במדבר רבה 8

אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ מִכָּל חַטֹּאת וגו' (במדבר ה, ו), רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אוֹמֵר (הושע יד, ח): יָשֻׁבוּ ישְׁבֵי בְצִלּוֹ, אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁהֵם בָּאִים וְחָסִים בְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, (הושע יד, ח): יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, בַּתַּלְמוּד, (הושע יד, ח): וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, בָּאַגָּדָה, (הושע יד, ח): זִכְרוֹ כְּיֵין לְבָנוֹן, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָבִיב עָלַי שְׁמוֹתָן שֶׁל גֵּרִים כְּיֵין נֶסֶךְ שֶׁהוּא מִתְנַסֵּךְ עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְלָמָּה הוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ לְבָנוֹן, שֶׁמַּלְבִּין עֲווֹנוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּשֶּׁלֶג, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה א, יח): אִם יִהְיוּ חֲטָאֵיכֶם כַּשָּׁנִים וגו'. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אוֹמֵר שֶׁכָּל הַלְּבָבוֹת שְׂמֵחִים בּוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים מח, ג): יְפֵה נוֹף מְשׂוֹשׂ כָּל הָאָרֶץ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי עַל שֵׁם (מלכים א ט, ג): וְהָיוּ עֵינַי וְלִבִּי שָׁם כָּל הַיָּמִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, יֵעָשׂוּ עִקָּר הֵם כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (זכריה ט, יז): דָּגָן בַּחוּרִים. וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ, וְכֵן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכְּתוּבָה פָּרָשָׁה בַּתּוֹרָה בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לַחֲבֵרוֹ אִם מוֹעֵל בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב קָרְבָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה, כא): נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וּמָעֲלָה וגו', כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּתַב פָּרָשָׁה בַּתּוֹרָה בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לַגֵּרִים, שֶׁאִם גּוֹזֵל אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל לַגֵּר, דִּינוֹ כְּגוֹזֵל מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בָּזֶה כָּתַב חֵטְא, כִּי תֶחֱטָא, וּבְגוֹזֵל הַגֵּר כְּתִיב: מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם. בָּזֶה כְּתִיב: וּמָעֲלָה מַעַל בַּה', וּבָזֶה כְּתִיב (במדבר ה, ו): לִמְעֹל מַעַל בַּה'. בָּזֶה כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, כג): וְהָיָה כִּי יֶחֱטָא וְאָשֵׁם, וּבַגֵּר כְּתִיב (במדבר ה, ו): וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא. בָּזֶה כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, כד): וְשִׁלַּם אֹתוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ, וּבַגֵּר כְּתִיב (במדבר ה, ז): וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ. בָּזֶה כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, כד): וַחֲמִשִׁתָיו יוֹסֵף עָלָיו, וּבַגֵּר כְּתִיב (במדבר ה, ז): וַחֲמִישִׁתוֹ יֹסֵף עָלָיו. בָּזֶה כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, כה): וְאֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ יָבִיא לַה', וּבְגוֹזֵל הַגֵּר כְּתִיב (במדבר ה, ח): מִלְּבַד אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים. הָא לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַגֵּרִים עִקָּר הֵם כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, הֱוֵי: יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן וְיִפְרְחוּ.

“Speak to the children of Israel: A man or woman, when they will perform any sin of a person, to commit a trespass against the Lord, and that individual shall be guilty” (Numbers 5:6).
“A man or woman, when they will perform any sin…” – Rabbi Abbahu says: “Those who dwell in His shadow will return” (Hosea 14:8) – these are the proselytes, who come and take refuge in the shadow of the Holy One blessed be He. “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – in the Talmud;¹The midrash interprets the verse to mean, “they will be given life through grain,” and understands “grain” as an allusion to the Talmud (Etz Yosef). Just as grain nourishes the body, the Talmud nourishes the soul (Maharzu). “and will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – in aggada.²Aggada is considered sweet like wine. “Their repute is like the wine of Lebanon” (Hosea 14:8) – the Holy One blessed be He said: The names of the proselytes are dear to me like the wine that is poured as a libation upon the altar. Why does He call it³The Temple. Lebanon? It is because it whitens [malbin] the sins of Israel like snow, as it is stated: “[Let us go now and reason together, says the Lord;] if your sins will be like scarlet, [they will be whitened as snow]” (Isaiah 1:18).
Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: It is because all the hearts [halevavot] are joyous in it. That is what is written: “Beautiful in its view, joy of all the world” (Psalms 48:3). The Rabbis say: It is after: “My eyes and My heart [velibi] will be there always.” (I Kings 9:3).
Another matter: “[Those who dwell in His shadow⁴This is interpreted as referring to proselytes. See Vayikra Rabba 1:2. will return] They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – they [the proselytes] will become of primary importance like Israel, just as it says: “The grain of the young men” (Zechariah 9:17).⁵Just as Israel are called grain in Zechariah, similarly the proselytes are called grain in the verse in Hosea. “And will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – like Israel, just as it says: “You transported a vine from Egypt” (Psalms 80:9).
Likewise, you find that just as a portion is written in the Torah regarding an Israelite and his counterpart, if he commits a trespass against him, he incurs liability to bring an offering, as it is stated: “A person who shall sin, and commit a trespass [against the Lord, and lies to his counterpart]” (Leviticus 5:21); so, the Holy One blessed be He wrote a portion in the Torah regarding an Israelite and the proselytes, that if a person of Israel robs a proselyte, his legal status is like one who robs an Israelite. You find that sin is written regarding this one: “a person who shall sin,” and sin is written regarding one who robs a proselyte: “Any sin of a person.” Regarding this one, it is written: “And commit a trespass against the Lord,” and regarding that one, it is written: “To commit a trespass against the Lord.” Regarding this one, it is written: "It shall be when he will sin and is guilty” (Leviticus 5:23), and regarding the proselyte, it is written: “And that individual shall be guilty.” Regarding this one, it is written: “He shall repay its principal” (Leviticus 5:24), and regarding the proselyte, it is written: “He shall make restitution for his guilt in its principal” (Numbers 5:7). Regarding this one, it is written: “He shall add its one-fifth to it” (Leviticus 5:24), and regarding the proselyte, it is written: “He shall add its one-fifth to it” (Numbers 5:7). Regarding this one, it is written: “He shall bring his guilt offering to the Lord” (Leviticus 5:25), and regarding robbery from a proselyte, it is written: “Besides the ram of atonement” (Numbers 5:8). We have learned that the proselytes are of primary importance like Israel. That is, “they will give life to grain and will blossom [like the vine]” (Hosea 14:8).

אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קמו, ח ט): ה' אֹהֵב צַדִּיקִים וגו', כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (משלי ח, יז): אֲנִי אֹהֲבַי אֵהָב, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל א ב, ל): כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד, הֵם אוֹהֲבִים אוֹתִי וְאַף אֲנִי אוֹהֵב אוֹתָם. וְלָמָּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹהֵב צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁאֵינָן נַחֲלָה, אֵינָם מִשְׁפָּחָה, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא הַכֹּהֲנִים בֵּית אָב הֵם, הַלְוִיִּם בֵּית אָב הֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלה, יט כ): בֵּית אַהֲרֹן בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה', בֵּית הַלֵּוִי בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה', אִם מְבַקֵּשׁ אָדָם לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל, לִהְיוֹת לֵוִי אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל, לָמָּה, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה אָבִיו לֹא כֹּהֵן וְלֹא לֵוִי, אֲבָל אִם מְבַקֵּשׁ אָדָם לִהְיוֹת צַדִּיק, אֲפִלּוּ גּוֹי יָכוֹל הוּא, שֶׁאֵינוֹ בֵּית אָב, לְכָךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קלה, כ): יִרְאֵי ה' בָּרְכוּ אֶת ה', בֵּית יִרְאֵי ה' לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא יִרְאֵי ה', אֵינָן בֵּית אָב אֶלָּא מֵעַצְמָם נִתְנַדְּבוּ וְאָהֲבוּ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְפִיכָךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹהֲבָם, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר, ה' אֹהֵב צַדִּיקִים וגו', הַרְבֵּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹהֵב אֶת הַגֵּרִים, לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיְתָה לוֹ צֹאן, וְהָיְתָה יוֹצֵאת בַּשָֹּׂדֶה וְנִכְנֶסֶת בָּעֶרֶב, כֵּן בְּכָל יוֹם, פַּעַם אֶחָד נִכְנַס צְבִי אֶחָד עִם הַצֹּאן הָלַךְ לוֹ אֵצֶל הָעִזִּים הָיָה רוֹעֶה עִמָּהֶם, נִכְנְסָה הַצֹּאן לַדִּיר, נִכְנַס עִמָּהֶם, יָצָאת לִרְעוֹת יָצָא עִמָּהֶם, אָמְרוּ לַמֶּלֶךְ הַצְּבִי הַזֶּה נִלְוֶה עִם הַצֹּאן, וְהוּא רוֹעֶה עִמָּהֶם, כָּל יוֹם וָיוֹם יוֹצֵא עִמָּהֶם וְנִכְנָס עִמָּהֶם, הָיָה הַמֶּלֶךְ אוֹהֲבוֹ, בִּזְּמַן שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא לַשָֹּׂדֶה הָיָה מְפַקֵּד מִרְעֶה יָפֶה לִרְצוֹנוֹ, לֹא יַכֶּה אָדָם אוֹתוֹ הִזָּהֲרוּ בּוֹ, וְאַף כְּשֶׁהוּא נִכְנָס עִם הַצֹּאן הָיָה אוֹמֵר לָהֶם תְּנוּ לוֹ וְיִשְׁתֶּה, וְהָיָה אוֹהֲבוֹ הַרְבֵּה, אָמְרוּ לוֹ מָרִי כַּמָּה תְּיָשִׁים יֵשׁ לָךְ כַּמָּה כְּבָשִׂים יֵשׁ לָךְ כַמָּה גְּדָיִים יֵשׁ לָךְ, וְאֵין אַתּ מַזְהִירֵנוּ, וְעַל הַצְּבִי הַזֶּה בְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם אַתְּ מְצַוֵּנוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם הַמֶּלֶךְ, הַצֹּאן רוֹצָה וְלֹא רוֹצָה, כָּךְ הִיא דַּרְכָּהּ לִרְעוֹת בַּשָֹּׂדֶה כָּל הַיּוֹם וְלָעֶרֶב לָבוֹא לִישֹׁן בְּתוֹךְ הַדִּיר, הַצְּבָיִים בַּמִּדְבָּר הֵם יְשֵׁנִים, אֵין דַּרְכָּם לִכָּנֵס לְיִשּׁוּב בְּנֵי אָדָם, לֹא נַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לָזֶה שֶׁהִנִּיחַ כָּל הַמִּדְבָּר הָרָחָב הַגָּדוֹל בִּמְקוֹם כָּל הַחַיּוֹת וּבָא וְעָמַד בֶּחָצֵר. כָּךְ אֵין אָנוּ צְרִיכִין לְהַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לַגֵּר שֶׁהִנִּיחַ מִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ וּבֵית אָבִיו וְהִנִּיחַ אֻמָּתוֹ וְכָל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם וּבָא לוֹ אֶצְלֵנוּ. לָכֵן הִרְבָּה עָלָיו שְׁמִירָה, שֶׁהִזְהִיר אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיִּשְׁמְרוּ עַצְמָם מֵהֶם שֶׁלֹא יַזִּיקוּ לָהֶם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים י, יט): וַאֲהַבְתֶּם אֶת הַגֵּר, (שמות כב, כ): וְגֵר לֹא תוֹנֶה וגו', וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁחִיְּבָה תּוֹרָה לַגֹּזֵל לַחֲבֵרוֹ תַּשְׁלוּם מָמוֹן וְקָרְבַּן אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים, כֵּן חִיְּבָה תּוֹרָה לַגֹּזֵל אֶת הַגֵּר לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ מָמוֹנוֹ, וְיָבִיא קָרְבַּן אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב: דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה, וְהַפָּרָשָׁה הַזּוֹ בְּגוֹזֵל הַגֵּר אֲמוּרָה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קמו, ט): ה' שֹׁמֵר אֶת גֵּרִים, שֶׁהִרְבָּה בִּשְׁמִירָתָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יַחְזְרוּ לְסוּרָן. חֲבִיבִין הַגֵּרִים שֶׁבְּכָל מָקוֹם הַכָּתוּב מַקִּישׁ אוֹתָם כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מא, ח): וְאַתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל עַבְדִּי יַעֲקֹב וגו', נֶאֶמְרָה אַהֲבָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי א, ב): אָהַבְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אָמַר ה', וְנֶאֶמְרָה אַהֲבָה בַּגֵּרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, יח): וְאֹהֵב גֵּר לָתֶת לוֹ לֶחֶם וְשִׂמְלָה, נִקְרְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבָדִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כה, נה): כִּי לִי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבָדִים, נִקְרְאוּ גֵּרִים עֲבָדִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו, יג): מִהְיֹת לָהֶם עֲבָדִים, נֶאֱמַר רָצוֹן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כח, לח): וְהָיָה עַל מִצְחוֹ תָּמִיד לְרָצוֹן וגו', וְנֶאֱמַר רָצוֹן בַּגֵּרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נו, ז): עוֹלֹתֵיהֶם וְזִבְחֵיהֶם לְרָצוֹן עַל מִזְבְּחִי וגו'. נֶאֱמַר שֵׁרוּת בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סא, ו): וְאַתֶּם כֹּהֲנֵי ה' תִּקָּרֵאוּ וגו', וְנֶאֱמַר שֵׁרוּת בַּגֵּרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נו, ו): וּבְנֵי הַנֵּכָר הַנִּלְוִים וגו'. נֶאֱמַר שְׁמִירָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכא, ה): ה' שֹׁמְרֶךָ וגו', נֶאֱמַר שְׁמִירָה בַּגֵּרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמו, ט): ה' שֹׁמֵר אֶת גֵּרִים. וְכֵן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּאַרְבַּע כִּתּוֹת הָעוֹמְדוֹת לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מד, ה): זֶה יֹאמַר לַה' אָנִי וגו', זֶה יֹאמַר לַה' אָנִי, הֲרֵי כֻּלּוֹ לַמָּקוֹם לֹא נִתְעָרֵב בּוֹ חֵטְא, (ישעיה מד, ה): וְזֶה יִקְרָא בְשֵׁם יַעֲקֹב, אֵלּוּ גֵּרֵי צֶדֶק, (ישעיה מד, ה): וְזֶה יִכְתֹּב יָדוֹ לַה', אֵלּוּ בַּעֲלֵי תְּשׁוּבָה, (ישעיה מד, ה): וּבְשֵׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל יְכַנֶּה, אֵלּוּ יִרְאֵי שָׁמַיִם. הָא לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַגֵּרִים הֲרֵי הֵם כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, וּלְכָךְ נֶאֶמְרָה פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה וגו'.

“A man or woman...” – that is what is written: “The Lord loves the righteous. [The Lord protects proselytes]” (Psalms 146:8–9). This is what the Holy One blessed be He said: “I love those who love Me” (Proverbs 8:17); likewise He says: “For I will honor those who honor Me” (I Samuel 2:30) – they love Me, and I too love them. Why does the Holy One blessed be He love the righteous? It is because it is not an inheritance and it is not familial. You find that the priests are a patrilineal house; the Levites are a patrilineal house, as it is stated: “The house of Aaron, bless the Lord; the house of Levi, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:19–20). If a person seeks to become a priest, he cannot; to be a Levite, he cannot. Why? It is because his father was neither a priest nor a Levite. However, if a person seeks to become righteous, even if he is a gentile, he can, as it is not a patrilineal house. That is why it says: “Those who fear the Lord, bless the Lord” (Psalms 135:20). “The house of those who fear the Lord” is not stated, but rather: “Those who fear the Lord.” They are not a patrilineal house, but of their own initiative they volunteered and loved the Holy One blessed be He. That is why the Holy One blessed be He loves them. That is why it is stated: “The Lord loves the righteous…”
The Holy One blessed be He loves the proselytes very much. To what is the matter comparable? It is to a king who had a flock, and it would go out to the field, and in the evening it would enter. So it was every day. One time, a certain gazelle entered with the flock. It went to the goats and was grazing with them. The flock entered the pen; it entered with them. They went out to graze; it went out with them. They said to the king: ‘This gazelle is accompanying the flock and is grazing with them. Each and every day, it goes out with them and enters with them.’ The king loved it. When it would go out to the field, he would command that it be given good pasture as it would want. ‘No person shall strike it; be careful with it.’ When it would enter with the flock, as well, he would say, ‘give it to drink.’ He loved it very much. They said to him: ‘My master, how many goats, you have, how many sheep you have, how many kids you have, and you do not admonish us; but regarding this gazelle you admonish us each and every day?’ The king told them, ‘The flock, whether it wants to or not, it is accustomed to graze in the field all day, and in the evening to come and sleep in the pen. The gazelles sleep in the wilderness; they are not accustomed to enter settlements inhabited by people. Shall we not appreciate one that forsook the great and broad wilderness, the habitat of all the beasts, and came and settled in the courtyard?’
So, do we not need to appreciate the proselyte, who forsook his family and his patrilineal house and forsook his nation and all the nations of the world, and came to be with us? That is why He increases their protection, as He cautioned Israel to restrain themselves and not harm them. As it says: “You shall love the proselyte” (Deuteronomy 10:19); “You shall not mistreat a proselyte, [and you shall not oppress him]” (Exodus 22:20). Just as the Torah obligated one who robbed from another [to give] a monetary payment and an offering of a ram of atonement, it also obligated one who robbed a proselyte to pay him his money and to bring a ram offering, as it is written: “Speak to the children of Israel: A man or woman,” and this portion speaks of one who robs a proselyte. As it is written: “The Lord protects proselytes” (Psalms 146:9). He increased their protection so they would not return to their evil ways.
Proselytes are beloved, as the verse everywhere likens them to Israel, as it is stated: “But it is you, Israel, My servant, Jacob, [whom I have chosen, descendants of Abraham,⁶“Descendants of Abraham” is interpreted here as referring to proselytes. who loved me]” (Isaiah 41:8). Love is stated regarding Israel, as it is stated: “I have loved you, said the Lord” (Malachi 1:2), and love is stated regarding proselytes, as it is stated: “And loves the proselyte, to give him food and garment” (Deuteronomy 10:18). Israel are called slaves, as it is stated: “For to Me the children of Israel are slaves” (Leviticus 25:55); proselytes are called slaves, as it is stated: “[I am the Lord your God, who took you out of the land of Egypt] from being slaves to them” (Leviticus 26:13).⁷Israel were strangers [gerim] in Egypt, and just as God chose them, He chooses the proselytes [gerim]. Acceptance is stated regarding Israel, as it is stated: “It shall be on his forehead always, for acceptance [for them before the Lord]” (Exodus 28:38), and acceptance is stated regarding proselytes, as it is stated: “Their burnt-offerings and their peace-offerings shall be for acceptance on My altar…” (Isaiah 56:7). Service is stated regarding Israel, as it is stated: “And you will be called priests of the Lord; [it will be said of you: Servants of our God]” (Isaiah 61:6); and service is stated regarding proselytes, as it is stated: “Also the aliens who accompany [the Lord to serve Him]” (Isaiah 56:6). Protection is stated regarding Israel, as it is stated: “The Lord is your protector” (Psalms 121:5), and protection is stated regarding proselytes, as it is stated: “The Lord protects proselytes” (Psalms 146:9).
Likewise you find regarding the four groups that stand before the Omnipresent. It is stated: “This one will say: I am the Lord’s…” (Isaiah 44:5). “This one will say: I am the Lord’s” – he is totally devoted to the Omnipresent, and he is untainted by sin. “That one will call himself by the name of Jacob” (Isaiah 44:5) – these are the righteous proselytes. “This one will write with his hand: To the Lord” (Isaiah 44:5) – these are the penitents. “And will call himself by the name of Israel” (Isaiah 44:5) – these are those who fear Heaven. We have learned that the proselytes are like Israel. That is why this portion, “A man or woman…,” is stated.

הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, ל): כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד וּבֹזַי יֵקָלוּ, תָּנֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר כָּל הַמְכַבֵּד אֶת הַתּוֹרָה גּוּפוֹ מְכֻבָּד עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת וְכָל הַמְּבַזֶּה אֶת הַתּוֹרָה גּוּפוֹ מְבֻזֶּה עַל הַבְּרִיוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד, זֶה פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁנָּהַג כָּבוֹד בְּמִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם וְיָצָא בְּרֹאשׁ פָּמַלְיָא שֶׁלּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יד, י): וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב וגו', אָמְרוּ לוֹ עֲבָדָיו אֲדוֹנֵנוּ כָּל הַמְלָכִים אֵינָם יוֹצְאִים אֶלָּא לְאַחַר פָּמַלְיָא שֶׁלָּהֶם, אַתָּה מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה יוֹצֵא בְּרֹאשׁ פָּמַלְיָא שֶׁלְּךָ, אָמַר לָהֶם וְכִי לִפְנֵי בָּשָׂר וָדָם אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ, הֲרֵינִי הוֹלֵךְ לְהַקְבִּיל פְּנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְפִיכָךְ נָהַג הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בּוֹ כָּבוֹד וְלֹא נִפְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא הוּא בְּעַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים א, ט): לְסֻסָתִי בְּרִכְבֵי פַרְעֹה וגו'. וּבֹזַי יֵקָלוּ, זֶה סַנְחֵרִיב מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב יט, כג): בְּיַד מַלְאָכֶיךָ חֵרַפְתָּ ה' וגו', לְפִיכָךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹהֵג בּוֹ בִּזָּיוֹן וְלֹא נִפְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב יט, לה): וַיֵּצֵא מַלְאַךְ ה' וַיַּךְ בְּמַחֲנֵה אַשּׁוּר וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כִּי מְכַבְּדַי וגו', מְדַבֵּר בַּגֵּרִים, הֵם מְכַבְּדִים לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁמַּנִּיחִים מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם הָרָעִים וּבָאִים וְחָסִים תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְכַבְּדָם, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל הַמְּיַשֵּׁר אָרְחוֹתָיו הוּא מְכַבֵּד לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים נ, כג): זֹבֵחַ תּוֹדָה יְכַבְּדָנְנִי, וְאוֹמֵר (ירמיה יג, טו): תְּנוּ לַה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם כָּבוֹד בְּטֶרֶם יַחְשִׁךְ וגו'. וּבֹזַי יֵקָלוּ, אֵלֶּה הָרְשָׁעִים, שֶׁהֲרֵי סָרִים מֵאַחֲרֵי הַמָּקוֹם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵקִלָּם, מִי הָיוּ שֶׁבִּזּוּ הַמָּקוֹם, אֵלּוּ עוֹבְדֵי הָעֵגֶל, מַה בִּזּוּי עָשָׂה לָהֶם שֶׁלָּקוּ בַּצָּרַעַת וּבַזִּיבוּת וְשִׁלְּחָם מִן הַמַּחֲנֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ה, ב): וִישַׁלְּחוּ מִן הַמַּחֲנֶה וגו', מַה כָּבוֹד עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַגֵּרִים, שֶׁאַחַר פָּרָשַׁת שִׁלּוּחַ טְמֵאִים כְּתִיב פָּרָשַׁת אַזְהָרַת גֵּרִים, לְלַמֶּדְךָ לַחוֹטְאִים מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל הִרְחִיק הַמָּקוֹם, וְלַגֵּרִים הַבָּאִים לִשְׁמוֹ קֵרַב הַמָּקוֹם, שֶׁעָשָׂה דִּינָם חָמוּר כְּדִין יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁכָּל הַגּוֹזֵל לָהֶם כְּאִלּוּ גּוֹזֵל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, הֱוֵי: כִּי מְכַבְּדַי אֲכַבֵּד.

“A man or woman...” – this is what is written: “For I will honor those who honor Me, but those who scorn Me will be dishonored” (I Samuel 2:30). Rabbi Yosei taught: Anyone who honors the Torah, his body is honored by the people, and anyone who scorns the Torah, his body is scorned by the people, as it is stated: “For I will honor those who honor Me…”
Another matter: “For I will honor those who honor Me” (I Samuel 2:30) – this is Pharaoh, who accorded honor to He who spoke and the world came into being and [who] went out at the head of his entourage, as it is stated: “And Pharaoh drew near” (Exodus 14:10). His servants said to him: Our master, all the kings go out only after their entourage. You, why are you going out at the head of your entourage? He said to them: Am I going out before flesh and blood? Behold, I am going out to receive the presence of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He. That is why the Holy One blessed be He accorded honor to him and exacted retribution against him by Himself, as it is stated: “To My mare among Pharaoh’s chariots…” (Song of Songs 1:9).⁸See Shir HaShirim Rabba 1:4. “But those who scorn Me will be dishonored” (I Samuel 2:30) – this is Sennacherib, king of Assyria, as it is stated: “By means of your messengers you blasphemed the Lord…” (II Kings 19:23). That is why the Holy One blessed be He treated him with scorn and exacted retribution against him only by means of an angel, as it is stated: “An angel of the Lord emerged and smote in the Assyrian camp…” (II Kings 19:35).
Another matter: “For [I will honor] those who honor Me” (I Samuel 2:30) – it is speaking of the proselytes. They honor the Holy One blessed be He, as they forsake their evil deeds and come and find shelter beneath the wings of the Divine Presence. The Holy One blessed be He honors them, to teach you that anyone who renders his ways upright honors the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “One who sacrifices a thanks offering honors Me; [and I will show [vesam] one who sets his path]” (Psalms 50:23),⁹The midrash reads the word vesam as vesham, meaning evaluate or measure. and it says: “Give honor to the Lord your God before it grows dark [and before your feet stumble]” (Jeremiah 13:16). “But those who scorn Me will be dishonored” (I Samuel 2:30) – these are the wicked; because they stray from following the Omnipresent, the Holy One blessed be He dishonors them. Who were those who scorned the Holy One blessed be He? These were the worshippers of the calf. What scorning did He do to them? He arranged for them that they would be stricken with leprosy and with zivut, and He sent them out of the camp, as it is stated: “And they shall send out from the camp [every leper, and every zav]” (Numbers 5:2). What honor did the Holy One blessed be He accord to the proselytes? It is that after the portion of sending out the impure, the portion of the prohibition regarding proselytes¹⁰This is the prohibition against robbing the proselyte. is written, to teach you that the Omnipresent distanced the sinners of Israel, but the Omnipresent drew near the proselytes who came in His name, as he rendered their legal status as stringent as the legal status of Israel, as anyone who robs them it is as though he robbed an Israelite. That is, “for I will honor those who honor Me.”

אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קלח, ד): יוֹדוּךָ ה' כָּל מַלְכֵי אָרֶץ כִּי שָׁמְעוּ אִמְרֵי פִיךָ, אָמַר רַבִּי פִּינְחָס שְׁנֵי דְּבָרִים שָׁמְעוּ מַלְכֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מִפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְעָמְדוּ מִכִּסְאוֹתָם וְהוֹדוּ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנָּתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַר (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, אָמְרוּ מַלְכֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם זֶה כָּמוֹנוּ אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶה מֶלֶךְ רוֹצֶה שֶׁיְהֵא אַחֵר מַכְּחִישׁ, וְכֵן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר (שמות כ, ג): לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ, אָמְרוּ, אֵי זֶה מֶלֶךְ רוֹצֶה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לוֹ שֻׁתָּף וְכֵן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר (שמות כ, ז): לֹא תִשָֹּׂא, אָמְרוּ, אֵי זֶה מֶלֶךְ רוֹצֶה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נִשְׁבָּעִים בּוֹ וּמְשַׁקְּרִים וְכֵן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר (שמות כ, ח): זָכוֹר אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת, אָמְרוּ, אֵי זֶה מֶלֶךְ רוֹצֶה שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ הַבְּרִיוֹת מְכַבְּדִים אֶת יוֹם שֶׁשָּׁבַת, אֲבָל בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר (שמות כ, יב): כַּבֵּד, אָמְרוּ בַּנִּימוֹסוֹת שֶׁלָּנוּ כָּל מִי שֶׁמַּכְתִּיב אֶת עַצְמוֹ סֶגְרוֹן לַמֶּלֶךְ, הוּא כּוֹפֵר בַּאֲבוֹתָיו, וְזֶה מַכְרִיז וְאוֹמֵר: כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ, עָמְדוּ מִכִּסְאוֹתָם וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (ויקרא ה, טז): וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר חָטָא מִן הַקֹּדֶשׁ יְשַׁלֵּם, אָמְרוּ בַּנִּימוֹסוֹת שֶׁלָּנוּ כָּל דְּאָכֵיל צִנּוֹרָא מִן קֵיסָר יָהֵב בֵּיהּ סַכִּין דְּפַדָּן, וְזֶה מַכְרִיז וְאוֹמֵר: וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר חָטָא מִן הַקֹּדֶשׁ יְשַׁלֵּם, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁהֶחְמִיר בְּהֶדְיוֹט יוֹתֵר מִגָּבוֹהַּ, שֶׁבְּגָבוֹהַּ כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, טו): נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תִמְעֹל מַעַל וגו', וּבְהֶדְיוֹט כְּתִיב (ויקרא ה, כא): נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וגו', עֲשָׂאוֹ כַּמֵּזִיד, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁבָּזֶה הִקְדִּים מְעִילָה לַחֵטְא, וּבָזֶה הִקְדִּים חֵטְא לַמְּעִילָה. וְלֹא עוֹד לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ בְּגוֹזֵל הַגֵּר כֵּן, מִי הוּא אֱלוֹהַּ כָּזֶה הָאוֹהֵב אֶת אוֹהֲבָיו וּמְקָרֵב רְחוֹקִים כַּקְּרוֹבִים הַבָּאִים לִשְׁמוֹ, עָמְדוּ מִכִּסְאוֹתָם וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. וְלֹא תֹאמַר בְּגֵרֵי הַצֶּדֶק שֶׁנִּתְגַּיְרוּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם קֵרַב הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁנִּתְגַּיְּרוּ שֶׁלֹא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, מָצִינוּ שֶׁתָּבַע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֶלְבּוֹנָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, א): וַיְהִי רָעָב בִּימֵי דָוִד וגו', מַהוּ (שמואל ב כא, א): שָׁנָה אַחֲרֵי שָׁנָה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים רְצוּפוֹת, כְּשֶׁרָאָה דָּוִד שֶׁהִתְחִיל הָרָעָב לָבוֹא בְּיָמָיו, אָמַר בַּעֲוֹן חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים הַגְּשָׁמִים אֵינָן יוֹרְדִין, בַּעֲוֹן עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, וּמְגַלֵּי עֲרָיוֹת, וְשׁוֹפְכֵי דָמִים, וּפוֹסְקֵי צְדָקָה בָּרַבִּים וְאֵינָן נוֹתְנִין, וּבַעֲוֹן שֶׁאֵינָן נוֹתְנִין מַעַשְׂרוֹתֵיהֶם כְּתִקְּנָן. בַּעֲוֹן עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יא, טז): הִשָּׁמְרוּ לָכֶם פֶּן יִפְתֶּה וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (דברים יא, יז): וְחָרָה אַף ה' בָּכֶם וגו'. בַּעֲוֹן מְגַלֵי עֲרָיוֹת מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ג, ב): וַתַּחֲנִיפִי הָאָרֶץ בִּזְנוּתַיִּךְ וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (ירמיה ג, ג): וַיִּמָּנְעוּ רְבִבִים וּמַלְקוֹשׁ וגו'. בַּעֲוֹן שׁוֹפְכֵי דָמִים מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר לה, לג): כִּי הַדָּם הוּא יַחֲנִיף אֶת הָאָרֶץ, כִּי הַדָּם הוּא יַחַן אַף עַל הָאָרֶץ. בַּעֲוֹן פּוֹסְקֵי צְדָקָה בָּרַבִּים וְאֵינָן נוֹתְנִין מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כה, יד): נְשִׂיאִים וְרוּחַ וְגֶשֶׁם אָיִן, לָמָּה (משלי כה, יד): אִישׁ מִתְהַלֵּל בְּמַתַּת שָׁקֶר. בַּעֲוֹן שֶׁאֵין נוֹתְנִין מַעְשְׂרוֹתֵיהֶן כְּתִקְּנָן מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, י): הָבִיאוּ אֶת כָּל הַמַּעֲשֵׂר אֶל בֵּית הָאוֹצָר וגו'. שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה הִתְחִיל דָּוִד לְהוֹכִיחַ דּוֹרוֹ בְּעֵת הָרֶגֶל וְאָמַר לָהֶן שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ בָּכֶם בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁהֵן עוֹבְדִים עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׁמַיִם נֶעֱצָרִים מֵהוֹרִיד טַל וּמָטָר, אֶלָּא בְּעָוֹן זֶה יָצְאוּ וּבִקְּשׁוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ. שָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה אָמַר לָהֶם שֶׁמָּא גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת יֵשׁ בָּכֶם, שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׁמַיִם נֶעֱצָרִים אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי כָּךְ, יָצְאוּ וּבִקְּשׁוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ. שָׁנָה שְׁלִישִׁית אָמַר לָהֶם שֶׁמָּא שׁוֹפְכֵי דָמִים אוֹ פּוֹסְקֵי צְדָקָה בָּרַבִּים וְאֵינָן נוֹתְנִין יֵשׁ בָּכֶם, אוֹ מוֹנְעֵי הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת יֵשׁ בָּכֶם, שֶׁאֵין הַגְּשָׁמִים נֶעֱצָרִים אֶלָּא עֲלֵיהֶם, יָצְאוּ וּבִקְּשׁוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ, מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ אָמַר דָּוִד אֵין הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי אֶלָּא בִּי, הִתְחִיל שׁוֹאֵל בָּאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, א): וַיְבַקֵּשׁ דָּוִד אֶת פְּנֵי ה', אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ שֶׁשָּׁאַל בָּאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר טַעֲמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אַתְיָא פְּנֵי פְּנֵי, כְּתִיב הָכָא: וַיְבַקֵּשׁ דָּוִד אֶת פְּנֵי ה', וּכְתִיב הָתָם (במדבר כז, כא): וְלִפְנֵי אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן יַעֲמֹד וְשָׁאַל לוֹ וגו', אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דָּוִד מֻצָּל אַתָּה אֶלָּא עַל שָׁאוּל וְעַל בֵּית הַדָּמִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, כ): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל שָׁאוּל וְאֶל בֵּית הַדָּמִים וגו', עַל שָׁאוּל, שֶׁלֹא עֲשִׂיתֶם עִמּוֹ חֶסֶד וְלֹא נִסְפַּד כַּהֲלָכָה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דָּוִד אֵינוֹ שָׁאוּל שֶׁנִּמְשַׁח בְּשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה, אֵינוֹ שָׁאוּל שֶׁבְּיָמָיו לֹא נַעֲשָׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, אֵינוֹ שָׁאוּל שֶׁחֶלְקוֹ עִם שְׁמוּאֵל הַנָּבִיא, וְאַתָּה בָּאָרֶץ וְהוּא בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, וְאֶל בֵּית הַדָּמִים עַל אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית אֶת הַגִּבְעֹנִים, וְהֵיכָן מָצִינוּ שֶׁהֵמִית גִּבְעוֹנִים, אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהָרַג נוֹב עִיר הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁהָיוּ מַסְפִּיקִין לָהֶם מַיִם וּמָזוֹן, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ הֲרָגָן. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר כְּתִיב (צפניה ב, ג): בַּקְּשׁוּ אֶת ה' כָּל עַנְוֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטוֹ פָּעָלוּ, מַהוּ אֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטוֹ פָּעָלוּ, שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּטוֹ וּפָעֳלוֹ כְּאַחַת, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תּוֹבֵעַ מִשְׁפָּטָן שֶׁל גִּבְעוֹנִים מִן שָׁאוּל וְזוֹכֵר פְּעֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל שָׁאוּל לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ שָׂכָר טוֹב, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר דָּוִד וְכִי בִּשְׁבִיל הַגֵּרִים הַלָּלוּ עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְעַמּוֹ כֵּן, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִם תַּרְחִיק אֶת הָרְחוֹקִים סוֹפְךָ לְרַחֵק אֶת הַקְּרוֹבִים, צֵא וּלְמַד מִיהוֹשֻׁעַ רַבָּךְ שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ הַגִּבְעוֹנִים (יהושע י, ו): עֲלֵה אֵלֵינוּ מְהֵרָה וְהוֹשִׁיעָה לָנוּ וְעָזְרֵנוּ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכִי בִּשְׁבִיל הַגֵּרִים הַלָּלוּ אָנוּ מַטְרִיחִים עַל הַצִּבּוּר. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אִם תַּרְחִיק אֶת הָרְחוֹקִים סוֹפְךָ לְרַחֵק אֶת הַקְּרוֹבִים, צֵא וּלְמַד מֵהֵיכָן הוּא מַטָּעֲךָ לֹא מִן הַגֵרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מו, כ): וַיִּוָּלֵד לְיוֹסֵף בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וגו', וּכְתִיב (במדבר יג, ח): לְמַטֵּה אֶפְרָיִם הוֹשֵׁעַ בִּן נוּן, מִיָּד (שמואל ב כא, ב): וַיִּקְרָא הַמֶּלֶךְ לַגִּבְעֹנִים וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם וְהַגִּבְעֹנִים וגו', מַה שֶּׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: וְהַגִּבְעֹנִים לֹא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵמָּה, וְכִי מָה עִנְיָן זֶה לָזֶה, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר הַכָּתוּב לְפִי שֶׁקָּרָא דָּוִד לַגִּבְעֹנִים וְאָמַר אֲלֵיהֶם מַה שֶּׁאָמַר וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ, לְכָךְ וְהַגִּבְעֹנִים לֹא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵמָּה, שֶׁעָמַד דָּוִד וְרִחֲקָן שֶׁלֹא יָבוֹאוּ בַּקָּהָל, וְזוֹ הִיא שֶׁשָּׁנִינוּ (גמרא יבמות עט-א): שֶׁנְּתִינִים אֲסוּרִים לָבוֹא בַּקָּהָל, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר דָּוִד שָׁלשׁ מַתָּנוֹת נָתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, רַחֲמָנִין וּבַיְשָׁנִין וְגוֹמְלֵי חֲסָדִים. רַחֲמָנִין, דִּכְתִיב (דברים יג, יח): וְנָתַן לְךָ רַחֲמִים וְרִחַמְךָ וְהִרְבֶּךָ. בַּיְשָׁנִים, דִּכְתִיב (שמות כ, יז): וּבַעֲבוּר תִּהְיֶה יִרְאָתוֹ עַל פְּנֵיכֶם לְבִלְתִּי תֶחֱטָאוּ, זֶה סִימָן לַבַּיְשָׁן שֶׁאֵינוֹ חוֹטֵא, וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בּשֶׁת פָּנִים דָּבָר בָּרִי שֶׁלֹא עָמְדוּ אֲבוֹתָיו עַל הַר סִינַי וגו'. גּוֹמְלֵי חֲסָדִים מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית יח, יט): לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה אֶת בָּנָיו וְאֶת בֵּיתוֹ וגו', וּכְתִיב (דברים ז, יב): וְשָׁמַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְךָ אֶת הַבְּרִית וְאֶת הַחֶסֶד, וְאֵלּוּ אֵין בָּהֶם אֶחָד מֵאֵלֶּה, מִיָּד עָמַד וְרִחֲקָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְהַגִּבְעוֹנִים לֹא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵמָּה, אֵין רְאוּיִן אֵלֶּה לְהִתְעָרֵב עִמָּהֶם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגֵּרִים הֵם לֹא עָמְדוּ אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם עַל הַר סִינַי, כִּי עַל שֵׁם כְּנַעֲנִים מִתְחַשְּׁבִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, ב): כִּי אִם מִיֶּתֶר הָאֱמֹרִי. מַה כְּתִיב בָּהֶם (דברים ז, ג): וְלֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם וגו', אַף אֵלּוּ כְּמוֹתָן אֵינָן רְאוּיִן לִדָּבֵק בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (יהושע ט, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל הַחִוִּי וגו', וְכָאן קָרֵי לֵיהּ אֱמוֹרִי, אֶלָּא מִן הָאֱמוֹרִי הָיוּ וְלָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתָן חִוִּי, עַל שֶׁעָשׂוּ מַעֲשֵׂה חִוִּי, מַעֲשֵׂה נָחָשׁ. הַנָּחָשׁ אָמַר יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית ב, יז): כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכָלְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ מוֹת תָּמוּת, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי הוֹלֵךְ וּמְרַמֶּה בָּהֶם וְהֵם אוֹכְלִין וְנֶעֱנָשִׁים וַאֲנִי יוֹרֵשׁ אֶת הָאָרֶץ לְעַצְמִי, כָּךְ עָשׂוּ הַגִּבְעוֹנִים, אָמְרוּ יוֹדְעִים אָנוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (דברים כ, יז): כִּי הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִימֵם הַחִתִּי וְהָאֱמֹרִי וגו' (דברים ז, ב): לֹא תִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית וגו', אֶלָּא הֲרֵי אָנוּ הוֹלְכִין וּמְרַמִּין בָּהֶם וְהֵם כּוֹרְתִים אִתָּנוּ בְּרִית, מַה נַּפְשָׁךְ, יַהַרְגוּ אוֹתָנוּ יַעַבְרוּ עַל הַשְּׁבוּעָה, יְקַיְּמוּ אוֹתָנוּ עוֹבְרִים עַל הַגְּזֵרָה, בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ נֶעֱנָשִׁים וְאָנוּ יוֹרְשִׁין אֶת הָאָרֶץ לְעַצְמֵנוּ, לְפִיכָךְ כְּשֶׁרָאָה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ כֵּן, אָמַר לָהֶם (יהושע ט, כב): לָמָּה רִמִּיתֶם אֹתָנוּ וגו', אָמַר לָהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַתֶּם עֲשִׂיתֶם מַעֲשֵׂה נָחָשׁ לְפִיכָךְ תִּטְלּוּ שְׂכָרוֹ שֶׁל נָחָשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אֵרֲרָן כְּנָחָשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (יהושע ט, כג): וְעַתָּה אֲרוּרִים אַתֶּם, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּנָּחָשׁ (בראשית ג, יד): אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל הַבְּהֵמָה, מַהוּ (שמואל ב כא, ב): וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נִשְׁבְּעוּ לָהֶם, אָמַר דָּוִד בְּעֵת שֶׁבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נִשְׁבְּעוּ לָהֶם תָּלוּ הַדָּבָר בִּי, שֶׁאִם אֶחְפֹּץ לְרַחֲקָן וּלְקָרְבָן הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדִי, הֲרֵינִי מְרַחֲקָן. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁתָּלוּ הַדָּבָר בְּדָוִד, דִּכְתִיב (יהושע ט, כז): וַיִּתְּנֵם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא חֹטְבֵי עֵצִים וְשֹׁאֲבֵי מַיִם וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אַחַר שֶׁאָמַר (יהושע ט, כז): לָעֵדָה וּלְמִזְבַּח ה', מַה צֹּרֶךְ לוֹמַר (יהושע ט, כז): אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחָר, אֶלָּא תְּלָאוֹ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּדָוִד, אָמַר אֲנִי אֵינִי לֹא מְקָרְבָן וְלֹא מְרַחֲקָן, אֶלָּא מִי שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה, אִם רָאֲתָה דַּעְתּוֹ לְקָרֵב יְקָרֵב, לְרַחֵק יְרַחֵק, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּא דָּוִד וְרָאָה שֶׁהָיוּ אַכְזָרִים רִחֲקָן, אַף עֶזְרָא רִחֲקָן, דִּכְתִיב (נחמיה יא, כא): וְהַנְּתִינִים ישְׁבִים בָּעֹפֶל וגו'. אַף לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְרַחֲקָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל מח, יט): וְהָעֹבֵד הָעִיר יַעַבְדוּהוּ מִכֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, יְאַבְּדוּהוּ מִכֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, (שמואל ב כא, ב): וַיְבַקֵּשׁ שָׁאוּל לְהַכֹּתָם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא הִכָּם נִתְאַכְזְרוּ עָלָיו, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁלֹא עַל חִנָּם רִחֲקָן דָּוִד (שמואל ב כא, ב): בְּקַנֹּאתוֹ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא כָּעַס עֲלֵיהֶם שָׁאוּל אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל קִנְאָה שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה וְלֹא עָשָׂה בִּשְׁבִיל שִׂנְאָה שֶׁהָיָה שׂוֹנְאָם, וְלֹא רִחֲמוּ עַל בָּנָיו. מַה הִיא הַקִּנְאָה, שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ מְגַלִּים לוֹ הֵיכָן דָּוִד מִתְחַבֵּא, מִיָּד שָׁלַח דָּוִד וְקָרָא לָהֶם מַה לָּכֶם וּלְבֵית שָׁאוּל, אֲמַרוּן לֵיהּ עַל שֶׁפָּסַק מְזוֹנֵנוּ וְעַל שֶׁהֵמִית מִמֶּנּוּ שִׁבְעָה אֲנָשִׁים, שְׁנֵי חוֹטְבֵי עֵצִים, וּשְׁנֵי שׁוֹאֲבֵי מַיִם, וְחַזָּן, וְסוֹפֵר, וְשַׁמָּשׁ. אֲמַר לוֹן וּמָה אַתּוּן בָּעֲיִן כַּדּוּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, ג): וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד אֶל הַגִּבְעֹנִים מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לָכֶם וּבַמָּה אֲכַפֵּר וּבָרְכוּ אֶת נַחֲלַת ה', אָמַר לָהֶם מָה הֲנָיָה לֶהֱוֵי לְכוֹן אִם תִּקְטְלוּן מִן בֵּית שָׁאוּל נַפְשָׁא, אֶלָּא אִמְרוּ לִי מַה תַּקָנָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לָכֶם שֶׁאַתֶּם מִתְפַּיְסִין וְכַמָּה כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב אֶתֵּן לָכֶם כֹּפֶר נַפְשְׁכֶם, וּבַמָּה אֲכַפֵּר, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כא, ל): אִם כֹּפֶר יוּשַׁת עָלָיו וְנָתַן פִּדְיֹן נַפְשׁוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּפְסֹק הָרָעָב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וּבָרְכוּ אֶת נַחֲלַת ה', וּכְמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית מז, ז): וַיְבָרֶךְ יַעֲקֹב אֶת פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁבֵּרֲכוֹ שֶׁיִּכְלֶה הָרָעָב. (שמואל ב כא, ד): וַיֹּאמְרוּ לוֹ הַגִּבְעֹנִים אֵין לָנוּ כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב עִם שָׁאוּל וְעִם בֵּיתוֹ, לִי כְתִיב לָנוּ קְרִי, לָמָּה כֵן, אָמַר לָהֶם דָּוִד, מָה הֲנָיָה לְכוֹן דְּאִנּוּן מִתְקַטְלִין, סְבוּ לְכוֹן כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב. אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֵין אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב עִם שָׁאוּל וְעִם בְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ, לֹא הָיָה לָנוּ חַיָּב מָמוֹן שֶׁמָּמוֹן נִטֹּל מִמֶּנּוּ, אֶלָּא נְפָשׁוֹת חַיָּב לָנוּ, וּנְפָשׁוֹת אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין. אָמַר דָּוִד דִּלְמָא דְּאִנּוּן בָּהֲתִין פַּלְגוֹן מִן פַּלְגוֹן, נְסַב כָּל חַד וְחַד מִנְּהוֹן וַהֲוָה מְפַיֵּס לֵיהּ, קֳבֵל גַּרְמֵיהּ, וְהוּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה הֲנָיָה לָךְ וְאִינוּן מִתְקַטְּלִין סַב לָךְ מָמוֹן, וְהוּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֵין לִי כֶסֶף וְזָהָב עִם שָׁאוּל וְעִם בֵּיתוֹ, וְאֵין לָנוּ לַחֲזֹר עַל אֲחֵרִים אֶלָּא עָלָיו, שֶׁעֲבָדָיו לֹא רָצוּ לִשְׁלוֹחַ יָד בַּכֹּהֲנִים וְלֹא בָּנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א כב, יז): וְלֹא אָבוּ עַבְדֵּי הַמֶּלֶךְ לִשְׁלוֹחַ אֶת יָדָם לִפְגֹּעַ בְּכֹהֲנֵי ה', הֱוֵי (שמואל ב כא, ד): וְאֵין לָנוּ אִישׁ לְהָמִית בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה דָּוִד שֶׁלֹא קִבְּלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ, אָמַר לָהֶם מָה אַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לָכֶם, אִם נְפָשׁוֹת אַתֶּם מְבַקְּשִׁים אֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, ד): וַיֹּאמֶר מָה אַתֶּם אֹמְרִים אֶעֱשֶׂה לָכֶם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם דָּוִד כֵּן, אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֵין אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁים לִפְרֹעַ לוֹ כְּכָל מִדָּתוֹ, הוּא כִּלָּנוּ וְחָשַׁב לְהַשְׁמִידֵנוּ שֶׁלֹא יִהְיֶה לָנוּ עֲמִידָה בְּכָל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֵין אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין מִכָּל בָּנָיו אֶלָּא שִׁבְעָה, כְּנֶגֶד הַשִּׁבְעָה אֲשֶׁר הֲרָגָם מִמֶּנּוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, ה): וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר כִּלָּנוּ וַאֲשֶׁר דִּמָּה לָנוּ וגו', אֲשֶׁר כִּלָּנוּ שֶׁבַע אוֹתִיּוֹת הֵן, כְּנֶגֶד שֶׁבַע נְפָשׁוֹת שֶׁהָרַג מֵהֶם, לְפִיכָךְ (שמואל ב כא, ו): יֻתַּן לָנוּ שִׁבְעָה אֲנָשִׁים מִבָּנָיו וְהוֹקַעֲנוּם לַה' בְּגִבְעַת שָׁאוּל בְּחִיר ה' וגו', כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְאוּ כָּל הָעוֹלָם וְיִתְיָרְאוּ וְלֹא יוֹסִיפוּ עוֹד לְהָרַע לַגֵּרִים, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב לַה', שֶׁהוּא צִוָּה לְהֵיטִיב לַגֵּרִים, וְהוּא הֵרַע לָהֶם, לָמָּה בְּגִבְעַת שָׁאוּל, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ אִם לַמֶּלֶךְ לֹא נָשָׂא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא פָּנִים קַל וָחֹמֶר לָהֶדְיוֹטִים. בְּחִיר ה', אֶתְמְהָה, הֵם מְקַטְרְגִים עָלָיו, וְקָרְיִין לֵיהּ בְּחִיר ה'. אֶלָּא הֵם אָמְרוּ: בְּגִבְעַת שָׁאוּל, יָצְתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה: בְּחִיר ה'. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה דָּוִד צָרָתוֹ צָרָה, הִתְחִיל אוֹמֵר לָהֶם אֲנִי אֶתֵּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, ו): וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲנִי אֶתֵּן, (שמואל ב כא, ז): וַיַּחְמֹל הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל מְפִיבשֶׁת בֶּן יְהוֹנָתָן וגו', עַל שֶׁהָיָה אָדָם גָּדוֹל בַּתּוֹרָה נָתַן דָּוִד עֵינָיו בּוֹ לְהַצִּילוֹ מִיָּדָם, אָמַר דָּוִד הֲרֵינִי מַעֲבִירָן לִפְנֵי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְכָל מִי שֶׁהַמִּזְבֵּחַ קוֹלְטוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא שֶׁלּוֹ, וְהֶעֱבִירָן לִפְנֵי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְנִתְפַּלֵּל עָלָיו וְהָלַךְ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וּקְלָטוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים נז, ג): אֶקְרָא לֵאלֹהִים עֶלְיוֹן לָאֵל גֹּמֵר עָלָי, שֶׁהִסְכִּים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִם דָּוִד. (שמואל ב כא, ח): וַיִּקַּח הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי רִצְפָּה בַת אַיָּה אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה לְשָׁאוּל וגו', וְהָכְתִיב (שמואל ב ו, כג): וּלְמִיכַל בַּת שָׁאוּל לֹא הָיָה לָהּ יָלֶד עַד יוֹם מוֹתָהּ, וּמֵרַב הֵיכָן הִיא, אֱמֹר מֵעַתָּה בְּנֵי מֵרַב הָיוּ וְגִדְּלָתַם מִיכַל וְנִקְרְאוּ עַל שְׁמָהּ. (שמואל ב כא, ט): וַיִּתְּנֵם בְּיַד הַגִּבְעֹנִים וַיֹּקִיעֻם בָּהָר לִפְנֵי ה' וַיִּפְּלוּ שְׁבַעְתָּם יָחַד, שְׁבַעְתָּם כְּתִיב חָסֵר יו"ד, זֶה מְפִיבשֶׁת בֶּן יוֹנָתָן שֶׁנִּצַּל, שֶׁהָיָה חָסֵר מִן הַשִּׁבְעָה. (שמואל ב כא, ט): וְהֵמָּה הֻמְתוּ בִּימֵי קָצִיר בָּרִאשֹׁנִים בִּתְחִלַּת קְצִיר שְׂעֹרִים, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוּמְתוּ בְּשִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר בְּנִיסָן, יוֹם שֶׁהָיוּ מַקְרִיבִים אֶת הָעוֹמֶר. (שמואל ב כא, י): וַתִּקַּח רִצְפָּה בַת אַיָּה אֶת הַשַֹּׂק וַתַּטֵּהוּ לָהּ אֶל הַצּוּר, מַהוּ אֶל הַצּוּר, אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא שֶׁהָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת (דברים לב, ד): הַצּוּר תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ. (שמואל ב כא, י): מִתְּחִלַּת קָצִיר עַד נִתַּךְ מַיִם עֲלֵיהֶם מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם, רַבִּי אַחָא בַּר זְבִינָא אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא גָּדוֹל הוּא קִדּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם מֵחִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם, בְּחִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם כְּתִיב (דברים כא, כג): לֹא תָלִין נִבְלָתוֹ עַל הָעֵץ, וּבְקִדּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם כְּתִיב: מִתְּחִלַת קָצִיר עַד נִתַּךְ מַיִם עֲלֵיהֶם מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁעָמְדוּ תְּלוּיִם מִשִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר בְּנִיסָן עַד שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּמַרְחֶשְׁוָן. וְהָכְתִיב (דברים כד, טז): לֹא יוּמְתוּ אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים, וּבָנִים מֵתוּ בַּעֲוֹן אֲבִיהֶם, אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מוּטָב שֶׁתֵּעָקֵר אוֹת אַחַת מִן הַתּוֹרָה וְאַל יִתְחַלֵּל שֵׁם שָׁמַיִם בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא, וְהָיוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אוֹמְרִים תּוֹרָתָן שֶׁל אֵלּוּ פְּלַסְטוֹן הִיא, כָּתוּב בְּתוֹרָתָן: לֹא תָלִין נִבְלָתוֹ, וְאֵלּוּ תְּלוּיִם שִׁבְעָה חֳדָשִׁים. כָּתוּב בְּתוֹרָתָן אֵין דָּנִים שְׁנַיִם בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, וְאֵלוּ שְׁבַעְתָּם יָחַד. כָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה: לֹא יוּמְתוּ אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים, וְאֵלּוּ מֵתִים בַּעֲוֹן אֲבוֹתָם. וְהָיוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים עֲלֵיהֶם מֶה חָטְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּנֵּית מִדַּת הַדִּין, וְהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמְרִים לָהֶם אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל אֵלּוּ פָּשְׁטוּ יְדֵיהֶם בְּגֵרִים גְּרוּרִים, אָמְרוּ לָהֶם וְכִי מַה טִּיבָן, אָמְרוּ לָהֶם אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁנִּתְגַּיְּרוּ בִּימֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם וְכִי בִּשְׁבִיל הַגֵּרִים הַגְּרוּרִים הָאֲרוּרִים הַלָּלוּ עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְעַמּוֹ כֵן, מַה בִּבְנֵי מְלָכִים כֵּן בְּהֶדְיוֹטוֹת עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, מָה אִם אֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹא נִתְגַּיְּרוּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם רְאוּ הֵיאַךְ תָּבַע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת דָּמָן, הַמִּתְגַּיֵּר לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, וַדַּאי אֵין אֱלוֹהַּ כֵּאלֹהֵיהֶם וְאֵין אֻמָּה כְּאֻמָּתָם, וְאֵין לָנוּ לִדָּבֵק אֶלָּא בְּאֻמָּה זוֹ שֶׁאֱלֹהֶיהָ גָּדוֹל מִכָּל אֱלֹהִים. מִיָּד נִתְגַּיְּרוּ הַרְבֵּה גֵרִים מֵאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה מֵאָה וַחֲמִשִּׁים אֶלֶף, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב ב, טז): וַיִסְפֹּר שְׁלֹמֹה כָּל הָאֲנָשִׁים הַגֵּירִים אֲשֶׁר בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרֵי הַסְּפָר אֲשֶׁר סְפָרָם דָּוִיד אָבִיו וַיִּמָּצְאוּ מֵאָה וַחֲמִשִּׁים אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת. מֵהֶם עָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה שִׁבְעִים אֶלֶף נוֹשֵׂא סַבָּל, וּשְׁמוֹנִים אֶלֶף חוֹצֵב בָּהָר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב ב, א): וַיִּסְפֹּר שְׁלֹמֹה שִׁבְעִים אֶלֶף אִישׁ סַבָּל וגו'. וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הוּא מְקָרֵב אֶת הָרְחוֹקִים, וְסָמַךְ לָרְחוֹקִים כַּקְּרוֹבִים, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּקְדִּים שָׁלוֹם לָרְחוֹקִים מִן הַקְּרוֹבִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נז, יט): שָׁלוֹם שָׁלוֹם לָרָחוֹק וְלַקָּרוֹב, הֱוֵי: עַד נִתַּךְ מַיִם עֲלֵיהֶם מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם. מַהוּ (שמואל ב כא, י): וְלֹא נָתְנָה עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם לָנוּחַ עֲלֵיהֶם, בּוֹא וּרְאֵה הַחֶסֶד שֶׁעָשְׂתָה רִצְפָּה בַת אַיָּה עִמָּהֶם, שֶׁהָיְתָה שׁוֹמַרְתָּם בַּיּוֹם מֵעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּבַלַּיְלָה מֵחַיַּת הַשָֹּׂדֶה שִׁבְעָה חֳדָשִׁים, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדָוִד עַל שָׁאוּל שֶׁלֹא נִסְפַּד כַּהֲלָכָה וְהוּא נִקְבַּר בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, הָיָה דָּוִד מִתְעַצֵּל בְּהֶסְפֵּדוֹ, שֶׁאָמַר שָׁאוּל כְּבָר עָבְרוּ עָלָיו תְּרֵיסַר יַרְחֵי שַׁתָּא וְלָא אָרְחֵיהּ לְאַסְפּוּדֵיהּ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּידוּ לוֹ מַעֲשִׂים שֶׁל רִצְפָּה בַת אַיָּה, נָשָׂא קַל וָחֹמֶר בְּעַצְמוֹ, וְאָמַר: מַה זּוֹ שֶׁהִיא אִשָּׁה כָּךְ עָשְׂתָה לִגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, אֲנִי שֶׁאֲנִי מֶלֶךְ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, מִיָּד הָלַךְ לִגְמֹל חֶסֶד עִמָּהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, יא): וַיֻּגַּד לְדָוִד אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשְׂתָה וגו', (שמואל ב כא, יב יג): וַיֵּלֶךְ דָּוִד וַיִּקַּח אֶת עַצְמוֹת שָׁאוּל וגו' וַיַּעַל מִשָּׁם אֶת עַצְמוֹת שָׁאוּל וגו'. מֶה עָשָׂה דָּוִד, עָמַד וְכִנֵּס כָּל זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּגְדוֹלֵיהֶם, וְעָבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן וּבָאוּ לְיָבֵישׁ גִּלְעָד, וּמָצְאוּ אֶת עַצְמוֹת שָׁאוּל וִיהוֹנָתָן בְּנוֹ וְנָתְנוּ אוֹתָם בְּתוֹךְ אֲרוֹן הַמֵּת וְעָבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כא, יד): וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֶת עַצְמוֹת שָׁאוּל וִיהוֹנָתָן בְּנוֹ וגו', מַהוּ (שמואל ב כא, יד): בְּצֵלָע בְּקֶבֶר קִישׁ אָבִיו, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֱבִיאוּהוּ לִגְבוּל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וּקְבָרוּהוּ שָׁם, וְצֵלָע הִיא בְּצַד יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע יח, כח): וְצֵלַע הָאֶלֶף וְהַיְבוּסִי הִיא יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וגו'. (שמואל ב כא, יד): וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ, וּמַה צִּוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ, צִוָּה לִהְיוֹת מַעֲבִירִים אֲרוֹנוֹ שֶׁל שָׁאוּל בְּכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט וְהָיָה הַשֵּׁבֶט שֶׁהָיָה נִכְנַס בּוֹ אֲרוֹנוֹ שֶׁל שָׁאוּל יוֹצְאִים הֵם וּנְשֵׁיהֶם וּבְנֵיהֶם וּבְנוֹתֵיהֶם וְגוֹמְלִים חֶסֶד עִם שָׁאוּל וּבָנָיו, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּצְאוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן בִּגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ לְאֶרֶץ אֲחֻזָּתוֹ לִגְבוּל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁגָּמְלוּ לוֹ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל חֶסֶד וְעָשׂוּ דִּינָם שֶׁל גִּבְעוֹנִים, מִיָּד נִתְמַלֵּא רַחֲמִים וְנָתַן מָטָר עַל הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כא, יד): וַיֵּעָתֵר אֱלֹהִים לָאָרֶץ אַחֲרֵי כֵן, הָא לָמַדְנוּ כַּמָּה קֵרַב הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הָרְחוֹקִים, אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁנִּתְגַּיְּרוּ שֶׁלֹא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר עַל גֵּרֵי הַצֶּדֶק, הֱוֵי: יוֹדוּךָ ה' כָּל מַלְכֵי אָרֶץ וגו'.

“A man or woman...” – this is what is written: “All the kings of the earth will praise You [yodukha], Lord, as they heard the words of Your mouth” (Psalms 138:4). Rabbi Pinḥas said: The kings of the nations of the world heard three matters from the Holy One blessed be He, and they stood from their thrones and praised [vehodu]. When the Holy One blessed be He gave the Torah to Israel and said: “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2), the kings of the nations of the world said: He is saying as we would. What king would want another to reject him? Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He, when He said: “You shall have no [other gods]” (Exodus 20:3), they said: What king would want to have a partner? Likewise, when He said: “You shall not take [the name of the Lord your God in vain]” (Exodus 20:7), they said: What king would want people taking oaths in his name and lying? Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He, when He said: “Remember the Shabbat day” (Exodus 20:8), they said: What king would want people not to honor the day that he rested? But when He said: “Honor [your father and your mother]” (Exodus 20:12), they said: According to our protocols, anyone who registers himself to be subservient to the king, he renounces his parents; but this One declares and says: “Honor your father and your mother”? They arose from their thrones and praised him.¹¹All the more so they praised him regarding the prohibitions against murder, adultery, stealing, bearing false testimony, and coveting.
When the Holy One blessed be He said: “For what he misappropriated from the sacred he shall pay” (Leviticus 5:16), they said: According to our protocols, anyone who misappropriates a spinning hook from the emperor must give him the blade of a plow,¹²He is punished much more severely than a person who stole from a commoner, whereas the punishment for one who steals from the sacred (Leviticus 5:16) and one who steals from a commoner (Leviticus 5:24) is the same. but this One declares and says: “For what he misappropriated from the sacred he shall pay”? Moreover, He was more stringent regarding [sins against] with the commoner than He was regarding [sins against] the Most High, as regarding the Most High it is written: “A person who will commit a trespass, [and sins unwittingly]…” (Leviticus 5:15), and regarding a commoner it is written: “A person who shall sin, [and commit a trespass against the Lord]” (Leviticus 5:21); the Torah renders it as though it were intentional.¹³Although in both cases, one incurs liability to bring an offering only if the act was unwitting, regarding the trespass against the commoner, the word unwitting is not mentioned. Moreover, regarding this one, it precedes trespass to sin, while regarding that one, it precedes sin to trespass. This is true not only regarding an Israelite, but it is so even regarding one who robs a proselyte. Who is a God like this who loves those who love Him, and draws near the distant like those who come near in His name? They stood from their thrones and praised him.
Do not say it is only righteous proselytes who converted for the sake of Heaven that the Holy One blessed be He draws near; but even those who converted not for the sake of Heaven, the Holy One blessed be He demands an accounting for the affront to them. That is what is written: “There was a famine in the days of David [for three years, year after year, and David entreated of the Lord. The Lord said: For Saul, and for the bloody house, in that he put the Givonites to death]” (II Samuel 21:1). What is “year after year”? It teaches that they were three consecutive years. When David saw that the famine began to come in his days, he said: Due to the iniquity of five matters rain does not fall: It is due to the iniquity of idolaters, of engagers in illicit relations, of shedders of blood, of pledgers of charity in public who do not give, and due to the iniquity of those who do not distribute their tithes properly.
Due to the iniquity of idolaters, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “Beware, lest your heart be seduced [and you stray and serve other gods]” (Deuteronomy 11:16), and it says: “The wrath of the Lord will be enflamed against you, [and He will restrain the heavens and there will be no rain]” (Deuteronomy 11:17).
Due to the iniquity of engagers in illicit relations, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “You defiled the land with your licentiousness…” (Jeremiah 3:2), and it says: “Raindrops were withheld and [there was no] late rain” (Jeremiah 3:3).
Due to the iniquity of shedders of blood, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “For blood defiles [yaḥanif] the land” (Numbers 35:33); blood will cause wrath to settle [yiḥan af] upon the land.¹⁴From the previous derivation, the result of wrath is: ”And He will restrain the heavens and there will be no rain.”
Due to the iniquity of pledgers of charity in public who do not give, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “Clouds and wind but no rain” (Proverbs 25:14). Why? [Because of] “a man who glories in a false gift” (Proverbs 25:14).
Due to the iniquity of those who do not distribute their tithes properly, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “Bring all the tithe to the storehouse…[test Me now with this…if I will not open for you the windows of heaven and pour out an endless blessing for you]” (Malachi 3:10).
During the first year, David began admonishing his generation during the pilgrimage festival, and he said to them: Are there, perhaps, people among you who are idolaters, as the heavens are restrained from having rain fall only due to that iniquity? They went out and sought, but did not find. The second year, he said to them: Are there, perhaps, illicit sexual relations among you, as the heavens are restrained only due to that? They went out and sought, but did not find. The third year, he said to them: Are there, perhaps, shedders of blood, pledgers of charity in public who do not give, or withholders of tithes among you, as the heavens are restrained only due to them? They went out and sought, but did not find.
From then on, David said: The matter is dependent solely upon me. He began consulting the Urim and the Tumim. That is what is written: “David entreated of the Lord” (II Samuel 21:1). Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: That [indicates] he consulted the Urim and the Tumim. Rabbi Elazar said that the source of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish is that he derives a verbal analogy: penei, penei. Here it is written: “David entreated of the Lord [penei Hashem],” and there it is written: “Before [velifnei] Elazar the priest he shall stand, and he will inquire for him [regarding the judgment of the Urim before the Lord]” (Numbers 27:21).
The Holy One blessed be He said to him: David, you are protected from sin; rather, it is due to Saul and the bloody house. That is what is written: “The Lord said: For Saul, and for the bloody house, [in that he put the Givonites to death]” (II Samuel 21:1). “For Saul” – because you did not perform kindness with him and he was not eulogized properly. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: David, is he not Saul who was anointed with the anointing oil? Is he not Saul, who, during his reign, no idol worship was performed in Israel? Is he not Saul, whose portion is with Samuel the prophet, and you are in the land [of Israel] and he is outside the land?¹⁵He is buried in Yavesh Gilad, which is located east of the Jordan River.
“And for the bloody house in that he put the Givonites to death” (II Samuel 21:1) – Where do we find that he put the Givonites to death? Rather, due to the fact that he killed [the residents] of Nov, the city of priests, to whom they would supply water and food, the verse ascribes to him as though he put them to death.¹⁶The Givonites would earn their livelihood by supplying food and water to Nov. Rabbi Elazar said: It is written: “Seek the Lord, all you humble of the earth, who have performed his judgment” (Zephaniah 2:3). What is “who performed his judgment”? It is that he implements His judgment and His reward for performance simultaneously. You find the Holy One blessed be He demanding justice for the Givonites from Saul, and remembering Saul’s deeds in order to pay him a good reward.
At that moment, David said: Is it on behalf of these proselytes that the Holy One blessed be He did so to His people? The Holy One blessed be He said to him: If you distance the distant, ultimately, you will distance those who are near. Come and learn from your master Joshua, who, when the Givonites said: “Come up to us quickly, and save us and help us” (Joshua 10:6), Joshua said: Will we burden the community on behalf of these proselytes? The Holy One blessed be He said to Joshua: If you distance the distant, ultimately, you will distance those who are near. Go out and learn from where are your origins? Are they not from strangers, as it is stated: “To Joseph in the land of Egypt were born…[Manasseh and Ephraim]” (Genesis 46:20), and it is written: “For the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea¹⁷Hoshea is Joshua (Numbers 13:16). son of Nun (Numbers 13:8)?
Immediately, “the king summoned the Givonites and spoke with them. The Givonites [were not of the children of Israel…and the children of Israel had taken an oath to them]” (II Samuel 21:2). “The Givonites were not of the children of Israel” – how is this matter relevant here? Rather, this is what the verse is saying: Because David summoned the Givonites and spoke with them, but they did not accept it¹⁸His offer of compensation. from him, that is why “the Givonites were not of the children of Israel,” as David arose and distanced them that they may not marry with the congregation [of Israel]. That is what we learned: The netinim¹⁹This is a reference to the Givonites, based on the verse: “Joshua rendered them [vayitnem] that day hewers of wood and drawers of water” (Joshua 9:27). may not enter the congregation.²⁰See Mishna Yevamot (78:2). At that moment, David said: The Holy One blessed be He gave three gifts to Israel: Being merciful, self-effacing, and performers of acts of kindness. Merciful, as it is stated: “He will give you mercy, and He will be merciful to you, and He will increase you” (Deuteronomy 13:18). Self-effacing, as it is written: “So that His fear will be on your faces, so that you will not sin” (Exodus 20:17) – this is a sign for the self-effacing that they do not sin. Anyone who does not have the quality of self-effacement, it is a certainty that his ancestors did not stand at Mount Sinai. Performers of acts of kindness, as it is stated: “So that he shall command his children and his household [after him…to perform righteousness and justice]” (Genesis 18:19), and it is written: “The Lord your God will maintain for you the covenant and the kindness” (Deuteronomy 7:12). And these have none of these qualities in them. Immediately, he arose and distanced them. That is what is written: “The Givonites were not of the children of Israel” – they are not worthy to become intermingled with them. Even though they are proselytes, their ancestors did not stand at Mount Sinai, because they are considered to be of the Canaanites. That is what is written: “But rather from the remnant of the Emorites” (II Samuel 21:2). What is written in their regard? “You shall not marry them” (Deuteronomy 7:3). These too, like them, are not worthy to cleave to Israel.
One verse says: “The men of Israel said to the Hivites…” (Joshua 9:7), but here, it calls them Emorites. Rather, they were from the Emorites. Why, then, does it call them Hivite? It is because they performed the act of the serpent.²¹Serpent is ḥivya in Aramaic. The serpent said: I know that the Holy One blessed be He said to you: “As on the day that you eat of it you will die” (Genesis 2:17). Rather, I will go and deceive them. They will eat and be punished, and I will inherit the earth for myself. The Givonites did the same. They said: We know that the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: “Rather, you shall destroy them, the Hittites, the Emorites…” (Deuteronomy 20:17), “You shall not make a covenant with them…” (Deuteronomy 7:2). Rather, we will go and deceive them, and they will make a covenant with us. Perforce, either they will put us to death and will violate the oath or they will sustain us and will violate the decree. In any case they will be punished, and we will inherit the land for ourselves. Therefore, when Joshua saw that this was so, he said to them: “Why did you deceive us…?” (Joshua 9:23). Joshua said to them: You performed the act of the serpent; therefore, you will receive the retribution of the serpent. Rabbi Elazar said: He cursed them like the serpent, as it is written: “Now, you are accursed” (Joshua 9:23), just as it is written regarding the serpent: “You are more accursed than all the animals” (Genesis 3:14).
What is, “the children of Israel took an oath to them” (II Samuel 21:2)? David said: When the children of Israel took an oath to them, they left the matter dependent upon me, so that if I wish to distance them or to draw them near, I have license to do so. I am distancing them. From where is it derived that they left the matter dependent upon David? It is written: “Joshua rendered them that day hewers of wood and drawers of water [for the congregation and for the altar of the Lord to this day, in the place that He would choose]” (Joshua 9:27). Rabbi Ami said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: After it said: “For the congregation and for the altar of the Lord,” what need was there to say: “In the place that He would choose [yivḥar]”? Rather, Joshua left it dependent upon David. He said: I will neither draw them near nor distance them. Rather, the one who is destined to build the Temple [beit habeḥira], if he arrives at the decision to draw them near, he will draw them near; to distance them, he will distance them. When David came and saw that they were cruel, he distanced them. Ezra, too, distanced them, as it is written: “The netinim lived in the Ofel…” (Nehemiah 11:21).²²They were distinct from the rest of Israel. In the future, too, the Holy One blessed be He will distance them, as it is stated: “Those who labor in the city,²³The midrash is explaining that “those who labor in the city” refers to the Givonites, who were drawers of water and hewers of wood for the altar in Jerusalem. will till it [yaavduhu], from all the tribes of Israel.” (Ezekiel 48:19) – they will be eradicated [ye’abeduhu] from all the tribes of Israel.
“Saul sought to smite them” (II Samuel 21:2) – even though he did not smite them, they acted cruelly toward him. This is to teach you that David did not distance them for naught. “In his zeal on behalf of the children of Israel and Judah” (II Samuel 21:2) – even though Saul became angry at them only due to the zeal that he had on behalf of Israel and Judah, and he did so not due to hatred that he hated them. Nevertheless, they did not have mercy on his offspring. What is that zeal? It is due to the fact that they did not reveal to him where David was hiding.
Immediately, David sent and summoned them: What is with you and the house of Saul? They said to him: It is because he put an end to our livelihood, and he put seven of our people to death; two hewers of wood, two drawers of water, an official, a scribe, and an attendant. He said to them: What do you seek now? That is what is written: “David said to the Givonites: “What shall I do for you? With what shall I atone, so that you will bless the inheritance of the Lord” (II Samuel 21:3)? He said to them: What benefit will there be for you if you kill a person from the house of Saul? Rather, tell me with what remedy shall I provide you so you will be placated? How much silver and gold shall I give you as ransom for your lives? “With what shall I atone [akhaper],” just as it says: “When ransom [kofer] is imposed upon him, he shall give redemption of his life” (Exodus 21:30), so that the famine will cease? That is what is written: “So that you will bless the inheritance of the Lord”; just as it says: “Jacob blessed Pharaoh” (Genesis 47:7), he blessed him that the famine would cease.
“The Givonites said to him: We have [lanu] no silver or gold with Saul or with his house” (II Samuel 21:4) – li is written, but it is read lanu.²⁴Li means “I have,” whereas lanu means “we have.” Why is it so? David said to them: ‘What benefit would there be for you in their being killed? Take silver and gold for yourselves.’ They said to him: ‘We do not seek silver and gold from Saul and from his house. He did not owe us any money so that we should take money from him, but rather, he owes us lives and we seek lives.’ David said: Perhaps this half of them is intimidated by the other half. He took each one separately and sought to placate him by himself. He said to him: ‘What benefit would there be for you in their being killed? Take money.’ He said to him: ‘I have no silver or gold with Saul or with his house. We have no interest in seeking any others, but only him, as his servants did not wish to extend their hand against the priests, nor against us,’ as it is stated: “But the king's servants were unwilling to extend their hand to harm the priests of the Lord” (I Samuel 22:17). That is, “We would not have any man in Israel put to death” (II Samuel 21:4).
When David saw that they did not accept it from him, he said to them: ‘What do you say that I should do for you? If it is lives that you seek, I will do it.’ That is what is written: “What do you say that I shall do for you?” (II Samuel 21:4). When David said that to them, they said to him: ‘We do not seek to exact retribution against him for his full measure. He sought to destroy us all, so we would have no standing within the entire boundary of Israel; we are not demanding all his offspring, but only seven, corresponding to the seven that he killed from us.’ That is what is written: “They said to the king: The man who eradicated us [asher kilanu], and who devised against us, [so that we would be destroyed from standing within the entire border of Israel]” (II Samuel 21:5). Asher kilanu contains seven letters, corresponding to the seven people among them whom he put to death. “Let seven men of his offspring be given to us, and we will impale them before the Lord in Giva of Saul, chosen of the Lord” (II Samuel 21:6) – so that the entire world will see, will be afraid, and will no longer continue to mistreat proselytes. That is why it is written: “Before the Lord,” as He commanded to treat proselytes well, but he mistreated them. Why in Giva of Saul? So that they will know that if the Holy One blessed be He did not show favor to the king, all the more so to commoners.
“Chosen of the Lord” (II Samuel 21:6)? They are denouncing him and calling him “chosen of the Lord”? Rather, they said: “In Giva of Saul,” and a Divine Voice emerged and said: “Chosen of the Lord.”
When David saw that his problem was a problem, he told them: ‘I will give.’ That is what is written: “The king said: I will give” (II Samuel 21:6). “The king had compassion for Mefivoshet son of Yonatan [son of Saul]” (II Samuel 21:7) – because he was a great Torah personality, David set his sights on rescuing him from their hand. David said: I will pass them before the altar. Anyone whom the altar accepts will be under its auspices. He passed them before the altar and prayed on his behalf, and the altar went and accepted him. That is what is written: “I cry out to God Most High, to the Almighty who accomplishes for me” (Psalms 57:3); the Holy One blessed be He agreed with David. “The king took the two sons of Ritzpa daughter of Aya, whom she bore to Saul…[and the five sons of Mikhal daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Adriel son of Barzilai the Meḥolatite]” (II Samuel 21:8). But is it not written: “Mikhal daughter of Saul did not have a child until the day of her death” (II Samuel 6:23)? And where is Merav?²⁵Merav was married to Adriel (I Samuel 18:19). Say now that they were the sons of Merav, but Mikhal raised them and they are attributed to her name. “He gave them into the hand of the Givonites, and they impaled them on the mountain before the Lord. The seven of them [shevatam] fell together” (II Samuel 21:9). Shevatam is written without a yod;²⁶As opposed to shivatayim. this is Mefivoshet, who was spared, who was lacking from the seven.
“And they were put to death during the first days of harvest, at the beginning of barley harvest” (II Samuel 21:9) – it teaches that they were killed on the sixteenth of Nisan, the day on which the omer is sacrificed.
“Ritzpa daughter of Aya took sackcloth, and spread it for herself over the rock [hatzur]” (II Samuel 21:10) – what is “over the rock”? Rabbi Hoshaya said: “As she would say: “The Rock, His deeds are perfect” (Deuteronomy 32:4).
“From the beginning of harvest until water dripped upon them from the heavens” (II Samuel 21:10) – Rabbi Aḥa bar Zevina said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya the Great: Sanctifying the Name is greater than profaning the Name. Regarding profaning the Name, it is written: “His corpse shall not remain overnight upon the tree” (Deuteronomy 21:23).²⁷Leaving a corpse hanging on the tree for an extended time is considered to be profaning the Name. See Rashi on Deuteronomy 21:23. Regarding sanctifying the Name, it is written: “From the beginning of harvest until water dripped upon them from the heavens.”²⁸The sanctification of the Name caused by leaving them on the tree for an extended period outweighs the profanation of the Name caused by leaving them. It teaches that they remained hanging from the sixteenth of Nisan until the seventeenth of Marḥeshvan.
But is it not written: “Fathers shall not be put to death for sons, [and sons shall not be put to death for the fathers]” (Deuteronomy 24:16)? But sons died for the sin of their father. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: It is preferable for one letter to be uprooted from the Torah than to have the name of Heaven profaned in public. The nations of the world were saying: The Torah of these is fraudulent; it is written in their Torah: “His corpse shall not remain overnight” (Deuteronomy 21:23), and these are hanging for seven months. It is written in their Torah: Two are not sentenced on one day,²⁹Mishna Sanhedrin 45b. and these seven were [sentenced] together. It is written in the Torah: “Fathers shall not be put to death for sons, [and sons shall not be put to death for the fathers],” but these were killed for the sin of their fathers. They were asking: What did these do that the attribute of justice was altered in their regard? Israel would say to them: ‘It is because their ancestors extended their hand to mistreat unsought proselytes.’ They said to them: ‘What is their nature?’ They [Israel] said to them: ‘These are the proselytes who converted in the days of Joshua.’ They said to them: ‘It is on behalf of these accursed unsought proselytes that the Holy One blessed be He did so to His people? If this is so for the sons of kings, all the more so for commoners. If for these who did not convert for the sake of Heaven, see how the Holy One blessed be He exacted punishment for their blood, one who converts for the sake of Heaven, all the more so. Certainly, there is no god like their God, and there is no nation like their nation, and we should cleave only to this nation, whose God is greater than any god.’ Immediately, many proselytes converted from the nations of the world, at that moment, one hundred fifty thousand, as it is stated: “Solomon counted all the proselytes who were in the Land of Israel, after the count that David his father counted them; and they were found to be one hundred fifty-three thousand six hundred” (II Chronicles 2:16). Solomon rendered from among them seventy thousand porters and eighty thousand quarriers in the mountains, as it is stated: “Solomon counted seventy thousand porters [and eighty thousand quarriers in the mountains.]” (II Chronicles 2:1).
Why to that extent? It is to inform that the Holy One blessed be He draws the distant near and supports the distant like the near. Moreover, he gives precedence to the distant over the near, as it is stated: “Peace, peace, for the distant and the near” (Isaiah 57:19). That is, “until water dripped upon them from the heavens” (II Samuel 21:10).
What is “she did not allow the birds of the heavens to rest upon them” (II Samuel 21:10)? Come and see the kindness that Ritzpa daughter of Aya performed on their behalf, as she protected them during the day from the birds of the heavens and at night from the beasts of the field, for seven months. Although the Holy One blessed be He had said to David that it was for Saul, because he was not eulogized properly and he is buried outside the land, David was dilatory regarding the eulogy, as he said: Twelve months of the year have passed already, and it is not customary to mourn for him. When they told him of the actions of Ritzpa daughter of Aya, he reasoned an a fortiori inference himself: If she, who is a woman, acted so in performance of kindness, I, who am king, all the more so. Immediately, he went to perform kindness for them. That is what is written: “It was reported to David what [Ritzpa daughter of Aya] had done.… David went and took the bones of Saul [and the bones of Yonatan his son].… He took up from there the bones of Saul [and the bones of Yonatan his son, and they collected the bones of the impaled]’ (II Samuel 21:11–13). What did David do? He stood and assembled all the elders of Israel and the eminent among them, and they crossed the Jordan and came to Yavesh Gilad. They located the bones of Saul and Yonatan, placed them in a coffin, and crossed the Jordan, as it is stated: “They buried the bones of Saul and Yehonatan his son [in the land of Benjamin in Tzela, in the grave of Kish his father. They did everything that the king commanded]” (II Samuel 21:14). What is “in Tzela, in the grave of Kish his father”? It teaches that they brought him to the border of Jerusalem and buried him there, as Tzela is alongside Jerusalem, as it is stated: “And Tzela, HaElef, and the Yevusite, which is Jerusalem…” (Joshua 18:28).
“They did everything that the king commanded” (II Samuel 21:14) – what did the king command? He commanded that they should circulate Saul’s coffin to each and every tribe. The tribe into which Saul’s coffin entered would emerge, they, their wives, their sons, and their daughters, and they performed kindness for Saul and his sons, so that all of Israel would fulfill their obligation with the performance of acts of kindness. They did so until they reached his ancestral land, to the border of Jerusalem.
When the Holy One blessed be He saw that all of Israel had performed acts of kindness for him and had executed justice for the Givonites, He immediately became filled with mercy and provided rain on the land, as it is stated: “God acceded to the entreaty of the land thereafter” (II Samuel 21:14). We learned the extent to which the Holy One blessed be He draws the distant near, even though they converted not for the sake of Heaven, and it goes without saying regarding righteous proselytes. That is, “all kings of the earth will praise You, Lord…” (Psalms 138:4).

דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר ה, ו), תָּנֵי דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְוַדִּים, וְאֵין מִתְוַדִּים לֹא עַל יְדֵי גּוֹיִם וְלֹא עַל יְדֵי תּוֹשָׁבִים. (במדבר ה, ו): אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה, לְהַשְׁווֹת אִשָּׁה לָאִישׁ בְּכָל חַטָּאת וּנְזָקִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. (במדבר ה, ו): כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם, לָמָּה נֶאֶמְרָה פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ה, כא): נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וגו', אֲבָל בְּגוֹזֵל הַגֵּר לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ בְּכָל הַתּוֹרָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם, בָּא הַכָּתוּב וְלִמֵּד עַל גּוֹזֵל הַגֵּר וְנִשְׁבַּע לוֹ, שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם קֶרֶן וְחֹמֶשׁ לַכֹּהֲנִים וְאָשָׁם לַמִּזְבֵּחַ, זוֹ מִדָּה בַּתּוֹרָה כָּל פָּרָשָׁה שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרָה בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד וְחִסַּר בָּהּ דָּבָר אֶחָד וְחָזַר וּשְׁנָאָהּ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, לֹא שְׁנָאָהּ אֶלָּא עַל שֶׁחִסַּר דָּבָר אֶחָד. כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ, שֶׁחָשְׁבוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת וְלֹא עָשׂוּ, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁמְחַשֵּׁב אָדָם לַחֲטוֹא כְּמוֹעֵל בַּמָּקוֹם. מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם, מִמַּה שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵין חֲבֵרוֹ עַל הַגְּנֵבוֹת וְעַל הַגְּזֵלוֹת וְעַל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע. (במדבר ה, כא): לִמְעֹל מַעַל בַּה', לְרַבּוֹת הַנִּשְׁבַּע בַּשֵּׁם לַשֶּׁקֶר וְהַמְּקַלֵּל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם לִמְעֹל מַעַל בַּה', לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ה, כא כב): נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וגו' אוֹ מָצָא אֲבֵדָה, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בַּמְּשַׁקֵּר בָּאֵלּוּ מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ מְשַׁקֵּר בַּמָּקוֹם, בִּשְׁאָר כָּל דָּבָר מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ מִכָּל חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם לִמְעֹל מַעַל בַּה' וגו'. לִמְעֹל מַעַל, אֵין מְעִילָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֶלָּא שִׁקּוּר, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברי הימים א ה, כה): וַיִּמְעֲלוּ בֵּאלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיהֶם, וְאוֹמֵר (יהושע ז, א): וַיִּמְעֲלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מַעַל בַּחֵרֶם, וְאוֹמֵר (דברי הימים א י, יג): וַיָּמָת שָׁאוּל בְּמַעֲלוֹ אֲשֶׁר מָעַל, וְאוֹמֵר בְּעֻזִּיָּה (דברי הימים ב כו, יח): צֵא מִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כִּי מָעַלְתָּ, וְאוֹמֵר (במדבר ה, יב): וּמָעֲלָה בוֹ מָעַל, (במדבר ה, ו): וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, מִנַּיִן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בְּגוֹזֵל אֶת הַגֵּר וְנִשְׁבַּע לוֹ וְהָלַךְ לְהָבִיא אֶת הַכֶּסֶף וְאֶת הָאָשָׁם וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לְהָבִיא עַד שֶׁמֵּת, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַיּוֹרְשִׁים פְּטוּרִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, אוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁפְּטוּרִים מִן הָאָשָׁם כָּךְ הֵם פְּטוּרִים מִן הַקֶּרֶן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ה, ז): וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ. וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, הַכֹּל בְּמַשְׁמַע הָאֲנָשִׁים וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַגֵּרִים בְּמַשְׁמַע, מַשְׁמַע מֵבִיא אֶת אֵלּוּ וּמֵבִיא אֶת הַקָּטָן, אָמַרְתָּ, מָה אִם עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים הַחֲמוּרָה פָּטַר בָּהּ אֶת הַקָּטָן, קַל וָחֹמֶר לְכָל מִצְווֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. (במדבר ה, ו ז): וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, וְהִתְוַדּוּ, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ה, ה): וְהִתְוַדָּה אֲשֶׁר חָטָא עָלֶיהָ, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא חַטָּאת שֶׁטְעוּנָה וִדּוּי, אָשָׁם מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא וְהִתְוַדּוּ. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר בָּנָה אָב לְכָל הַמֵּתִים שֶׁטְּעוּנִין וִדּוּי, אֵין בְּמַשְׁמַע וִדּוּי אֶלָּא בָּאָרֶץ, וּמִנַּיִן אַף בַּגָּלוּת וִדּוּי, אָמַרְתָּ (ויקרא כו, מ): וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְאֶת עֲוֹן אֲבֹתָם וגו', וְכֵן דָּנִיֵּאל אוֹמֵר (דניאל ט, ז): לְךָ ה' הַצְּדָקָה וגו', מִפְּנֵי מָה, כִּי (דניאל ט, ח): חָטָאנוּ לָךְ. (במדבר ה, ז): וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת חַטָּאתָם, אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ, וְלֹא עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה אָבִיו, שֶׁאִם אָמַר לוֹ תֵּן פִּקָּדוֹן שֶׁהִפְקַדְתִּי אֵצֶל אָבִיךָ, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר לֹא נָתַתָּ פִּקָּדוֹן, מַשְׁבִּיעַנִי וְאָמַר אָמֵן, וּלְאַחַר מִכָּאן נִזְכָּר, שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת חַטָּאתָם אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ, וְלֹא עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה אָבִיו. (במדבר ה, ז): וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ה, כד): וְשִׁלַּם אֹתוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא עִקַּר דָּמִים, חֹמֶשׁ מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַחֲמִישִׁתוֹ. בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַחֲמִישִׁתוֹ יֹסֵף, כְּשֶׁהוּא בְּרֹאשׁוֹ מְבִיאִים חֹמֶשׁ וְאָשָׁם וְאֵין מְבִיאִים עַל תַּשְׁלוּמֵי כֵּפֶל וְתַשְׁלוּמֵי אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה חֹמֶשׁ וְאָשָׁם. וַחֲמִישִׁתוֹ יֹסֵף עָלָיו, שֶׁיְהֵא הוּא וְחֻמְשׁוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה. (במדבר ה, ז): וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ, לְמִי שֶׁנִּגְזַל מִשֶּׁלּוֹ. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיָה הַנִּגְזָל חַיָּב מָנֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ וּבָא בְּבֵית דִּין וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לִתְּנוֹ עַד שֶׁנִּמְצָא בַּעַל חוֹב שֶׁל נִגְזָל, מִנַּיִן שֶׁמּוֹצִיאִין מִן יְדֵי הַגַּזְלָן וְנוֹתְנִין לְבַעַל חוֹב שֶׁל נִגְזָל, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם. (במדבר ה, ח): וְאִם אֵין לָאִישׁ גֹּאֵל, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא אִישׁ אִשָּׁה מִנַּיִן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ה, ח): לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו, (במדבר ה, ח): הָאָשָׁם הַמּוּשָׁב לַה' לַכֹּהֵן, בַּכֶּסֶף הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אוֹ אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בָּאָשָׁם, כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר ה, ח): מִלְּבַד אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים, הֲרֵי אָשָׁם אָמוּר, הָא מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: הָאָשָׁם הַמּוּשָׁב לַה', בַּכֶּסֶף הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. הָאָשָׁם זֶה הַקֶּרֶן, הַמּוּשָׁב זֶה הַחֹמֶשׁ, לַה' לְאָסְרוֹ לַזָּרִים. אוֹ יָכוֹל מְקֻדָּשׁ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: לַכֹּהֵן, קְנָאוֹ הַשֵּׁם וּנְתָנוֹ לַכֹּהֲנִים, לַכֹּהֵן שֶׁבְּאַנְשֵׁי מִשְׁמָר. מִלְּבַד אֵיל הַכִּפּוּרִים, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ (גמרא בבא קמא ק-א): מִשְׁמֶרֶת שֶׁזָּכְתָה בַּכֶּסֶף זָכְתָה בָּאַיִל. בְּאֵיזֶה אַיִל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, בְּאַיִל הָאָמוּר לְהַלָּן בַּמְּכַחֵשׁ בַּפִּקָּדוֹן וּבַגָּזֵל. (ויקרא ה, כה): וְאֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ יָבִיא לַה' אַיִל תָּמִים מִן הַצֹּאן וגו'. (במדבר ה, ח): אֲשֶׁר יְכַפֶּר, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיַּקְדִּים כֶּסֶף לָאַיִל. (במדבר ה, ח): בּוֹ, פְּרַט לְאַיִל שֶׁמֵּת. (במדבר ה, ח): עָלָיו, הָיָה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר הֲרֵי שֶׁגָּזַל אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ וְנִשְׁבַּע לוֹ וְנָתַן הַכֶּסֶף לְאַנְשֵׁי מִשְׁמָר וְהָלַךְ לְהָבִיא אֶת הָאָשָׁם וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לְהָבִיא עַד שֶׁמֵּת, מִנַּיִן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁיּוֹרְשָׁיו פְּטוּרִים לְהָבִיא אֵיל הַכִּפּוּרִים בִּמְקוֹמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֲשֶׁר יְכַפֶּר בּוֹ עָלָיו, יָצָא זֶה שֶׁכִּפְּרָה לוֹ נַפְשׁוֹ.

“Speak to the children of Israel” – it is taught: “Speak to the children of Israel” – it is by means of Israel that one confesses, but one does not confess³⁰One does not add a fifth and bring a guilt offering for stealing from a gentile or a resident. by means of gentiles or by means of a resident.³¹This refers to a gentile who committed to perform the seven Noahide laws.
“A man or woman” – this is to equate woman to man regarding all sins and damages in the Torah.
“When they will perform any sin of a person” – why is this portion stated? Because it says: “A person who shall sin [and commit a trespass against the Lord by lying to his counterpart]” (Leviticus 5:21), but regarding one who robs a proselyte we did not hear in the entire Torah. That is why it is stated: “A man or woman, when they will perform any sin of a person.” The verse came and taught regarding one who robs a proselyte and takes an oath to him³²The thief takes a false oath denying the theft. that he pays the principal and one-fifth to the priests, and a guilt offering to the altar. This is a principle in the Torah: Any matter that was stated in one place and one element was lacking in it, and it is then taught elsewhere, it is taught it only because it was lacking one element.
“When they will perform” – they thought to perform but did not perform. It is to teach you that an action that a person thinks to sin is like a trespass against the Omnipresent. “Any sin of a person” – this is regarding what is between him and another, regarding thefts, robberies, and evil speech.
“To commit a trespass against the Lord” – this is to include one who took an oath in the Name of God falsely, and the blasphemer.
Another matter: “Any sin of a person, to commit a trespass against the Lord” – why is it stated? Because it says: “A person who shall sin, [and commit a trespass against the Lord, and lies to his counterpart with regard to a deposit, or with regard to a loan, or with regard to robbery, or exploited his counterpart]. Or found a lost item [and lied in its regard, and took a false oath]” (Leviticus 5:21–22) – I have learned only regarding one who lied regarding these, that the Torah ascribes to him as though he lies to the Omnipresent. Regarding all matters, from where is it derived? The verse states: “When they will perform any sin of a person, to commit a trespass against the Lord…” “To commit a trespass” – trespass everywhere is nothing other than lying. Likewise it says: “They trespassed against the Lord” (I Chronicles 5:25); and it says: “The children of Israel committed a trespass regarding the proscription” (Joshua 7:1); and it says: “Saul died on account of the trespass that he committed [against the Lord]” (I Chronicles 10:13); and it says regarding Uziya: “Leave the Temple, because you have trespassed” (II Chronicles 26:18); and it says: “And she committed a trespass against him” (Numbers 5:12).
“And that individual shall be guilty” – from where do you derive regarding one who robs a proselyte and takes a [false] oath to him, and he goes to bring the money and the guilt offering, but did not manage to bring it before he died, that the heirs will be exempt? The verse states: “And that individual shall be guilty.”³³Only that individual, not his heirs, shall be guilty. Or, just as they are exempt from bringing the guilt offering, so are they exempt from the principal? The verse states: “He shall give it to the one to whom he is guilty” (Numbers 5:7).
“And that individual shall be guilty” – everyone is indicated; men, women, and proselytes are indicated. Does it indicate these and also include the minor? You say: If in the stringent case of idol worship the minor is exempted, all the more so regarding all the mitzvot in the Torah.
“They shall confess their sin that they had committed, and he shall make restitution for his guilt in its principal, and he shall add its one-fifth to it, and he shall give it to the one to whom he is guilty” (Numbers 5:7).
“And that individual shall be guilty. They shall confess” (Numbers 5:6–7) – why is it stated? Because it says: “He shall confess regarding what he sinned” (Leviticus 5:5), I know only that a sin offering requires confession; from where is it derived regarding a guilt offering? The verse states: “And that individual shall be guilty. They shall confess.” Rabbi Natan says: This is a paradigm for all those who are put to death, that they require confession. This indicates only confession in the land;³⁴Offerings are brought only in the Temple, in the Land of Israel. from where is it derived that there is confession in the Diaspora as well? It says: “They will confess their iniquity and the iniquity of their forbearers…” (Leviticus 26:40).³⁵It states in the previous verse: “The survivors among you will waste away in their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and also in the iniquities of their forbearers they will waste away with them.” Likewise Daniel says: “With You, Lord, is the righteousness, [and with us the shame…in all the lands where You have driven them]” (Daniel 9:7). Why? It is because “we sinned against You” (Daniel 9:8).
“They shall confess the sin that they committed” – but not that his father performed, as if one said to him: ‘Give me the deposit that I deposited with your father,’ and he says: ‘You did not give a deposit.’ ‘ I administer an oath to you,’ and he says: ‘Amen,’ but later, he remembers. Do I learn from here that he is liable? The verse states: “They shall confess the sin that they committed,” but not that his father committed.
“He shall make restitution for his guilt in its principal” – why is it stated? Because it says: “He shall repay it in its principal” (Leviticus 5:24), I have learned only the principal sum. From where is the one-fifth derived? The verse states: “He shall make restitution for his guilt in its principal, and [he shall add] its one-fifth.”
“In its principal, and he shall add its one-fifth” – when it is in its principal one brings one-fifth and a guilt offering, but one does not bring one-fifth and a guilt offering for double payment and the payment four and five times the principal.³⁶Sometimes a thief has to pay a double payment or four or five times the principal. If he falsely takes an oath that he does not have to pay the double payment he does not have to add a fifth and bring a guilt offering.
“He shall add its one-fifth to it” – it and its one-fifth shall be five.³⁷This means that “one-fifth” refers to one-fifth of the total amount, that is, of the principal plus the one-fifth payment. In other words, “one-fifth” is one-fourth of the principal.
“He shall give it to the one to whom he is guilty” – to the one from whom it was robbed. Rabbi Natan says: If the one who was robbed owed one hundred dinars to another and he came to court, but [the robber] did not manage to pay it before the creditor of the one who was robbed was located, from where is it derived that one removes it from the possession of the robber and gives it to the creditor of the one who was robbed? The verse states: “He shall give it to the one to whom he is guilty” – in any case.³⁸In this case, “the one to whom he is guilty” refers to the one to whom the one who was robbed is guilty.
“But if the man has no redeemer to whom restitution can be made, the restitution that is returned is to the Lord, to the priest; besides the ram of atonement, with which he will atone for it” (Numbers 5:8).
“But if the man has no redeemer” – I have derived only a man, from where is a woman derived? The verse states: “To whom restitution can be made, [the restitution that is returned…]”³⁹The two restitutions are one for a man and one for a woman.
“The restitution [asham] that is returned is to the Lord, to the priest.” The verse is speaking of monetary payment. Or is it perhaps speaking only about the guilt offering? When it says: “Besides the ram of atonement,” it is stated of the guilt offering. What is it that the verse states: “The asham that is returned is to the Lord”? The verse is speaking of monetary payment. “The asham” – this is the principal; “that is returned” – this is the one-fifth; “to the Lord” – to render it forbidden to non-priests. Or is it perhaps consecrated? The verse states: “To the priest” – the Lord acquired it and gave it to the priests, to a priest that is one of the members of the priestly watch.
“Besides the ram of atonement” – from here they said: The priestly watch that acquired the money acquires the ram. Regarding which ram is the verse speaking? It is regarding the ram stated elsewhere regarding the denier of a deposit and robbery: “His restitution he shall bring to the Lord, an unblemished ram from the flock…[as a guilt offering, to the priest]” (Leviticus 5:25).
“He will atone” – he must have the monetary payment precede the guilt offering;⁴⁰This is based on the fact that “will atone” is in future tense. “with which” – to the exclusion of a ram that died.⁴¹If the ram died before it was sacrificed, he has to bring another ram for a guilt offering.
“For it” – Rabbi Akiva would say: If one robbed another, took an oath to him, paid money to the members of the priestly watch, went to bring the guilt offering, but did not manage to bring it until he died, from where is it derived that his heirs are exempt from bringing a ram of atonement in his place? It is stated: “With which he will atone for it,” excluding this one whose life has atoned for him.

וְכָל תְּרוּמָה (במדבר ה, ט), מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב עַל הַתְּרוּמָה שֶׁהִיא נוֹהֶגֶת בַּכֹּל. (במדבר ה, ט): לְכָל קָדְשֵׁי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, רִבָּה קָדָשִׁים אֲחֵרִים סְתוּמִין שֶׁאֵין מְפֹרָשִׁין בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה שֶׁהֵם לַכֹּהֲנִים וְאֵין בָּהֶם לַשֵּׁם כְּלוּם, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמוּר (במדבר ה, ח): הַמּוּשָׁב, עַל גֶּזֶל הַגֵּר, וְאֶתְמְהָה, מָה אֲנִי מַרְבֶּה הַחַלָּה וְהַחֳרָמִים וְהָעוֹרוֹת וְהַבְּכוֹרוֹת, פִּדְיוֹן הַבֵּן וּפִדְיוֹן פֶּטֶר חֲמוֹר. (במדבר ה, ט): אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיבוּ, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר וְכִי תְּרוּמָה מַקְרִיבִין, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיבוּ, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות כג, יט): רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי וגו', אֲבָל לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיבוּ לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה, בָּא הַכָּתוּב וְלִמֵּד עַל הַבִּכּוּרִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נְתוּנִין כֻּלָּם לַכֹּהֲנִים.

“Every gift of all the sacred items of the children of Israel that they will present to the priest shall be his” (Numbers 5:9).
“Every gift [teruma]” – the verse tells regarding teruma that it is in effect regarding everything.⁴²Meaning, everything that grows from the ground.
“Of all the sacred items of the children of Israel” – this includes other unspecified sacred items that are not explicitly mentioned here, that they go to the priests, and no part of them is for the Lord, just as it is stated: “That is returned” (Numbers 5:8), regarding robbery from a proselyte.⁴³The robbery from a proselyte is given in its entirety to the priests. I wonder, what else do I include? Ḥalla, dedications, hides, firstborns, redemption of the firstborn son, and redemption of a firstborn donkey.
“That they will present” – Rabbi Yishmael said: Does one sacrifice [makrivin] teruma? Why does the verse state: “That they will present [yakrivu]”?⁴⁴Yakrivu can also mean, “they will sacrifice.” The midrash is asking why the verse uses the word “sacrifice” with regard to teruma. Because it says: “The choicest first fruits [of your land you shall bring to the house of the Lord your God]” (Exodus 23:19), but we did not hear what shall be done with them. The verse states: “That they will present to the priest, shall be his” – the verse comes and teaches regarding first fruits that they are given in their entirety to the priests.

וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ (במדבר ה, י), לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר יח, יט): כֹּל תְּרוּמֹת הַקֳּדָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר יָרִימוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי יִטְּלוּ בִּזְרֹעַ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, מַגִּיד שֶׁטּוֹבַת קֳדָשִׁים לְבַעֲלֵיהֶן. וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, קָדְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, מַעְשַׂר כַּסְפּוֹ מַעְשַׂר בְּהֶמְתּוֹ וּשְׁלָמִים וְנֶטַע רְבָעִי וְתוֹדָה וּפִסְחוֹ, קָדְשֵׁי כֹּהֵן לַכֹּהֵן, חַטָּאתוֹ וַאֲשָׁמוֹ מַעְשְׂרוֹ וּבְכוֹרוֹ. (במדבר ה, י): אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה, לְפִי שֶׁאָמְרוּ מִשְׁמֶרֶת שֶׁזָּכְתָה בַּכֶּסֶף זָכְתָה בָּאַיִל, הֲרֵי מִי שֶׁנָּתַן כֶּסֶף לַכֹּהֵן וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לְהָבִיא אֶת הָאַיִל עַד שֶׁמֵּת הָאִישׁ, יָכוֹל יִטֹּל הַכֶּסֶף מִכֹּהֵן וְיַחֲזִיר לְיוֹרְשֵׁי הָאִישׁ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, זוֹ הָיְתָה מִשְׁנַת רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא עַד שֶׁלֹא בָּא מִזֵּיפִירִין, מִשֶּׁבָּא מִזֵּיפִירִין אָמַר מַה לִּי בֵּין יְהוֹיָרִיב נוֹטֵל אֶת הַכֶּסֶף בֵּין יְדַעְיָה נוֹטֵל אֶת הַכֶּסֶף, הֲרֵי שֶׁנָּתַן כֶּסֶף לִיהוֹיָרִיב וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לְהָבִיא אֶת הָאַיִל עַד שֶׁנִּכְנַס יְדַעְיָה, יָכוֹל יִטֹּל הַכֶּסֶף מִיהוֹיָרִיב וְיִתֵּן לִידַעְיָה, אָמַר: אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה. אָמַרְתָּ מַתְּנַת אִישׁ מַתָּנָה וְאֵין מַתְּנַת קָטָן מַתָּנָה, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא מַתְּנַת אִישׁ וּמִנַּיִן אַתְּ מַרְבֶּה מַתְּנַת אִשָּׁה וְיוֹרְשֵׁי קָטָן, אָמַרְתָּ וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה. וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, הֲרֵי שֶׁמָּדַד לַכֹּהֵן בָּאָרֶץ וְנִתּוֹסְפוּ אֲחֵרִים עֲלֵיהֶם יָכוֹל קוֹרֵא אֲנִי עָלָיו וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה, אוֹ יָכוֹל אֲפִלּוּ מָדַד לוֹ בַּקֻּפָּה וְנִתּוֹסְפוּ אֲחֵרִים יָכוֹל קוֹרֵא אֲנִי עָלָיו אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר (גמרא בכורות מט-א): הֲרֵי שֶׁפָּדָה בְּנוֹ בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם וָמֵת, יָכוֹל קוֹרֵא אֲנִי עָלָיו אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, לְאַחַר שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיַּד כֹּהֵן, וְקוֹרֵא אֲנִי עָלָיו וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה.

“A man’s sacred items shall be his; a man who gives to the priest, it shall be his” (Numbers 5:10).
“A man’s sacred items shall be his” – why is it stated? Because it says: “All the gifts of the sacred items that the children of Israel separate [for the Lord, I have given you and your sons and your daughters with you, as an eternal portion]” (Numbers 18:19). Do I hear that they may take it by force? The verse states: “A man’s sacred items shall be his.” This tells that the allotment of sacred items is at the discretion of their owners.
“A man’s sacred items shall be his” – the sacred items of the Israelite shall be for the Israelite: the money of his tithe, the tithe of his animal, peace offerings, fourth-year saplings, a thanks offering, and his paschal offering. The sacred items of the priest shall be for the priest: his sin offering, his guilt offering, his tithe,⁴⁵The teruma of the tithe that the Levite gives to the priest from the first tithe. and his firstborn.
“A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his” – because they said: The priestly watch that acquired the money acquires the ram; one who gave money to the priest but did not manage to bring the ram before he died, will we take the money from the priest and return it to the man’s heirs? The verse states: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his.” Rabbi Elazar bar Rabbi Shimon said: This was the mishna of Rabbi Akiva until he came from Zeifirin. When he came from Zeifirin, he said: What is it to me whether Yehoyariv takes the money or Yedaya takes the money. If he gave the money to Yehoyariv but did not manage to bring the ram before Yedaya entered,⁴⁶The week of the priestly watch of Yehoyariv concluded and the week of Yedaya’s watch began. may he, perhaps, take the money from Yehoyariv and give it to Yedaya? He said: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his.”
It says: The gift of an adult man is a gift, but the gift on a minor is not a gift. I have derived only the gift of a man. From where is it derived to include the gift of a woman and the heirs of a minor? It says: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his.”⁴⁷The gift in this passage is referring to teruma.
“A man’s sacred items shall be his” – if one measured for a priest on the ground⁴⁸The midrash is referring to a case in which anything that is placed on the ground belongs to the priest. and other priests joined them, do I perhaps read in their regard: “A man’s sacred items shall be his”?⁴⁹In which case, all of them would share in the teruma. The verse states: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his.” Or perhaps even if he measured for him in a basket⁵⁰A basket belonging to the owner of the field. and others joined them, do I perhaps read in their regard: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his”? The verse states: “A man’s sacred items shall be his.”
Rabbi Yosei says: If one redeemed his son within thirty days and he [the son] died, do I perhaps read in his regard: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his”? The verse states: “A man’s sacred items shall be his.” After thirty days, one does not remove it from the possession of the priest, and I read in his regard: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his.”

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, מַה כָּתוּב לְמַעְלָה (במדבר ה, ט): וְכָל תְּרוּמָה לְכָל קָדְשֵׁי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל מִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן תְּרוּמָה וְקָדָשִׁים לַכֹּהֵן כָּרָאוּי, יִזְכֶּה שֶׁיַּשִֹּׂיא בְּנוֹתָיו לַכְּהֻנָּה וְיִהְיֶה זַרְעוֹ אוֹכֵל בַּקֳּדָשִׁים, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ יִהְיֶה אוֹכֵל קָדָשִׁים בִּזְכוּת תְּרוּמָה וּמַעְשְׂרוֹת וְהַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁנָּתַן לַכֹּהֵן בְּעַיִן יָפָה.

Another matter: “A man who gives to the priest, it shall be his” – what is written before it? “Every gift of all the sacred items of the children of Israel [that they will present to the priest shall be his]” (Numbers 5:9). The Holy One blessed be He said: Anyone who gives teruma and consecrated items to the priest properly, he will be privileged to marry his daughters into the priesthood, and his descendants will partake of consecrated items. In this regard, it is stated: “A man’s sacred items shall be his,” as his descendants will partake of consecrated items due to the merit of the teruma, tithes, and consecrated items that he generously gave to the priest.

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קכח, א): אַשְׁרֵי כָּל יְרֵא ה' הַהֹלֵךְ בִּדְרָכָיו, אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר אַשְׁרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַשְׁרֵי כֹּהֲנִים, אַשְׁרֵי לְוִיִּם, אֶלָּא אַשְׁרֵי כָּל יְרֵא ה', אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁהֵם יִרְאֵי ה', שֶׁהֵם בְּאַשְׁרֵי, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל (דברים לג, כט): אַשְׁרֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר בָּהֶם: אַשְׁרֵי כָּל יְרֵא ה', וּבְאֵיזֶה גֵר אָמוּר אַשְׁרֵי, בְּגֵר שֶׁהוּא גֵּר צֶדֶק לֹא בַּכּוּתִיִּים הַלָּלוּ שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶם (מלכים ב יז, לג): אֶת ה' הָיוּ יְרֵאִים וְאֶת אֱלֹהֵיהֶם הָיוּ עֹבְדִים, אֶלָּא בְּגֵר שֶׁהוּא יָרֵא מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְהוֹלֵךְ בִּדְרָכָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: הַהֹלֵךְ בִּדְרָכָיו. (תהלים קכח, ב): יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל, זֶה הַגֵּר, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ זְכוּת אָבוֹת, וּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹא יֹאמַר אוֹי לִי שֶׁאֵין לִי זְכוּת אָבוֹת, כָּל מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁאֲסַגֵּל אֵין לִי שָׂכָר אֶלָּא בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, לְכָךְ הַכָּתוּב מְבַשֵֹּׂר לַגֵּרִים שֶׁבִּזְכוּת עַצְמוֹ יֹאכַל בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וּבָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל, אֵלּוּ מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁיָּגַע בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (איוב ג, יז): וְשָׁם יָנוּחוּ יְגִיעֵי כֹחַ, וְאוֹמֵר (קהלת ט, י): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא יָדְךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּכֹחֲךָ עֲשֵׂה וגו', וּמַה שְֹּׂכָרוֹ (תהלים קכח, ב): אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ, אַשְׁרֶיךָ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְטוֹב לָךְ, לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, (תהלים קכח, ג): אֶשְׁתְּךָ כְּגֶפֶן פֹּרִיָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ נִתְגַּיְּרָה עִמּוֹ וְאֵינָהּ מִבְּנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲרֵי הִיא כִּבְנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: כְּגֶפֶן פֹּרִיָּה, אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ. פֹּרִיָּה, שֶׁהִיא טוֹעֶנֶת פֵּרוֹת וְלֹא כְּגֶפֶן בּוֹקֵק, שֶׁהִיא זוֹכָה לְבָנִים. (תהלים קכח, ג): בְּיַרְכְּתֵי בֵיתֶךָ, בִּזְּמַן שֶׁהִיא נוֹהֶגֶת בְּעַצְמָהּ דַּת יְהוּדִית, שֶׁהִיא צְנוּעָה, זוֹכָה שֶׁיּוֹצְאִין מִמֶּנָּה בָּנִים בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה בַּעֲלֵי מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קכח, ג): בָּנֶיךָ כִּשְׁתִלֵי זֵיתִים, מָה הַזַּיִת הַזֶּה זֵיתִים לַאֲכִילָה, זֵיתִים לְיַבֵּשׁ, וְזֵיתִים לְשֶׁמֶן, וְשַׁמְּנוֹ דוֹלֵק יָפֶה מִכָּל הַשְּׁמָנִים, וְאֵין עָלָיו נוֹשְׁרִין לֹא בִּימוֹת הַחַמָּה וְלֹא בִּימוֹת הַגְּשָׁמִים, כָּךְ בָּאִים בְּנֵי הַגֵּרִים, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מַשָֹּׂא וּמַתָּן, מֵהֶן חֲכָמִים, מֵהֶם נְבוֹנִים וּמֵהֶם יוֹדְעֵי דָּבָר בְּעִתּוֹ, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם זֶרַע קַיָּם לְעוֹלָם. (תהלים קכח, ג): סָבִיב לְשֻׁלְחָנֶךָ, שֶׁלְּבָנֶיךָ יַעֲמֹד זְכוּתְךָ, שֶׁמִּשֻׁלְחָנְךָ יִזְכּוּ בָנֶיךָ לְמַעֲלוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת, (תהלים קכח, ד): הִנֵּה כִּי כֵן יְבֹרַךְ גָּבֶר יְרֵא ה', שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְּאַבְרָהָם וְשָׂרָה שֶׁהָיוּ גֵּרִים, וְהָיָה אַבְרָהָם יָרֵא ה' הוּא נִתְבָּרֵךְ בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה, וְכֵן יִתְבָּרְכוּ כָּל הַגֵּרִים שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ כְּמִנְהָגָם. (תהלים קכח, ה): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' מִצִּיּוֹן, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְבָרְכָם מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא מְבָרֵךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהַבְּרָכוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת מִצִּיּוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלג, ג): כְּטַל חֶרְמוֹן שֶׁיֹּרֵד עַל הַרְרֵי צִיּוֹן וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים קכח, ה): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה' מִצִּיּוֹן וגו' וּרְאֵה בְּטוּב יְרוּשָׁלָיִם כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ, שֶׁיִּזְכּוּ לִרְאוֹת בְּטוּב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. (תהלים קכח, ו): וּרְאֵה בָנִים לְבָנֶיךָ שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכִי בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיִּרְאֶה הַגֵּר בָּנִים לְבָנָיו יָבוֹא שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֶלָּא בְּגֵר צֶדֶק הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁזּוֹכֶה שֶׁמַּשִֹּׂיא בִּתּוֹ לְכֹהֵן וְזוֹכֶה וְעוֹמְדִים מִבָּנֶיהָ, שֶׁהֵם בְּנֵי בָנָיו, כֹּהֲנִים שֶׁמְבָרְכִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאוֹמְרִים (במדבר ו, כד כו): יְבָרֶכְךָ וגו', יָאֵר ה' וגו', יִשָֹּׂא ה' וגו', לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמָּצִינוּ בְּרָחָב הַזּוֹנָה עַל שֶׁהִכְנִיסָה אֶת הַמְרַגְּלִים לְבֵיתָהּ וּמִלְּטָה אוֹתָם הֶעֱלָה עָלֶיהָ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּאִלּוּ עִמּוֹ עָשְׂתָה וְנָתַן לָהּ שְׂכָרָהּ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (יהושע ב, ד): וַתִּקַּח הָאִשָּׁה אֶת שְׁנֵי הָאֲנָשִׁים, וַתִּצְפְּנֵם אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (יהושע ב, ד): וַתִּצְפְּנוֹ. וּמַה שָֹּׂכָר נָטְלָה, שֶׁנִּשְׂאוּ מִבְּנוֹתֶיהָ לַכְּהֻנָּה וְיָלְדוּ בָנִים שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹמְדִים וּמְשַׁמְּשִׁים עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְהָיוּ נִכְנָסִין לַמִּקְדָּשׁ וּמְבָרְכִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּשֵּׁם הַמְּפֹרָשׁ, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: בָּרוּךְ בֵּן נֵרִיָה וּשְׂרָיָה בֶּן מַחְסֵיָה, וְיִרְמְיָה בֶּן חִלְקִיָּה, וַחֲנַמְאֵל בֶּן שַׁלֻּם. הֲרֵי לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁאֵין הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּגֵרֵי הַצֶּדֶק, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וּרְאֵה בָנִים לְבָנֶיךָ שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְכֵן רָמַז משֶׁה בַּתּוֹרָה כֵּן, שֶׁאַחַר פָּרָשַׁת גֶּזֶל הַגֵּר, כְּתִיב: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ, לוֹמַר שֶׁגֵּר שֶׁמִּתְגַּיֵּר לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם זוֹכֶה שֶׁיּוֹצְאִים מִבָּנָיו בָּנִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁלָּהֶם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים י, יח): וְאֹהֵב גֵּר לָתֶת לוֹ לֶחֶם וְשִׂמְלָה. עֲקִילַס הַגֵּר נִכְנַס אֵצֶל רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר לוֹ הֲרֵי כָּל שִׁבְחוֹ שֶׁל גֵּר וְאֹהֵב גֵּר לָתֶת לוֹ לֶחֶם וְשִׂמְלָה, אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי קַלָּה הִיא בְּעֵינֶיךָ דָּבָר שֶׁנִּתְחַבֵּט עָלָיו אוֹתוֹ זָקֵן (בראשית כח, כ): וְנָתַן לִי לֶחֶם לֶאֱכֹל וּבֶגֶד לִלְבּוֹשׁ, וּבָא זֶה וְהוֹשִׁיטָהּ לוֹ בְּקָנֶה, נִכְנַס אֵצֶל רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הִתְחִיל מְנַחֲמוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, לֶחֶם זוֹ תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ט, ה): לְכוּ לַחְמוּ בְלַחְמִי. שִׂמְלָה זוֹ טַלִּית, זָכָה אָדָם לְתוֹרָה זָכָה לְמִצְווֹת, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּשִֹּׂיאִין בְּנוֹתֵיהֶם לַכְּהֻנָּה וְיִהְיוּ בְּנֵי בְנֵיהֶם מַקְרִיבִים עוֹלוֹת עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. לֶחֶם זֶה לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים, וְשִׂמְלָה אֵלּוּ בִּגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה גְדוֹלָה. הֲרֵי בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, בַּגְּבוּלִים מִנַּיִן, לֶחֶם זוֹ חַלָּה, וְשִׂמְלָה זוֹ רֵאשִׁית הַגֵּז, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וְאִישׁ אֶת קֳדָשָׁיו לוֹ יִהְיוּ בְּפָרָשַׁת הַגֵּר.

Another matter: “A man’s sacred items shall be his” – that is what is written: “Happy are all who fear the Lord, who follow His ways” (Psalms 128:1). It does not say: “Happy are Israelites, happy are priests, happy are Levites,” but rather, “happy are all who fear the Lord.” These are the proselytes who fear the Lord, as they are included in “happy,” just as it is stated regarding Israel: “Happy are you, Israel” (Deuteronomy 33:29). That is why it is stated in their regard: “Happy are all who fear the Lord.” Regarding which proselyte is “happy” stated? It is regarding a proselyte who is a righteous proselyte, but not those Samaritans, in whose regard it is written: “They would fear the Lord and worship their gods” (II Kings 17:33). Rather, it is regarding a proselyte who fears the Holy One blessed be He and follows the ways of the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “Who follow His ways.”
“When you eat of the labor of your hands” (Psalms 128:2) – this is the proselyte, as he does not have the merit of ancestry. So he will not say: Woe is me, as I do not have the merit of ancestry, for all the good deeds that I will amass, I will have reward only in this world. That is why the verse makes known to the proselytes that based on his own merit, he will eat in this world and in the World to Come. That is what is written: “When you eat of the labor [yegia] of your hands” – these are the good deeds in which one toiled [yage’a] in this world, just as it says: “There those whose strength is sapped [yegi’ei] will rest” (Job 3:17). And it says: “Everything that you are capable of doing with your strength, do, [as there is no action, scheme, knowledge, or wisdom in the grave, where you are going]” Ecclesiastes 9:10). What is his reward? “You are happy and it is good for you” (Psalms 128:2). “You are happy” – in this world; and “it is good for you” – in the World to Come.
“Your wife is like a fruitful vine” (Psalms 128:3) – even though his wife converted with him and is not of the daughters of Israel, she is like the daughters of Israel. That is what is written: “Like a fruitful vine” – this is Israel, as it is stated: “You transported a vine from Egypt.” (Psalms 80:9). “Fruitful” – as it bears fruit and is not like a fruitless vine, as she will be privileged to bear children.
“At the side of your house” (Psalms 128:3) – when she conducts herself in accordance with the precepts of Jewish women, when she is modest, she merits that sons who are masters of Bible, masters of Mishna, and masters of good deeds will emerge from her. That is what is written: “Your children, like olive saplings” (Psalms 128:3). Just as this olive tree has olives for eating, olives for drying, and olives for oil, and its oil lights better than all the oils, and it does not have falling leaves, neither in the summer nor in the rainy season, so come the offspring of the proselytes; some of them are masters of Bible, some of them masters of Mishna, some masters of business, some are wise, some are understanding, some have knowledge of matters regarding the proper time,⁵¹Namely, knowledge regarding the Jewish calendar. and they have offspring who exist forever. “Around your table” (Psalms 128:3) – that your merit will stand for your children, as from your table, your offspring will merit great virtues.
“Indeed, so shall a man who fears the Lord be blessed” (Psalms 128:4) – as we find regarding Abraham and Sarah, who were proselytes, and Abraham was one who feared the Lord, he was blessed in this manner. So, all the proselytes who conduct themselves in accordance with their conduct will be blessed.
“May the Lord bless you from Zion” (Psalms 128:5) – it teaches that the Holy One blessed be He blesses them from the place that He blesses Israel. From where is it derived that the blessings emanate from Jerusalem? It is as it is stated: “Like the dew of Hermon descending upon the mountains of Zion, [for there the Lord commanded the blessing of life, for eternity]” (Psalms 133:3), and it says: “May the Lord bless you from Zion. May you see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the days of your life" (Psalms 128:5) – that they will merit to see the prosperity of Jerusalem in the future.
“May you see the children of your children. Peace upon Israel” (Psalms 128:6) – is it because the proselyte will see children of his children that peace will come upon Israel? Rather, the verse is speaking of a righteous proselyte, who merits to marry his daughter to a priest, and he merits that her sons, his grandsons, will stand as priests who bless Israel and say: “[The Lord] shall bless you.… the Lord shall shine.… the Lord shall lift…[and grant you peace]” (Numbers 6:24–26). That is why it is stated: “Peace upon Israel.” Just as we found regarding Raḥav the harlot, because she took the spies into her home and extricated them, the Holy One blessed be He ascribed to her as though she had performed it with Him and He gave her reward to her. As the verse says: The woman took the two men [and hid him]” (Joshua 2:4). It is not written here, “and hid them,” but rather “and hid him.” What reward did she receive? It is that her daughters married into the priesthood and bore children who stood and served atop the altar, and would enter the Temple and bless Israel with the ineffable name. These were Barukh son of Neriya, Seraya son of Maḥseya, Jeremiah son of Ḥilkiya, and Ḥanamel ben Shalum. We learned that the verse is speaking only of righteous proselytes. That is why it is stated: “May you see the children of your children. Peace upon Israel.”
Likewise, Moses alluded to this in the Torah, as after the portion of robbery from a proselyte, it is written: “A man’s sacred items shall be his,” saying that a proselyte who converts for the sake of Heaven merits that sons will emerge from his children that the sacred items will be theirs.
Likewise it says: “He loves the proselyte, to give him bread and garment” (Deuteronomy 10:18) – Aquila the proselyte entered before Rabbi Eliezer. He said to him: ‘Is all the affection of the proselyte: “He loves the proselyte, to give him bread and garment”?’ He said to him: ‘Is it insignificant in your eyes? A matter regarding which that elder deliberated: “And He will give me bread to eat and a garment to wear” (Genesis 28:20), and this one comes and He extends it to him with a reed.’⁵²Rabbi Eliezer reprimanded him for failing to appreciate receiving something that Jacob struggled for.
He entered before Rabbi Yehoshua, and he began comforting him with his words. “Bread” – this is Torah, as it is stated: “Come, partake of my bread” (Proverbs 9:5). “And garment” – this is the cloak of the Sages. If a person merits Torah, he merits mitzvot. Moreover, they marry their daughters into the priesthood, and their grandchildren will sacrifice offerings atop the altar. “Bread” – this is the showbread; “and garment” – these are the vestments of the High Priest. That is in the Temple. How does this manifest in the outlying areas? “Bread” – this is ḥalla; “and garment” – this is the first shearing. That is why it is stated: “A man’s sacred items shall be his,” in the portion of the proselyte.