לִי יָפֶה כָּתַבְתָּ כְּבָר אֶמְחֹק נְקֻדּוֹתֵיהֶן מֵעֲלֵיהֶן.
“All those counted of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron counted by the directive of the Lord, by their families, all males from one month old and above, were twenty-two thousand” (Numbers 3:39).
“All those counted of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron [ve’aharon] counted” – the vav in ve’aharon is dotted because Aaron was not part of the census.34He was not counted, nor did he participate with Moses in the census. Similarly, “may the Lord judge between me and you [uveinekha]” (Genesis 16:5) – as she said it only regarding Hagar alone.35There is a dot over the yod in uveinekha, indicating that Sarah did not demand that God punish Abraham. Some say, it was regarding those who introduce discord between him and her.36While this interpretation also maintains that Sarah was referring to Hagar, it is not based on the dot over the yod, but rather on understanding “between me and you” as referring to one who introduces discord between them.
Similarly, “They said to him [elav]: Where is Sarah?” (Genesis 18:9) – the alef in elav is dotted, as they knew where she was but made inquiries about her.
Similarly, “He did not know when she lay down and when she arose [uvkuma]” (Genesis 19:33) – the vav in the middle of uvkuma regarding the elder daughter is dotted; he did not know when she lay down, but he knew when she arose.
Similarly, “he kissed him [vayishakehu] (Genesis 33:4)37Esau kissed Jacob. – it is dotted, because he did not kiss him with all his heart.
Similarly, “his brothers went to herd et” (Genesis 37:12) – why is it dotted over et? It teaches that they did not go to herd, but rather to eat, drink, and be seduced.
Similarly, “or on a distant [reḥoka] journey” (Numbers 9:10) – the ḥet of reḥoka is dotted.38While the midrash here states that there is a dot on the ḥet, the Mishna (Pesaḥim 93b) and other sources state that the dot is on the heh. In our Torah scrolls the dot is on the heh. It teaches that even if it was not a distant journey, but just outside the threshold of the courtyard of the Temple. Some say, even if it was a near journey, but it39The path which he has to take to reach the Temple (Etz Yosef). is impure, he would not perform the rite of the paschal offering with them.
Similarly, “we laid waste until Nofaḥ that [asher]” (Numbers 21:30) – the reish in asher is dotted, as it was so even beyond there. Some say: It teaches that they did not destroy the entire country, but rather the large cities.
Similarly, “You shall offer one-tenth [isaron isaron] for each” (Numbers 29:15) – the first isaron of the first day of the festival is dotted. It teaches that there was only one one-tenth alone.40Namely, there was only a one-tenth measure, and for sacrifices which require two-tenths or three-tenths, each tenth would be measured separately.
Similarly, “The concealed are for the Lord our God, but the revealed are for us and for our children [lanu ulvaneinu] forever [ad olam]” (Deuteronomy 29:28) – why is it dotted over lanu ulvaneinu and the ayin of ad? He said to them: ‘If you perform the revealed, I will inform you of the concealed.’
Some say: Why is it dotted? Rather, this is what Ezra said: If Elijah will come and say: Why did you write them?41I.e., you should not have written them. I will say to him: I dotted above them. If he will say: You wrote them well, I will erase the dots from above them.
עַל פִּי ה' לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָם כָּל זָכָר מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה שְׁנַיִם וְעֶשְׂרִים אָלֶף (במדבר ג, לט), אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי הָיוּ בַּפְּרָט עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיוּ אַרְבַּע מִשְׁפָּחוֹת, גֵּרְשׁוֹן וּקְהָת וּמְרָרִי וּמשֶׁה, וְאַתְּ קוֹרֵא כָּל מִשְׁפָּחָה וּמִשְׁפָּחָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ וּמְחַשֵּׁב אוֹתָהּ. (במדבר ג, כב): לְגֵרשׁוֹן שִׁבְעַת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת, (במדבר ג, כח): וְלִקְהָת שְׁמוֹנַת אֲלָפִים וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת, (במדבר ג, לד): לִמְרָרִי שֵׁשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וּמָאתַיִם, וְהֵם עוֹלִים עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהוּא כּוֹלֵל אֶת הַלְוִיִּם, הוּא עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָם עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף, הַשְּׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת הֵיכָן, אֶלָּא אוֹתָם שֶׁהִזְכִּיר בַּפְּרָט, לְהוֹדִיעַ כַּמָּה הָיוּ בְּכָל מִשְׁפָּחָה וּמִשְׁפָּחָה, וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁנִּכְלְלוּ עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וְחִסֵּר מֵהֶן שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת, לָמָּה עָשָׂה כֵן, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּנָאָן לְהַקִּישָׁן לִפְדּוֹת בְּכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּפִחֵת מֵהֶן שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בְּכוֹרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בַּלְּוִיִּם, שֶׁאֵין בְּכוֹר פּוֹדֶה בְּכוֹר, לְכָךְ הָיוּ בַּמִּשְׁפָּחוֹת עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת, וּבַכְּלָל עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף, לִפְדוֹת בָּהֶן בְּכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
“By the directive of the Lord, by their families, all males from one month old and above, were twenty-two thousand” – you find that the tribe of Levi in the detailed account was twenty-two thousand three hundred, because they were four families: Gershon, Kehat, Merari, and Moses.42Moses and Aaron had their own camp. Furthermore, Aaron and his sons were Kohanim. Therefore, the Levites are described as containing four families. However, the people in the fourth family who were counted are included in the count of Kehat. You read each and every family individually and calculate it: “For Gershon.… seven thousand five hundred” (Numbers 3:21–22); “for Kehat.…eight thousand six hundred” (Numbers 3:27–28); “for Merari.… six thousand two hundred” (Numbers 3:33–34). They total twenty-two thousand three hundred. When the verse includes all the Levites, it renders them twenty-two thousand. Where are the three hundred? Rather, those mentioned in the detailed count informed how many were in each and every family. Those who were included in the twenty-two thousand and had three hundred missing from them, why was this done? It was, because they were counted in order to be in parallel to, and to redeem, the firstborn of Israel. Three hundred from them that were firstborn among the Levites were subtracted, as a firstborn does not redeem a firstborn. Therefore, in the families there were twenty-two thousand three hundred, and in the total [there were] twenty-two thousand, to redeem the firstborn of Israel with them.