“How does the greatly crowded city sit alone? She has become like a widow. Great among the nations, a princess among the states: She has become a vassal” (Lamentations 1:1). “How [eikha] does…sit [alone].” Three prophesied with the term eikha: Moses, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. Moses said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone…” (Deuteronomy 1:12). Isaiah said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” (Isaiah 1:21). Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit alone?” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a noblewoman who had three friends. One saw her in her tranquility, one saw her in her debauchery, and one saw her in her disgrace. So, Moses saw them in their glory and their tranquility and said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone your troubles?” Isaiah saw them in their debauchery and said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” Jeremiah saw them in their disgrace and said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit [alone]?” They asked ben Azai, saying to him: ‘Our teacher, expound for us one matter from the scroll of Lamentations.’ He said to them: ‘Israel was exiled only after they denied the Unique One of the world, circumcision that was given after twenty generations, the Ten Commandments, the five books of the Torah; the numerical value of eikha.’1Alef—the Unique One of the world; yod—the Ten Commandments; kaf—twenty generations; heh—five books of Moses. Rabbi Levi said: Israel was exiled only after they denied the thirty-six instances of karet in the Torah and the Ten Commandments, the numerical value of “how does…sit solitary [eikha yasheva badad]?”2Eikha: Alef -1, yod – 10, kaf – 20, heh – 5 = 36. Badad: Beit – 2, dalet – 4, dalet – 4 = 10. Rabbi Berekhya [said] in the name of Rabbi Avdimai of Haifa: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. When he would perform his father’s will, [the king] would clothe him in fine silk, and when he would not perform his will, he would clothe him in the garments of an olive-press worker [badad]. So too Israel, as long as they would perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, it is written: “I clothed you in embroidery” (Ezekiel 16:10). Rabbi Sima said: Purple garments. Onkelos translated: Embroidered garments. But when they do not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, He clothes them in the garments of olive-press workers. That is what is written: “How does…sit solitary [badad]?” Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: The Holy One blessed be He summoned the ministering angels and said to them: ‘A flesh and blood king, when a relative of his dies and he mourns, what does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He hangs sackcloth on his entrance.’ He said to them: ‘I, too, will do so.’ That is what is written: “I clothe the heavens in blackness and I place sackcloth as their garment” (Isaiah 50:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what [else] does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He extinguishes the lamps.’ He said to them: ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The sun and the moon darkened and the stars withdrew their shining” (Joel 4:15). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He overturns the beds.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Until thrones were set in place and the Ancient One sat” (Daniel 7:9), [implying,] as it were, that they had been overturned.3Beds were a general term for anything one would sit on. The fact that the thrones, in this verse, were set in place, implies that previously they had been overturned as a sign of mourning. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He walks barefoot.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “His path is in tempest and in storm, and clouds are the dust of His feet” (Nahum 1:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He rends his purple garments.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord accomplished what He devised; He implemented [bitza] His statement [emrato]” (Lamentations 2:17). Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan explained it: What is bitza emrato? It is that He rent His purple garments.4The word rent, or tear, in Aramaic, biza, is similar to bitza. The word emrato is spelled the same as imrato, which in rabbinic parlance means the edge of one’s garment (Matnot Kehuna). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits in silence.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Let him sit alone and be silent” (Lamentations 3:28). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits and weeps.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation and for baldness” (Isaiah 22:12). Another matter: Eikha, Jeremiah said to them: ‘What did you see in idol worship that you are so enthusiastic to follow it? If it had a mouth to engage in debate, we would have said this.5We would have proven the falseness of idolatry and the idols themselves would have had to concur. The word eikha is being interpreted as two words: Ei, ka, “if…this” (Etz Yosef). Instead, we will speak of it and we will speak of Him.’ We will speak of it, “So said the Lord: Do not learn the way of the nations, and from the signs of the heavens do not be frightened, though the nations are frightened by them” (Jeremiah 10:2). We will speak of Him: “Tell them this: The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall vanish from the earth and from under these heavens. [He makes the earth with His might]” (Jeremiah 10:11–12). “The Portion of Jacob is not like these, for He is the one who forms everything, and Israel is the tribe of His inheritance, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 10:16). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of reproof. That is what is written: “How [eikha] can you say: We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us...”? (Jeremiah 8:8). Rabbi Neḥemya says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of lamentation. That is what is written: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” (Genesis 3:9), woe are you [oy lekha]. When was the scroll of Lamentations composed? Rabbi Yehuda says: It was composed in the days of Yehoyakim.6This was before the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. This is consistent with Rabbi Yehuda’s view that the term eikha is a term of reproof. In his view, Lamentations, or Eikha, was composed as a warning before the destruction. Rabbi Neḥemya said to him: ‘Does one weep over the dead before he dies? Rather, when was it composed? After the destruction of the Temple. This is its solution: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary?”’7This phrase implies that Jerusalem was already desolate.
“The greatly crowded city,” Rabbi Shmuel taught: There were twenty-four thoroughfares in Jerusalem, each and every thoroughfare had twenty-four streets, each and every street had twenty-four market streets, each and every market street had twenty-four store streets, each and every store street had twenty-four courtyards, each and every courtyard had twenty-four houses, and each and every courtyard would have twice the number of those who departed from Egypt emerging from it. Know that it is so, as Rabbi Elazar said: There was an incident involving a traveler who was ascending to Jerusalem who took with him two hundred camels laden with pepper. He passed Tyre and found a certain tailor who was sitting near the city gates. He said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He said to him: ‘Will you not give me a bit?’ He said to him: ‘No.’8The tailor asked to purchase a small amount, but the traveler wanted to sell his entire stock to one customer. He said to him: ‘Then you will have a purchaser only in another city.’ When he arrived in Jerusalem, he found a certain tailor sitting at the gate of the walls, who said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Continue your cutting.’ He found another tailor who said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Continue your sewing.’ He said to him: ‘If I can purchase them, fine. But if not, I will bring you a person who can purchase all of them.’ He said to him [again]: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He took him and brought him into a certain courtyard and he showed him a kor of dinars. He said to him: ‘Look at these coins. If they are currency in your land, take from them.’ In the morning, [the visiting merchant] went to stroll in the marketplace and one of his friends encountered him. He said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He said to him: ‘Do you not have any that you could give me for one hundred dinars, for I have a feast today!’ He said: ‘I already sold it to so and so.’ He went to him. He said to him: ‘Do you have the pepper that you purchased? Give me a bit as I have a feast.’ He said to him: ‘What can I tell you? I already sold it to a certain tailor. However, I will tell him and he will give it to you.’ He went and he found it in a certain residence. Those who were in the first line [or purchasers] took one ounce each. Those who were in the second line took one-half ounce each. Those who were in the third line did not sense that there had been any at all, to realize what is stated: “The greatly crowded city.” If you wish to ascertain how many multitudes there were in Jerusalem, you can ascertain it from the priests. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin [said] in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: [This is analogous] to a pile of grain that was located in the grain marketplace. Everyone came to measure it but could not. There was one clever man there. He said to them: ‘If you seek to measure it, you can calculate it on the basis of its teruma.’ So too, if you wish to ascertain how many multitudes there were in Jerusalem, you can ascertain it from the priests. That is what is written: “Solomon slaughtered the peace-offering that he slaughtered to the Lord, cattle, twenty-two thousand, and of the flock, one hundred and twenty thousand” (I Kings 8:63). And we have learned: A bull is sacrificed by twenty-four [priests] and a ram by eleven.9Mishna Yoma 2:7. The reference is to the number of priests who participated in all the rituals involved in the sacrifice of these offerings. That is what is said of the first Temple. However, in the second Temple, one time King Agrippa sought to ascertain the number of the multitudes that were in Jerusalem. He said to the priests: ‘Set aside for me one kidney from each and every paschal offering.’ They set aside six hundred thousand pairs of kidneys, twice the number of those who departed from Egypt, and there was not any paschal offering that did not have more than ten registrants.10One had to register in advance for a paschal offering, and such offerings were generally divided between numerous individuals. Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: Even forty and even fifty. Bar Kappara said: Even one hundred, [and this is] not including one who was impure or on a distant journey. One time, they entered the Temple Mount and it could not hold them. There was one elderly man there and they trampled him. They called that Passover the Passover of the crushed, because they crushed the elderly man. How did Israel procreate? A person would marry off his son at the age of twelve to a woman fit to bear children. He would then marry off his grandson at the age of twelve. One would not reach the age of twenty-six until he saw children of his children, to realize what is stated: “May you see the children of your children. Peace to Israel” (Psalms 128:6).
“She has become like a widow.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: They did not go to extremes vis-à-vis the attribute of justice, and the attribute of justice did not go to extremes in their regard.11They did not sin in an extreme fashion and they were not punished in an extreme fashion (see Matnot Kehuna; Maharzu). They did not go to extremes vis-à-vis the attribute of justice, as it is stated: “The people were like complainers” (Numbers 11:1). “Complainers” is not written here, but rather, “like complainers.” “The princes of Judah were like those who move boundaries” (Hosea 5:10). “Those who move boundaries” is not written here, but rather, “like those who move boundaries.” “For like a wayward cow [Israel has strayed]” (Hosea 4:16), “For a [wayward] cow” is not written here, but rather, “like a wayward cow.” The attribute of justice, too, did not go to extremes in their regard. “She has become like a widow”—“A widow” is not written here, but rather, “like a widow”—like a woman whose husband went to a country overseas and plans to return to her. “He drew His bow like an enemy” (Lamentations 2:4), “enemy” is not written here, but rather, “like an enemy.” “The Lord was like an enemy” (Lamentations 2:5), “enemy” is not written here, but rather, “like an enemy.” Another matter, “she has become like a widow.” Rabbi Ḥama bar Ukeva and the Rabbis, Rabbi Ḥama bar Ukeva said: [This is analogous] to a widow who was demanding her sustenance but was not demanding her marriage contract.12After a man’s death, his widow may choose to continue to live in his home and to be supported by his estate. She may also leave and demand payment of the sum specified in her marriage contract. Israel is compared here to a widow who chooses to be supported by her late husband’s estate rather than leaving and cutting all ties to her husband. The Rabbis said: [This is analogous] to a king who grew angry at the queen and wrote her a bill of divorce and then snatched it from her. Any time that she sought to marry another, he would say to her: ‘Where is your bill of divorce?’ Any time she would demand her sustenance, he would say to her: ‘Have I not already divorced you?’ So too, any time Israel would seek to engage in idol worship, the Holy One blessed be He would say to them: “Where is your mother’s bill of divorce?” (Isaiah 50:1). Any time they request that He perform miracles on their behalf, the Holy One blessed be He says to them: ‘I have already divorced you.’ That is what is written: “I sent her away and gave her bill of divorce to her” (Jeremiah 3:8). Another matter, “she has become like a widow.” Rabbi Akiva and the Rabbis, Rabbi Akiva says: “Widow,” and you say “like a widow”? Rather, a widow from the Ten Tribes, but not a widow from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.13Rabbi Akiva is asserting that Jerusalem is described as a widow from the Ten Tribes but not from Judah and Benjamin, because he holds that Lamentations was composed before Judah and Benjamin were exiled (Matnot Kehuna). Alternatively, because he holds that the Ten Tribes are not destined to return, but Judah and Benjamin will eventually return (Maharzu). The Rabbis say: A widow from these and from those, but not from the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “For neither Israel nor Judah is widowed from its God” (Jeremiah 51:5).
“Great [rabati] among the nations,” but was it not already stated [in the verse]: “greatly [rabati] crowded”? Why does the verse say: “Great [rabati] among the nations”? It means great in intellect. Rabbi Huna [said] in the name of Rabbi Yosei: In any province to which one of the residents of Jerusalem would go, they would offer a seat of honor for him to sit upon so they could hear his wisdom. An individual from Jerusalem went to a province, and the time arrived for him to die. He summoned his landlord and deposited his belongings with him. He said to him: ‘If my son comes from Jerusalem and performs three wise deeds, give him what is mine. If not, do not give him what is mine.’ They14The residents of the province mentioned above. made an agreement between them that none of them would show another’s house to a visitor. He [the individual from Jerusalem] died and he passed to his eternal home. Some time later, his son came. When he entered the gate of the wall of that province, he saw one carrying a bundle of wood. He said: ‘Are you selling the bundle of wood?’ He said to him: ‘Yes.’ ‘Take its price from me and take it to so-and-so.’ He took its price and took it to so-and-so. He was going and [the deceased man’s son] was following him until he reached his residence. He said to him:15The wood seller said to the landlord. ‘Hey, so-and-so, come take a bundle of wood.’ He said to him: ‘Did I tell you to bring me a bundle of wood?’ He said to him: ‘True, you did not tell me, but it belongs to this person who followed me.’ Immediately, he opened his house before him, and they greeted one another. That is one [wise] deed. He said to him: ‘Who are you?’ He said: ‘I am the son of the man who died in your [house].’ He brought him in and prepared a cooked meal for him. That man16The landlord. had two sons and two daughters. When the time of the meal arrived, they brought before him for the meal five cooked pullets. When they were ready to eat, he said to him:17The host said to the guest. ‘Take and distribute it.’ He [the guest] said to him: ‘It is not mine.’ He [the host] said to him: ‘I want you to take and distribute it.’ He took and distributed it, and placed one pullet between the man and his wife. He took the second pullet and placed it between the two men who were his two sons. He took the third and placed it between his two daughters. He took two pullets and placed them before himself. He ate them and they did not say anything to him. This is the second [wise] deed.18It will be explained below why the guest did this and why it was considered a wise deed. At evening time, [the host] brought a fattened chicken for the meal. He said to [the guest]: ‘Take and distribute it.’ He said to him: ‘It is not mine.’ He said to him: ‘Take and distribute it, as that is my will.’ He took and distributed it and placed the head before the man. He took the innards and placed it before his wife. He took the two thighs and gave them to his two sons. He took the two wings and gave them to his two daughters. He took the entire body and placed it before himself. This is the third [wise] deed. [The landlord] said: ‘Is this how they distribute in your place? You distributed the first time and I did not say anything to you, and now you do this?’ He said to him: ‘Did I not say to you that it is not mine? Nonetheless, what I have distributed, I distributed properly. The first time, you brought five pullets for the meal. You, your wife, and the pullet equal three. Your two sons and the pullet equal three. Your two daughters and the pullet equal three. I and the two pullets equal three. Did I take anything from your portions? Now, you brought a chicken. I took the head and gave it to you, as you are the head of the household. I took the innards and placed them before your wife, because children emerge from her innards. I took the two thighs and placed them before your two sons, because they are the pillars of the house. I took the two wings and placed them before your daughters, as tomorrow they will depart, fly from your house, and go to their husbands. I took this ship,19When the body of the chicken without the extremities is cut open it resembles a ship. as I came in a ship and I will go in a ship. Rise and give me what is mine that my father deposited with you, and I will leave immediately.’ He gave him what was his and he went in peace. That is what is stated: “Great among the nations,” great in intellect. Four Jerusalemites came to Athens and were received by a certain person. In the evening he made a feast for them. After they ate and drank, he prepared four beds for them. One of them was broken and supported by the next one. When they got up from the feast to go to sleep, he said: ‘I heard that the residents of Jerusalem are extremely wise, let me hear some of what they are saying.’ He went and slept in [a room] adjacent to theirs. The one who was sleeping on the broken bed awoke during the night and said to the others: ‘What do you think, that I am sleeping on a bed? I am sleeping on the ground but I am suspended.’ Another said to them: ‘The meat that we ate this evening had the taste of dog.’ Another said to them: ‘And the wine that we drank tonight had the taste of a grave.’ Another said to them: ‘You are wondering about those [matters]? The man who is the homeowner is not even the son of his father.’ When the man heard these matters, he said: ‘One is true and three are false.’ He arose in the morning and went to the butcher. He said to him: ‘Give me from the meat that you gave me last night.’ He said to him: ‘I have none.’ He said to him: ‘What was special about it?’ He said to him: ‘We had one lamb that was a suckling and its mother died. We had a female dog and the lamb suckled from it. At night, we were short on meat and I sought to bring some. I did not have any other, so I gave you from that [lamb].’ He said: ‘Two are true and two are false.’ He went to the winemaker. He said to him: ‘Give me some of that wine that you gave me last night.’ He said to him: ‘I have none.’ He said to him: ‘What was special about it?’ He said to him: ‘We had one vine and it was planted over our father’s grave. I squeezed it and placed it in wicker baskets. I was short on wine and I sought to bring some. I did not have any other, so I gave you from that [vine].’ He said: ‘Three are true and one is false.’ He went to his mother and said to her: ‘Whose son am I?’ She said to him: ‘My son, you are the son of your father.’ He said to her: ‘Tell me the truth, whose son am I, and if not I will sever your head.’ She said to him: ‘My son, your father was unable to beget children and I feared lest his relatives take my property.20After his death, as the wife was not considered an heir. Did I perform a sin that I went and engaged in an illicit relationship and brought you into all this wealth and property?’ He said to her: ‘What do we see here? Will the residents of Jerusalem come and render us illegitimate? Let us agree among ourselves that we will not receive any one of them.’
A certain Jerusalemite went to see a merchant in Athens. He was put up in an inn. He found people who were beginning to sit and drink wine. After he ate and drank, he sought to sleep there. They said to him: ‘We agreed among ourselves that we will not receive any person as a lodger until he performs three jumps.’ He said to them: ‘I do not know how you jump. Get up and perform it before me, and I will perform it like you after you.’ One of them stood, jumped, and found himself in the middle of the inn. He performed another jump and found himself at the gate at the entrance of the inn. He performed another jump and found himself outside.21All those inside followed the jumper outside to watch him. [The Jerusalemite] stood and bolted the gate in their faces. He said to them: ‘By your lives, what you sought to do to me, I did to you.’
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go bring me figs and grapes.’ He said to him: ‘Well done, you with your coins and me with my feet.’22We are partners in the fruit, as each of us will have contributed to gathering them. When [the child] returned, [the Athenian] said to him: ‘Take it and divide it.’ The child took it and placed before himself the bad ones and he took the good ones and placed them before that man. He said: ‘It is true what they say, that the residents of Jerusalem are extremely wise. It is because he knew that he did not give any coins of his own that he took the bad ones for himself and he placed the good ones before this man. But let us draw lots. If I go and yours comes to me, I will take what is before you. If what is before me comes to you, you will take it.’ They did so together,23They wrote their names on two lots, mixed them up, and each drew a lot. and [the child] took what [the Athenian] had.24The child took what the Athenian had.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go and bring me something so that I can eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road.’ He went and brought him salt. He said to him: ‘Did I tell you to bring me salt?’ He said to him: ‘Did you not say to me: Go and bring me something so that I can eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road? By your life, there is enough here for you to eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road.’25The money he had received was not nearly enough to purchase the quantity of food the Athenian had asked for. The child therefore bought salt, which was inexpensive. There was enough salt to use together with a satisfying meal and to have leftovers for the journey (Etz Yosef).
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and found a discarded mortar. He took it and brought it to a tailor. He said to him: ‘Sew this broken mortar for me.’ [The tailor] took out a handful of sand and said to him: ‘Spin threads for me and I will sew it.’26Just as one cannot spin thread from sand, one cannot sew together a broken mortar. See Etz Yosef and Rabbi David Luria, who interpret this passage allegorically as a debate as to whether Israel can again experience redemption.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go and bring me eggs and cheese.’ When [the child] returned, [the Athenian] said to him: ‘Show me which is the cheese from a white goat and which is from a black goat.’ [The child] said to him: ‘You are an elderly man. You show me which is an egg from a white chicken and which is from a black one.’27Rabbi David Luria interprets this allegorically: The Athenian argued that although the Jews used to be distinct from the gentiles due to their religious beliefs and conducts, they had become indistinguishable, just as cheeses from a black goat and a white goat are indistinguishable. The child answered that the correct metaphor is the eggs from a black chicken and a white chicken. Even if they look the same, their potential is vastly different, and when their chicks hatch, that difference will become evident to all.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain priest. He said to him: ‘How much smoke does a bundle of wood produce? He said to him: ‘When it is wet, it all becomes smoke. When it is dry, one-third becomes smoke, one-third ashes, and one-third is consumed by the fire.’ From where did he learn this? From the wood of the arrangement [on the Temple altar].
An Athenian came to Jerusalem. He entered a school and found children sitting there but their teacher was not there with them. He was asking them questions and they would respond. They said to him: ‘Let us agree between us that whoever asks a question and defeats his counterpart, they will take his garments.’ He said to them: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘You, who are residents of this place, should be first.’ They said to him: ‘You respond first because you are an elderly man.’ They said to him: ‘These items, what are they? Nine exit, eight enter, two pour, one drinks, and twenty-four are attendants.’ He could not respond and they took his garments. He came to Rabbi Yoḥanan, their teacher. He said to him: ‘Alas, rabbi, there is this great evil in your midst, that when a person comes as a visitor among you, you take his garments.’ He said to him: ‘Is it, perhaps, that they said something to you and you were unable to respond to them, and they took your garments?’ He said to him: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘What did they say to you?’ He said to him: ‘Such and such they said to me.’ He said to him: ‘My son, nine exit, these are the months of a child in the womb. Eight enter, these are the eight days of circumcision. Two pour, these are the two breasts, both of which pour. One drinks, this is the baby who was born. Twenty-four attendants, these are the twenty-four months of nursing.’ Immediately, he came, responded to them, and took his garments. They read in his regard: “Had you not ploughed with my calf, you would not have solved my riddle” (Judges 14:18).
An Athenian came to Jerusalem. He devoted three and a half years to learn the language of wisdom,28Scholars would speak in riddles that could not be understood by the average person (see Eruvin 54a). That style of communication is referred to here as the language of wisdom. but he did not learn it. After three and a half years he purchased a slave who was blind.29He was blind in one eye. He said: ‘After three and one years, I buy a blind slave?’30He was upset that after devoting so much time to wisdom he could not even protect himself from purchasing a slave who had an obvious handicap (Etz Yosef). [The slave] said to him: ‘By your life, he is very wise and sees far.’ When they exited the city walls, [the slave] said to him: ‘Hurry so we can catch up to the caravan.’ He said to [the slave]: ‘Is there a caravan before us?’ [The slave] said to him: ‘Yes, and there is before us a female camel that is blind on one side, there are two in its womb, and it is laden with two leather flasks, one of wine and one of vinegar. It is at a distance of [no more than] four mil and its camel driver is a gentile.’ He said to [the slave]: ‘You of a stiff-necked people, with one eye, how do you know that it is blind in one eye?’ He said to him: ‘Look, one side of the road is grazed and one is not grazed.’ ‘And how do you know that it has two in the womb?’ He said to him: ‘It lay down and I saw the imprint of both of them.’ He said to him: ‘How do you know that it is laden with two leather flasks, one of wine and one of vinegar?’ He said to him: ‘From the drips; wine is absorbed, vinegar bubbles.’ ‘How do you know that the camel driver with them [is gentile]?’ ‘Because he urinated in the middle of the road, and a Jew does not urinate in the middle of the road, but rather on the side.’ ‘How do you know that it is at a distance of four mil?’ He said to him: ‘Until [the time it takes to travel] four mil, the hoofprint of the camel are distinct, from then on, it is not distinct.’
An Athenian came to Jerusalem, and he greatly mocked the residents of Jerusalem. They said: ‘Who will go and bring him to us?’ One person said to them: ‘I will go and I will bring him with his head shaved.’ The Jerusalemite went to Athens and was received by that man. In the morning, the two of them went out to stroll in the marketplace. One of [the Jew’s] sandals tore. He said to the cobbler: ‘Take this coin31It was a valuable coin. and repair this sandal.’ He repaired it for him. The following day, the two of went out to stroll in the marketplace and [the Jew’s] other sandal tore. He said to him:32He said to his Athenian host. ‘Take this coin and go have the cobbler repair this sandal of mine.’ He said to him: ‘Are sandals so expensive in your place?’33Is that the reason you came with tattered sandals, and are willing to pay so much to repair them? He said to him: ‘Yes.’ He said to him: ‘How many dinars?’ He said to him: ‘Some are nine and some are ten dinars, and when they are inexpensive, some are seven and some are eight dinars.’ He said to him: ‘If I come to you with this merchandise will you sell it for me?’ He said to him: ‘Yes, but do not enter the city without my knowledge.’ When [the Athenian] performed his labor he purchased a stock of sandals. He travelled, ascended to Jerusalem, and sat at the gate of the city walls. He sent after [the Jew] and he came. When [the Jew] came, he said to [the Athenian]: ‘We made an agreement among us that no person may enter to sell his merchandise unless his head is shaved and his face blackened.’ He said to him: ‘What harm is there to me if I shave my head, provided that I sell my merchandise.’ After he shaved his head, [the Jew] took him and seated him in the middle of the marketplace. When a person would come to purchase sandals from him, he would say to him: ‘How much does a pair of these sandals cost?’ [The Athenian] would say to him: ‘Some are ten and some are nine dinars; however, I will not take less than eight dinars.’ When [the purchaser] would hear this, he would knock him on his head with a sandal, go, and not make the purchase. He said to [the Jew]: ‘Did I treat you so badly when you were in my place?’ He said to him: ‘From now on, do not mock [tefalei] the residents of Jerusalem.’ <Tefalei is a term meaning examination. The verse: “You shall not examine branches again” (Deuteronomy 24:20), is translated as lo tefalei aḥarekha.>34This linguistic note, which is added to the text of the midrash, employs the term examination in the sense of critique.
A certain Cuthite passed himself off as an interpreter of dreams. Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei heard and said: Shall I not go and see this foolish Cuthite who deceives people? He went and he sat alongside him. Someone came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream an olive tree irrigated by oil.’ The Cuthite said to him: ‘The olive tree is light and the oil is light, you will see light in great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has known his mother’ <meaning, he had relations with his mother>.35Rabbi Yishmael cursed the Cuthite dream interpreter and gave a more accurate interpretation of the dream. Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that one of my eyes swallowed its counterpart.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see light in great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has two children and one of them was intimate with his counterpart.’ Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I swallowed a certain star.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see great light. The star is light and you are light [nehor].36Your name is Nehora. That is light on light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he killed a Jew.’ From where did Rabbi Yishmael derive this? It is from this verse: “Look now to the heavens and count the stars…[so shall your seed be]” (Genesis 15:5). Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I had three eyes.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he is a baker, two are his and one is the oven’s.’37There were circular openings for pots at the top of the oven, which resemble eyes. Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream four ears and all the people heeding my words.’ He said to him: ‘You will be greatly heeded.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he is a gathererer of thorns, and when he is laden with them, all the people flee from before him.’ Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I was carrying a ledger with twenty-four pages, on which there was writing on this side and erasures on that side, writing on this side and erasures on that side.’ He said to him: ‘That man will rise to prominence and his business will thrive and he will write on this side and erase on that side, write on this side and erase on that side.’38The Cuthite told the man that he would have success in business and need to continually write down his new transactions. Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a garment with twenty-four patches. He sews one from here and it rips from here.’ Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I was carrying a stalk with a bundle of lettuce on it.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a storehouse of wine and all of it became vinegar. Everyone will come and take some in a jug made of gourds, to pickle their lettuce in it.’ Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream the entire world pointing at me with their fingers.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence and all the people will point at you with their fingers.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘Pay me my fee, and I will interpret it for you.’ He said to him: ‘It is already interpreted.’ Another time he said to him: ‘I saw that everyone was blowing at me with their cheeks and gesturing to me with their fingers.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence and all the people will laud you with their cheeks.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a storehouse of wheat. When they were pointing at him with their fingers, it was because [water] was dripping onto them. When they were blowing at him with their cheeks, it is because they were swollen.39From fermentation. When they were gesturing at you with their fingers, it is because they were growing vegetation, and that man will not receive any [benefit] from them.’
A certain Cuthite said: ‘I will go and see a certain Jewish elder40Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei. who mocks people.’ He came and sat near him. He said to him: ‘I saw in my dream four cedars, four sycamores, and a bundle of straw, and a bull was riding upon them.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; the four cedars are four cedar bedposts, the four sycamores are four bed sideboards, the bundle of straw, those are its ropes.41Beds commonly consisted of a frame composed of four boards with posts at the corners, held together by ropes. A leather covering would be stretched over the frame, and served as the mattress. A bull riding upon them, that is the leather of the bed upon which you sleep. This man will climb onto it and never come down.’ And so it was for him. Another came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream an olive tree at the time of its planting.’ He said to him: ‘This man will see great light.’ Another came and said to him: ‘I saw an olive tree at the time of its beating.’42During harvesting, workers would beat the olive tree so that its fruit would fall from the tree. He said to him: ‘This man should prepare his loins for lashes.’ He said to him: ‘Rabbi, to that one you said that and to me you said this?’ He said to him: ‘May the soul of this man expire; that man saw at the time of planting and this one at the time of beating.’
One of the students of Rabbi Yoḥanan was sitting before him. [Rabbi Yoḥanan] explained [the lesson] to him but he did not understand it. [Rabbi Yoḥanan] said to him: ‘Why do you not understand?’ He said to him: ‘I saw three harsh matters last night and I do not know what they mean.’ He said: ‘Tell me what they were.’ He said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that they were saying to me: In Adar you will die, you will not see Nisan, and you will sow but you will not reap.’ He said to him: ‘All three of them are good. You will die in Adar – you will die with the glory of Torah <meaning, you will exert great effort>.43You will attain glory [hadar] due to your accomplishments in Torah, and it will last your entire life. Alternatively, death is interpreted here as meaning that he will toil with all his effort in Torah study (see Berakhot 63b). You will not see Nisan – you will not see ordeals [nisyonin]. You will sow but you will not reap – what you begat, you will not bury.’ Another said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that there were no breeches on my legs.’ He said to him: ‘As you live, that is not bad, but rather it is good. The festival will come and this man will not have anything.’44The man would not have any troubles (Yefe Anaf). Alternatively, he would not have enough money for food or clothing, but that was not especially bad news, as the man was already destitute. The good news was that he would be alive (Etz Yosef). From where did Rabbi Yoḥanan understand this? The word for leg [regel] is also the word for pilgrimage festival [regel].
A certain man came to Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥalafta and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that they said to me: Arise and ascend to Cappadocia and you will take your father’s property.’45You will inherit from him. He said to him: ‘Did your father ascend to Cappadocia during his lifetime?’ He said to him: ‘No.’ He said to him: ‘Go and count twenty floor beams in your house.’46You will find your father’s treasure buried beneath the twentieth beam. He said to him: ‘There are not twenty floor beams.’ He said to him: ‘Go and count them from top to bottom and from bottom to top, and in the place that the number of twenty floor beams is completed, there you will find it.’ He went and did so, found his property, and became wealthy. From where did Rabbi Yosei understand this? Cappadocia, cappa in Greek is twenty, docia in Greek are beams.
A certain woman came to Rabbi Elazar. She said to him: ‘I saw that the rafter in the house snapped.’ He said to her: ‘This woman will bear a male child.’ She went, and so it was for her. She came to ask him on another occasion and said to him: ‘The rafter in the house snapped.’ He said to her: ‘You will bear a male child.’ She went, and so it was for her. She came on another occasion for a third time. She found his students sitting in the school but their teacher was not there. She said to them: ‘Where is your teacher?’ They said to her: ‘What do you want from him?’ She said to them: ‘Perhaps you are wise enough to interpret a dream like your teacher?’ They said to her: ‘Tell it to us, what you want, and we will interpret it for you.’ She said to them: ‘I saw in my dream that the rafter of this woman’s47Referring to herself. house snapped.’ They said to her: ‘That woman will bury her husband.’ When she went out from before them, she began wailing. Rabbi Elazar heard and said to them: ‘Why is that woman wailing?’ They said to him: ‘That woman came to ask you but she did not find you.’ He said to his students: ‘What did that woman come to ask?’ They said to him: ‘The interpretation of a dream.’ He said to them: ‘What did you say to her?’ They said to him: ‘Such and such.’ He said to them: ‘You eliminated a man. Is it not written: “It was as he interpreted to us, so it was” (Genesis 41:13)? Did Rabbi Yoḥanan not say as follows: The dream follows its interpretation, except for wine, some drink it and it is good for him and some drink it and it is bad for him?’48If a Torah scholar dreams that he is drinking wine it is a good sign; if an ignoramus dreams that he is drinking wine it is a bad sign (Matnot Kehuna; see Berakhot 57a). Rabbi Abahu said: The content of dreams makes no difference.
There was an incident in which Rabbi Yehoshua was walking along the path.49This was a path through a field that was created by people traversing it. A certain person found him walking along the path and said to him: ‘What are you doing?’ He said to him: ‘I am walking along the path.’ He said to him: ‘You have spoken well that you are walking along a path, for it was trodden by robbers like you.’ He went on from there and found a certain child sitting at a fork in the road. He said to him: ‘Which road is closer to the city?’ He said to him: ‘This one is close but far, and that one is far but close.’ Rabbi Yehoshua went on the one that was close but far. When he reached the city, he found gardens and orchards surrounding the wall. He returned to that child and said to him: ‘My son, is this road, in fact, closer to the city?’ He said to him: ‘You are a Sage of Israel! Did I not say to you that this one is close but far and that one is far but close?’ At that moment, Rabbi Yehoshua said: ‘Happy are you Israel that you are all wise, from your old to your young.’50Rabbi Yehoshua admitted that he was bested by the man in the field and by the boy, and he praised the Jewish people for their great wisdom. He went on from there and found a certain child with a covered vessel in his hand. He said to him: ‘What do you have in your hand, covered within this vessel?’ He said: ‘Had my mother wanted you to know what I have with me, she would have not told me to cover it.’ He went on from there and found a certain child and said to him: ‘What is the quality of the water of this city?’ He said to him: ‘Why do you care? The garlic and the onions are plentiful.’ When he entered the city, he found a girl standing and filling [her pitcher] from the spring. He said to her: ‘Give me water to drink.’ She said to him: ‘To you and to your donkey.’ After he drank and turned to go, he said to her: ‘My daughter, you have acted like Rebecca.’ She said to him: ‘I have acted like Rebecca, but you have not acted like Eliezer.’51After Rebecca drew water for the servant of Abraham (identified by the Sages as Eliezer), and for his camels, he gave her jewelry (Genesis 24:22). It is taught: One leaves a portion from food cooked in a pot, but one does not leave a portion from food cooked in a stew pot.52A similar statement in Eruvin 53 reads: “One does not leave a portion from the pot but one leaves a portion from the plate.” Rashi explains that the waiter was expected to serve all the food that was cooked, but participants at the meal were expected to leave over some of the food that was served. These leftovers would be eaten by the waiter. There was an incident where Rabbi Yehoshua was hosted by a widowed woman. The first day she brought him a cooked item and he ate it and did not leave a portion for her. The second day she brought him a cooked item and he ate it and did not leave a portion for her. On the third day, she oversalted a cooked dish of pounded grain. After Rabbi Yehoshua tasted it, he withdrew his hand from it. She said to him: ‘Rabbi, why did you withdraw your hand from this pounded grain?’ He said to her: ‘I already ate earlier in the day.’ She said to him: ‘If you ate earlier in the day, why did you not mimimize the bread, just as you minimized this pounded grain? Perhaps you left a portion. From the two cooked items that you ate, why did you not leave a portion like you did from this pounded grain?’ At that moment, Rabbi Yehoshua said: ‘In all my days, no person has ever gotten the best of me except for this widow, a young girl, and those children, to realize what is stated: “Great among the nations,” great in intellect.
“A princess among the nations,” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Because Israel violated the terms that they accepted at Sinai, therefore, “she has become a vassal [lamas].” Sinai is lamas, the numerical value of this equals the numerical value of that.53Sinai: samekh – 60, yod – 10, nun – 50, yod – 10 = 130. Lamas:Lamed – 30, mem – 30, samekh – 60 = 130. Rabbi Yishmael bar Naḥman said: Because Israel engaged in idol worship, therefore, “she has become a vassal [lamas].” Lamas is figure [semel]. The letters of this are the letters of that.54Lamed, mem, samekh, and samekh, mem, lamed. The Rabbis say: Lamas, the melting [lemassa] of the heart. Rav Ukeva said: On the eve of the ninth of Av, Abraham entered the chamber of the Holy of Holies. The Holy One blessed be He grasped his hand and was strolling with him long and short.55He discussed with Abraham every facet of Israel’s merits and demerits in light of the impending destruction (Etz Yosef). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “What has My beloved to do in My Temple?” (Jeremiah 11:15). He said to Him: ‘Master of the universe, my children, where are they?’ He said to him: ‘They sinned and I exiled them among the nations.’ He said to Him: ‘Were there no righteous among them?’ He said to him: “She has performed her evil schemes” (Jeremiah 11:15). He said to Him: ‘You should have looked at the good ones among them.’ He said to him: ‘Most of them were wicked, as it is written: “She has performed her evil schemes with multitudes” (Jeremiah 11:15).’ He said to Him: ‘You should have looked to the circumcision in their flesh.’ He said to him: ‘As you live, they repudiated it, as it is stated: “The sacred flesh is passed from you” (Jeremiah 11:15). Moreover, these rejoiced at the downfall of those, as it is written: “When you beheld evil, then you rejoice” (Jeremiah 11:15), and it is written: “One who rejoices at calamity will not be absolved” (Proverbs 17:5).’ Why was the scroll of Lamentations stated as an alphabetical acrostic? Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Neḥemya, and the Rabbis, Rabbi Yehuda says: Because it is written: “All Israel have violated Your Torah” (Daniel 9:11), which is written [with letters] from alef through tav; therefore, the scroll was written alphabetically, one corresponding to the other.
Rabbi Neḥemya says: Although Jeremiah cursed them alphabetically in Lamentations, Isaiah preceded him and brought a remedy for each and every verse of them until: “Let all their wickedness come before You” (Lamentations 1:22).56The midrash below (chapter 23) explains this further and cites the view of the Rabbis.
“She weeps bitterly at night and her tears are on her cheeks; she has no comforter from all her lovers. All her allies have betrayed her, have become her enemies” (Lamentations 1:2). “She weeps bitterly at night.” “My tears have been my bread day and night” (Psalms 42:4). Rabbi Aḥa and the Rabbis, Rabbi Aḥa says: Just as bread is constant, so, my tears are constant. The Rabbis say: Anyone who weeps does not eat, as it is stated: “She wept and did not eat” (I Samuel 1:7). So the Holy One blessed be He said to Ezekiel: “You, son of man, prepare for yourself the tools of exile…” (Ezekiel 12:3). What are “the tools of exile”? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Ḥalafta, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: A leather flask, a rug, and a bowl. Each and every one of them must serve two purposes: One places flour in the leather flask and places it beneath his head; one eats and drinks from a bowl; a rug is for sitting and to sleep upon. Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Ḥalafta said: A container with four handles that holds everything. Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: “Ezekiel will be an example to you; in accordance with everything that he has done you will do…” (Ezekiel 24:22). But they did not do so, rather, when they were exiled, one came to knead his dough but did not know with what, and he would dig in the ground and make a hole. He would knead it in it, and pebbles would stick to their dough. When he would put it in his mouth, his teeth would become dull, to realize what is stated: “He broke my teeth” (Lamentations 3:16). But I did not take all this to heart.57The midrash speaks now from the perspective of Israel. When did I take it to heart? “When they say to me all day long: Where is your God?” (Psalms 42:4).
“I remember my song in the night; I meditate with my heart, and my spirit searches” (Psalms 77:7). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Aivu.58The text of the midrash appears to be cut off. The statement of these Sages will be cited below. The Rabbis say:59This is a continuation of Chapter 21. Because they sinned from alef through tav, they are consoled from alef through tav. Likewise, you find that for all the harsh prophecies that Jeremiah prophesied regarding Israel, Isaiah preceded him and brought a remedy for them. Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary”? (Lamentations 1:1). Isaiah said: “You will say in your heart: who bore me these.” (Isaiah 49:21).60This is what Israel will say when its children return and it will no longer sit solitary. The verse stated by Jeremiah begins with the word “how” [eikha], which starts with an alef. The verse stated by Isaiah foresees the time when Jeremiah’s verse will be undone. Jeremiah said: “She weeps [bakho] bitterly at night” (Lamentations 1:2).61This verse starts with the word bakho, which begins with a bet. Isaiah said: “You will weep no longer, He will show you grace…” (Isaiah 30:19). Jeremiah said: “Judah was exiled [galta] due to affliction” (Lamentations 1:3).62In Hebrew, the first word of this verse is galta, which begins with a gimmel. Isaiah said: “He will gather the dispersed of Israel…” (Isaiah 11:12). Jeremiah said: “The ways [darkhei] of Zion are in mourning” (Lamentations 1:4). Isaiah said: “A voice calls in the wilderness, clear the way of the Lord” (Isaiah 40:3). Jeremiah said: “Her adversaries have become [hayu] the head” (Lamentations 1:5). Isaiah said: “The sons of your tormentors will come to you, bowed” (Isaiah 60:14). Jeremiah said: “Gone [vayetze] from the daughter of Zion is all [her splendor] (Lamentations 1:6). Isaiah said: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). Jeremiah said: “Jerusalem remembered [zakhra] […all her delights]” (Lamentations 1:7). Isaiah said: “For, behold, I am creating new heavens and a new earth and the former will not be remembered and will not come to mind” (Isaiah 65:17). Jeremiah said: “Jerusalem has comitted a sin [ḥet]” (Lamentations 1:8). Isaiah said: “I have wiped away your transgressions like a cloud” (Isaiah 44:22). Jeremiah said: “Her impurity [tumatah] is on the edges of her skirts” (Lamentations 1:9). Isaiah said: “When the Lord will have washed the filth of the daughters of Zion” (Isaiah 4:4). Jeremiah said: “The adversary extended his hand [yado]” (Lamentations 1:10). Isaiah said: “The Lord will once again show His hand” (Isaiah 11:11). Jeremiah said: “All her [kol] people are sighing, [seeking bread]…” (Lamentations 1:11). Isaiah said: “They will not hunger and they will not thirst” (Isaiah 49:10). Jeremiah said: “May it not [lo] befall you, all wayfarers” (Lamentations 1:12) Isaiah said: “Until a spirit will be poured upon us from on high” (Isaiah 32:15).63Maharzu amends the text such that the verse cited here is Isaiah 57:15, whereas Isaiah 32:15 is cited below after Lamentations 1:13. Accordingly, the midrash is understood as follows: Lamentations states “Is there any pain like my pain” (Lamentations 1:12) while Isaiah speaks of healing, as it is stated: “to revive the spirit of the humble and revive the heart of the downtrodden” (Isaiah 57:15). Jeremiah said: “From on high [mimarom] He sent fire into my bones” (Lamentations 1:13). Isaiah said: “Exalted and holy I will rest, and the despondent…” (Isaiah 57:15).64According to the Maharzu,the verse cited here should be Isaiah 32:15, which more directly parallels Lamentations 1:13. Jeremiah said: “The yoke of my transgressions is preserved [niskad] in His hand” (Lamentations 1:14). Isaiah said: “Undo the restraints on your neck” (Isaiah 52:2). Jeremiah said: “[The Lord] trampled [sila] all my mighty” (Lamentations 1:15). Isaiah said: “Pave [solu] the highway, clear it of stones” (Isaiah 62:10). Jeremiah said: “For [al] these I weep; […my eye sheds water]” (Lamentations 1:16). Isaiah said: “With their eyes they will see [the Lord returning to Zion]” (Isaiah 52:8). Jeremiah said: “Zion spread [persa] her hands, [there was no comforter for her]” (Lamentations 1:17). Isaiah said: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12). Jeremiah said: “The Lord is righteous [tzadik]” (Lamentations 1:18). Isaiah said: “Your people they are all righteous” (Isaiah 60:21). Jeremiah said: “I called [karati] to my lovers; they deceived me” (Lamentations 1:19). Isaiah said: “You will call Your walls salvation” (Isaiah 60:18). Jeremiah said: “See [re’e], Lord, for I am in distress” (Lamentations 1:20). Isaiah said: “You will see and your heart will be gladdened” (Isaiah 66:14). Jeremiah said: “They heard [shamu] that I sigh” (Lamentations 1:21). Isaiah said: “Comfort, comfort My people” (Isaiah 40:1). Jeremiah said: “Let all their wickedness come [tavo] before You” (Lamentations 1:22) Isaiah said: “I will bring them to the mountain of My holiness” (Isaiah 56:7). Another matter, “I remember my song [neginati] in the night” (Psalms 77:7). Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Aivu says: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘I remember how I was broken before You in the night of the kingdoms,65The times during which Israel suffered persecution at the hands of foreign nations is are referred to here as night. just as it says: “Blessed is God, the Most High, who broke [migen] your enemies into your hand”’ (Genesis 14:20). Rabbi Yehuda says: I remember the songs that I sang before You in the nights, just as it says: “[The Lord is to save me] and we will play my songs all the days of our lives” (Isaiah 38:20), this is the night of Pharaoh, as it is written: “It was at midnight” (Exodus 12:29). And the night of Gideon who smote the Midianite and Amalekite camp, as it is written: “It was on that night” (Judges 7:9). And the night of Sennacherib, in whose regard it is written: “It was on that night, and the angel of God emerged” (II Kings 19:35).66According to Rabbi Yehuda, the reference is to the songs Israel sang when they experienced salvation at night. Each of the three verses cited refers to an event in which an enemy of Israel was defeated at night. “I meditate with my heart” (Psalms 77:7), I speak with my heart. “And my spirit searches” (Psalms 77:7), I examine my actions. And it says: “Will the Lord forsake forever? Will He never again appease?” (Psalms 77:8). God forbid, He has not abandoned and will not abandon, as it is written: “For the Lord will not forsake forever” (Lamentations 3:31). “Will He never again appease [lirtzot]” or be appeased [leratzot]? In the past He would appease others. When Moses was angry, it says: “And he returned [veshav] to the camp” (Exodus 33:11). Read it as: And return [veshuv].67Despite Moses’s anger in the wake of the sin of the Golden Calf, God implores him to return to the camp. When Elijah was angry, it says: “Go, return on your way to the wilderness of Damascus” (I Kings 19:15); but now, He does not appease, and is not appeased. “Has His kindness come to an end [he’afes] forever, [is His decision final for all generations]?” (Psalms 77:9). What is he’afes? Rabbi Reuven said: It is a Greek term, just as it says: “He will say none [afes]” (Amos 6:10).68The word afes is a Greek term meaning “let go,” similar to the usage of the term in Amos, where one is asked if there is anyone with him and he says “none,” meaning dismiss the thought from your mind. Thus, It is not God’s kindness that has ceased, but He has let go of it in the sense that He has ceased to implement His kindness in the world. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Ḥanina said: Has the matter that the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses, “I will favor whom I favor” (Exodus 33:19), concluded? Rabbi Simon says: It has already been concluded, and this was confirmed by means of Jeremiah: “For I have withdrawn My peace [and kindness and mercy from this people]” (Jeremiah 16:5). “Has God forgotten to be gracious [ḥanot]” (Psalms 77:10), has God forgotten His encampment [ḥanoto] in the wilderness, “According to the word of God they would encamp” (Numbers 9: 20). Has He forgotten “God, merciful and gracious [veḥanun]”? (Exodus 34:6). “Has He closed in anger His mercy? Sela” (Psalms 77:10); even though He is angry, His mercy is near. Yet Zion said: ‘The Lord has forsaken me and my Lord has forgotten me,’ as it is written: “Zion said: The Lord has forsaken me [and the Lord has forgotten me]” (Isaiah 49:14).69However, God responds: “Yet I will not forget you” (Isaiah 49:15). “Then I said: This is my weakness [ḥaloti], [the right hand of the Most High has changed]” (Psalms 77:11). Rabbi Alexandrai said: Because we did not entreat [ḥilinu] You in repentance, the right hand has changed.70The right hand signifies God’s support and giving. This has changed from supporting Israel to supporting its enemies (Etz Yosef). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: The oath that He made with us at Ḥorev71This is another name for Sinai. has been violated [nitḥalela], and so the right hand has changed. Rabbi Simon said: Have you ever heard that the orb of the sun is ill and unable to rise and serve? For His servants there are no illnesses, but before Him there is illness?72The term ḥaloti is expounded to mean illnesses [ḥolayin], such that the verse reads “this is my illness.” As the midrash explains, it cannot be that God’s providence has changed due to His illness, as that is impossible. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: [This is analogous] to a mighty person who was there in a province, and all the residents of the province relied on him and would say: ‘No troops will come here. If troops came to the city, once he would emerge and show his face, they would flee immediately.’ One time the troops came, and he said to them: ‘My right hand hurts.’73Since he is not ready for battle, the enemies are no longer afraid of him. However, the Holy One blessed be He is not so, but rather, “Behold, the Lord’s hand is not too short to save…” (Isaiah 59:1). “The right hand of the Most High has changed.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: If it is due to illnesses, there is hope, for one who is hurt will ultimately heal. But if it has changed, there is no hope.74In the case of the change to God’s right hand, as it were, there is hope, because the change is based on something akin to illness. The verse from Isaiah cited above is followed by the following: “But your iniquities have separated between you and your God” (Isaiah 59:2) (Matnot Kehuna). That is the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi <who said: “for you have despised us, [you were exceedingly angry at us]” (lamentations 5:22). if it is despising, there is no hope. if it is anger, there is hope, as one who is angry will ultimately be appeased.> Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘You wept a gratuitous weeping; ultimately, you will weep a weeping of substance.’ Where did Israel weep a gratuitous weeping? “Moses heard the people weeping according to its families” (Numbers 11:10). “The entire congregation raised and sounded their voice [and the people wept that night]” (Numbers 14:1). Where did Israel weep a weeping of substance? Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Aivu said: Once in Rama and once in Babylon. In Rama, as it is written: “So said the Lord: A voice is heard in Rama, wailing, bitter weeping, [Rachel weeping for her children]” (Jeremiah 31:15). In Babylon, as it is written: “By the rivers of Babylon, [there we sat and also wept]” (Psalms 137:1). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: One in the “province of Judah” (Ezra 5:8) and one in Babylon. In the province of Judah, “she weeps bitterly at night” (Lamentations 1:2). In Babylon, “by the rivers of Babylon.” Rabbi Aivu said: So said the Holy One blessed be He to Israel: ‘As a reward for that weeping, I will gather in your exiles.’ That is what is written: “So said the Lord, restrain your voice from weeping…there is hope for your future, the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 31:16–17). “She weeps bitterly [bakho tivkeh],” she will weep [bakho] due to one calf; she will weep [tivkeh] due to two calves.75The midrash expounds the doubled Hebrew expression bakho tivkeh (in which the root bet-kaf-heh is used twice consecutively) to refer to two sins: The sin of the Golden Calf in the wilderness and Jeroboam’s two golden calves in the Land of Israel (see I Kings 12:26–30). Another matter, over Judah, and over Zion and Jerusalem.76Zion and Jerusalem count as one. Alternatively, they are separate and there is a third source of weeping expressed in the verse in Lamentations, which continues: “her tears are on her cheeks” (Lamentations 1:2). Another matter, she will weep [bakho] over the exile of the Ten Tribes; she will weep [tivkeh] over the exile of Judah and Benjamin. Another matter, she weeps and causes others to weep with her, she weeps and causes the Holy One blessed be He to weep with her, as it is written: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation” (Isaiah 22:12). She weeps and causes the ministering angels to weep with her, as it is written: “Behold, their angels cry out outside [ḥutza], [the messengers of peace weep bitterly]” (Isaiah 33:7). Rabbi Ze’eira said: Ḥitza is written,77The word ḥutza is written without a vav, such that it can be read ḥitza. it is unnatural [ḥitza] for him to slaughter him.78Rabbi Ze’eira interprets this verse as pertaining to God’s command to Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. The angels responded that this was a command that violated human nature. Rabbi Berekhya said: Just as it says: “He took him outside [haḥutza] [and said: Look now toward the heavens]” (Genesis 15:5).79Rabbi Berekhya cites this verse to demonstrate that ḥutza refers to the heavens. Thus, he interprets the verse in Genesis to mean that God took Abraham outside and directed him to look toward the heavens, and he interprets the verse in Isaiah to mean that the angels cry in the heavens. “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the heavens and the earth to weep with her. That is what is written: “The sun and the moon darkened” (Joel 2:10). “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the mountains and the hills to weep with her. That is what is written: “I saw the mountains [they are quaking, and all the hills have disintegrated]” (Jeremiah 4:24). “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the seventy nations to weep with her. Rabbi Pinḥas said: The seventy bulls that Israel would sacrifice on the festival of Sukkot correspond to the seventy nations, so that the world would not be vacant of them. “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and casues the congregation of Israel to weep with her. That is what is written: “The entire congregation raised [vatisa]…[and the people wept that night]” (Numbers 14:1). Rabbi Ḥunya taught it in the name of Rabbi Neḥemya: Vatisa is written, they left a bad debt for the generations, just as it says: “When you lend [tasheh] to your neighbor” (Deuteronomy 24:10).
“At night,” why at night? Because sound travels only at night, that is why it is stated: “At night.” Rabbi Aivu said: Night draws lamentation with it.80When one cries at night, it has a greater impact on those who hear it, and they are moved to cry as well. There was an incident involving a certain woman who was in Rabban Gamliel’s neighborhood. She had a young son and he died. She would weep over him at night. Rabban Gamliel would hear her voice and recall the destruction of the Temple. He wept with her until his eyelashes fell out. When his disciples sensed it, they arose and evacuated her from his neighborhood.
“And her tears are on her cheeks [leḥya],” over her priests, just as it says: “He shall give to the priest the foreleg, the jaw [haleḥayayim], and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). Alternatively, over her mighty, just as it says: “He found a fresh jawbone [leḥi] of a donkey [and he put forth his hand and took it and smote a thousand men with it]” (Judges 15:15). Alternatively, over her judges, just as you say: “They strike [the judge of Israel] on the cheek [haleḥi] with a rod” (Micah 4:14). Alternatively, over her lads; you find that when the enemies entered the Temple, they seized the lads and bound their hands behind them. They were weeping and the tears were flowing on their cheeks. They could not wipe them and they fell on their cheeks like the scar of a boil.81The tears seared their cheeks, similar to a wound, because they could not wipe them off.
“She has no comforter.” Rabbi Levi said: Any place that it is stated: “Has no [ein],” [ultimately] she will have. “Sarai was barren, she had no [ein] child” (Genesis 11:30), but [ultimately] she had, as it is stated: “The Lord remembered Sarah” (Genesis 21:1). Similarly, “Hannah had no [ein] children” (I Samuel 1:2), and [ultimately] she had, as it is stated: “For the Lord remembered Hannah” (I Samuel 2:21). Similarly, “She is Zion, she has no one [ein] seeking her” (Jeremiah 30:17), and [ultimately] she will have, as it is stated: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). So, too, it says: “She has no [ein] comforter,” and [ultimately] she will have, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12).
“All her allies have betrayed her, have become [her enemies].” Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan said: This is Mikhael and Gavriel.82Even these angels, who would defend Israel in the heavenly court, turned against it.
“Judah was exiled due to affliction and great enslavement. She settled among the nations, did not find rest; all her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits” (Lamentations 1:3). “Judah was exiled.” Are the nations of the world not exiled? Rather, even though they are exiled, their exile is not exile. The nations of the world who eat of their bread and drink of their wine, their exile is not exile.83They assimilate into their new surroundings, symbolized by the fact that they consume the bread and wine of the people in their new surroundings. Consequently, they do not experience exile as acutely as Jews experience it. Israel, who do not eat of their bread and do not drink of their wine, their exile is exile. The nations of the world, who walk in their garments,84They adopt the mode of dress of their new surroundings. their exile is not exile, but Israel, who walk barefoot, their exile is exile. That is why it is stated: “Judah was exiled.” Here it is stated: “Judah was exiled [galeta],” and there it is stated: “Judah was exiled [vayegal] from upon its land” (Jeremiah 52:27),85The verse in Jeremiah uses the feminine form while the verse in Lamentations uses the masculine form. for once they were exiled, their power waned like a female. That is why it is stated: “Judah was exiled [galeta].” “Due to affliction [me’oni],” it is because they ate leavened bread on Passover, just as it says: “You shall not eat with it leavened bread; seven days you shall eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction [oni]” (Deuteronomy 16:3). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they took the collateral of a poor man [ani] into their homes, just as it says: “If he is a poor man, you shall not sleep with his collateral” (Deuteronomy 24:12). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they withheld the wages of hired laborers, just as it says:“You shall not exploit a poor [ani] or indigent hired laborer” (Deuteronomy 24:14). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they stole the gifts of the poor, just as you say: “You shall leave them for the poor [ani] and the stranger” (Leviticus 19:10, 23:22). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they ate the tithe of the poor; Rabbi Beivai and Rabbi Huna [said] in the name of Rav: One who eats produce from which the tithe of the poor was not taken is liable to receive the death penalty. Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they engaged in idol worship, just as it says: “It is a sound of crying [anot] that I hear” (Exodus 32:18).86Moses said this when he heard the sound of the people worshipping the Golden Calf. Rabbi Aḥa said: It is the sound of lauding idol worship that I hear.87This is Rabbi Aḥa’s explanation of the phrase from Exodus 32:18. Rabbi Yehuda says in the name of Rabbi Yosei: There is no generation that does not receive [punishment] due to the sin of the Calf.
“And great enslavement,” Rabbi Aḥa said: Because they would keep the Hebrew slave in servitude, just as it says: “At the end of seven years [each of] you shall free [his Hebrew brother]” (Jeremiah 34:14). “She settled among the nations, did not find rest,” Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Neḥemya said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: Had she found rest, she would not have returned. Similarly, “the dove did not find rest” (Genesis 8:9). Similarly, “among these nations you will not be calm, and there will be no rest for your foot” (Deuteronomy 28:65). “All her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits [hametzarim].” This is like what we learned, the statement of ben Nanas: By her demarcations and her borders [uvmetzranav].88Mishna, Bava Batra 7:3. The midrash cites this mishna to explain the Hebrew term employed in the verse in Lamentations. The word hametzarim, the straits, is understood to mean within her borders. Another matter, “All her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits,” in days of distress, between the seventeenth of Tamuz and the ninth of Av,89The walls of Jerusalem were breached on the seventeenth of Tamuz and the Temple was ultimately destroyed on the ninth of Av (Mishna, Taanit 4:6). during which Ketev Meriri90This is the name of a destructive demon. See Pesaḥim 111b. is prevalent, just as it says: “Nor the pestilence that stalks in darkness, nor the destruction [ketev] that lays waste at noon” (Psalms 91:6). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Levi, Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: It passes through during the main time of sunlight,91The part of the day when the sun is strongest. from the beginning of the sixth hour until the end of the ninth.92These are halakhic hours. In this system, the daylight hours are divided into twelve equal parts. Rabbi Levi said: It passes through the main part of the day, from the end of the fourth hour until the beginning of the ninth. It does not pass through the sunlight or the shade, but rather through the shade adjacent to the sunlight. Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is completely full of eyes, scales, and hair. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: One eye is situated on its heart, and anyone who sees it falls and dies. There was an incident involving a certain pious man who saw it and he fell on his face and died. Some say it was Yehuda ben Rabbi [Yehuda Hanasi]. Shmuel saw it and did not fall. He said: It is [just] a house snake. Rabbi Abahu was sitting and studying in a synagogue in the area of Caesarea. He saw a certain person who was carrying a stick and going to strike another person. He saw a demon standing behind him carrying an iron rod. [Rabbi Abahu] stood and called out to him, saying to him: ‘Why do you seek to kill your counterpart?’ [The man] said to him: ‘Can a person kill another with this?’ He said to him: ‘There is a demon standing behind him that is carrying an iron rod. You strike him with this and it will strike him with that and he will die.’ Rabbi Yoḥanan would instruct the teachers of Bible and the teachers of Mishna not to raise a strap to the children during those days.93The days between the seventeenth of Tamuz and the ninth of Av. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani would instruct the teachers of Bible and the teachers of Mishna to dismiss the children during those four hours.94He did not want the teachers to instruct the children at all during the four hours when Ketev Meriri is active in the world, lest the teachers strike the students, which could lead to danger due to the demon.
“The ways of Zion are in mourning, without Festival pilgrims; all her gates are desolate; her priests sigh; her maidens are forlorn, and she is embittered” (Lamentations 1:4). “The ways of Zion are in mourning.” Rav Huna said: Everything seeks to fulfill its role.95The reference here is to fulfilling its role by finding its mate (Matnot Kehuna). There was an incident involving a certain trained female dog that climbed to the top of a crag in order to mate with a male dog.96The trained dog would not generally climb in such a dangerous area, but it exposed itself to this danger in order to mate. Rabbi Ami said: Even cedars seek to fulfill their roles. Know [that this is so], for there were no cedars in Babylon, but when Nebuchadnezzar ascended to here, he uprooted cedars from here and replanted them in Babylon. When he died they rejoiced over his downfall. That is what is written: “Cypresses, too, rejoice over you, the cedars of Lebanon, [since you have been laid down, the woodcutter does not come against us]” (Isaiah 14:8).97The cedars wanted to propagate in their native land rather than be cut down and transported elsewhere. Rabbi Avdimi of Haifa said: Even the roads seek to fulfill their role. That is what is written: “The ways of Zion are in mourning, without Festival pilgrims.” Without wooden huts and without dignitaries is not written here, but rather, “without Festival pilgrims.” “All her gates are desolate,” as there was no one entering or exiting through them. “Her priests sigh,” as there was no one to give them the priestly gifts, just as it says: “He shall give to the priest the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Rabbi Simon said: “Her maidens are forlorn [nugot],” these are the Torah scholars, who were as beautiful as maidens and they became like wax [kadonag].98Just as wax melts away, their hearts melted in their sorrow (Matnot Kehuna). Rabbi Shmuel said that Rabbi Yitzḥak said: These are the dignitaries who were as beautiful as maidens and became like forlorn young women [nugot]. Alternatively, “her maidens are forlorn,” as this one would come and violate her and that one would come and violate her until they greatly aggravated her wound. “And she is embittered,” she is embittered due to her nakedness.
“Her adversaries have become the head, her enemies are tranquil, for the Lord has tormented her for her abundant transgressions; her infants are led into captivity before the adversary (Lamentations 1:5). “Her adversaries have become the head.” Rabbi Hillel ben Rabbi Berekhya said: Anyone who comes to oppress Israel becomes a leader. What is the source? “Her adversaries have become the head.” You find that until Jerusalem was destroyed, there was no province that was at all significant.99No city inhabited by non-Jews in the Land of Israel was significant. When Jerusalem was destroyed, Caesarea became a metropolis and a fortified city. Another matter, “Her adversaries have become the head,” this is Nebuchadnezzar. “Her enemies are tranquil,” this is Nevuzaradan. Alternatively, “Her adversaries have become the head,” this is Vespasian. “Her enemies are tranquil,” this is Titus. For three-and-a-half years, Vespasian surrounded Jerusalem. There were four governors with him: The governor of Arabia, the governor of Africa, the governor of Alexandria, and the governor of Palestine. Regarding the governor of Arabia, there are two amora’im, one says that his name was Kilus and one said that his name was Pangar. There were four noblemen in Jerusalem: Ben Tzitzit, ben Guryon, ben Nakdimon, and ben Kalba Savua. Each and every one was capable of providing sustenance for the city for ten years. There was also ben Batiaḥ,100Ben Batiaḥ was the leader of the zealots. the son of the sister of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai, who was appointed over the storehouses, and he burned all the storehouses.101The zealots wanted to confront the Romans militarily, and burned the storehouses so that the people would be so desperate that they would have to fight. Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai heard and said ‘woe [vai].’ They went and told ben Batiaḥ: ‘Your uncle said woe.’ He sent and had him brought and said to him: ‘Why did you say woe?’ He said to him: ‘I did not say woe. Rather, I said va.’102This is an exclamation of joy. He said to him: ‘You said va; why did you say va?’ He said: ‘Because you burned all the storehouses, and I said: As long as the storehouses are intact, they will not risk their lives to engage in battle.’ Between vai and va Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai escaped.103He would have been killed if he had been known to have criticized the zealots. They applied to him the verse: “The advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of its possessors” (Ecclesiastes 7:12). Three days later, Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai went out to walk in the marketplace. He saw that they were boiling straw and drinking its broth. He said: ‘Are people who boil straw and drink its broth capable of standing against Vespasian’s troops?’ He said: ‘The priority is to get me out of here.’ He sent [a message] to ben Batiaḥ saying: ‘Get me out of here.’ [Ben Batiaḥ] said to him: ‘We have agreed among us that no person may emerge from here unless he is dead.’ He said: ‘Get me out in the guise of one who died.’ Rabbi Eliezer carried his [bier] from the head and Rabbi Yehoshua from the feet, and ben Batiaḥ walked before them. When they arrived they sought to stab him.104When they arrived at the gate of the city, the zealots standing guard sought to stab him to ensure that he was, in fact, dead. Ben Batiaḥ said to them: ‘Is that what you want, that they will say that their rabbi died and they stabbed him?’ When he said that to them, they let him go. When they went out of the gate of the wall, they carried him and placed him in a certain tomb and they returned to the city. Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai went to walk among Vespasian’s troops. He said to them: ‘Where is the king?’ They went and said to Vespasian: ‘A certain Jew wishes to inquire after your wellbeing.’ He said to them: ‘Let him come.’ When he came he said: ‘Long live my lord, the emperor.’ He said to him: ‘You greeted me with the greeting of a king, but I do not reign [as king], and if the king will hear of it, he will kill me.’105Literally, “he will kill that man.” Vespasian was referring to himself, as it was considered an act of rebellion to allow oneself to be treated as a king. [Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai] said to him: ‘If you are not [yet] the king, ultimately you will reign, as this Temple will be destroyed only by a king, as it is stated: “The Lebanon will fall by a mighty one”’ (Isaiah 10:34). They took him and placed him behind seven partitions.106They placed him in detention in a place where there was no daylight. They would ask him: ‘What hour of the night is it?’ He would tell them. ‘What hour of the day is it?’ He would tell them. How did Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai know? It was from his studies.107Based on the amount of material that he covered, he was able to calculate the time that elapsed (Etz Yosef). Three days later, Vespasian went to bathe in the Gafna spring. After he bathed and put on one of his shoes, tidings reached him informing him that Nero had died and that the citizens of Rome had crowned him king. He sought to put on his other shoe, but it did not fit. He sent and had Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai brought and he said to him: ‘Are you not able to tell me? All these days I would wear two shoes and they would fit me, now one fits and one does not fit.’ He said to him: ‘You received good tidings, as it is written: “Good tidings fatten the bone”’ (Proverbs 15:30). He said to him: ‘What shall I do so it will fit?’ He said to him: ‘Is there a person whom you hate or who wronged you? Let him pass before you and your flesh will recede, as it is written: “A depressed spirit dries bones”’ (Proverbs 17:22). They began telling parables before him: ‘What should one do to a barrel in which a snake has nested?’108Their point was to trap him into admitting that he should have fought against the zealots of Jerusalem. He said to them: ‘One brings a snake charmer, charms the snake, and leaves the barrel intact.’ Pangar said: ‘One kills the snake and breaks the barrel.’ ‘What should one do to a cabinet in which a snake has nested?’ He said to them: ‘One brings a snake charmer, charms the snake, and leaves the cabinet intact.’ Pangar said: ‘One kills the snake and burns the cabinet.’ Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai said to Pangar: ‘All neighbors who perform evil perform it in their own neighborhood. Not only do you fail to plea in our favor, you speak to our detriment.’109Pangar was the governor of Arabia, which is near the Land of Israel. By inciting Vespasian to deal harshly with the Jews, Pangar made it more likely that Vespasian would also deal harshly with Arabia. He said to him: ‘I want only what is best for you. As long as that Temple is intact, the kingdoms will confront you; if that Temple is destroyed, the kingdoms will not confront you.’ Rabban Yoḥanan said to him: ‘The heart knows whether it is constructive [laakal]110Literally, a woven basket. A play on words; literally, for a basket. or crooked [laakalkalot].’111This phrase literally means “whether it is for a woven basket [laakal] or crooked [laakalkalot].” This was a common expression based on the play of words, and simply means the heart knows its real intent. Vespasian said to Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai: ‘Make a request and I will grant it.’ He said to him: ‘I request that you leave this city and go on your way.’ He said to him: ‘Did the citizens of Rome crown me so I would leave this city? Make a [different] request and I will grant it.’ He said to him: ‘I request that you leave the gate of the western gate, which points toward Lod, so that anyone who emerges for four hours will be saved.’ After [Vespasian] conquered it, he said to him: ‘If you have someone who is beloved to you or someone with whom you are close, send and bring him before the soldiers enter.’ He sent to Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua to take out Rabbi Tzadok. They went and found him at the city gate. When he came, Rabban Yoḥanan stood before him. Vespasian said to him: ‘You stand before this repulsive old man?’ He said to him: ‘By your life, if there was another like him, and you had double the [number of your] soldiers, you would not be able to conquer [the city.’ He said to him: ‘What is his strength?’ He said to him: ‘He eats one gamzuz112A fruit similar to a fig (Arukh). and from it studies one hundred chapters.’ He said to him: ‘Why is he so emaciated?’ He said to him: ‘It is due to the effects of fasts and abstinences.’ [Vespasian] sent and brought physicians and they would feed him a little at a time and would give him to drink a little at a time, until his body was restored [to good health]. Elazar, his son,113The son of Rabbi Tzadok. said to him: ‘Father, give them their reward in this world, so that they will have no merit with you in the World to Come.’ He gave them [a method for] mathematical calculations with fingers114This was a method of using the fingers to aid in easy computations of multiplication tables from six to nine (Yefei Anaf). and scales.115He introduced to them a new type of scale for weighing. After he conquered it, he distributed the four sides to the four governors. The western gate was in the portion of Pangar. It was decreed from Heaven that it would never be destroyed. Why? Because the Divine Presence is in the west. They destroyed theirs, he did not destroy his. [Vespasian] sent and had him brought and said to him: ‘Why did you not destroy yours?’ He said to him: ‘By your life, I did so for the glory of the kingdom. Had I destroyed it, people would not know what you destroyed. When the people will see [the remaining wall], they will say: Look at the power of Vespasian, what he destroyed.’ He said to him: ‘By your life, you have spoken well; however, because you violated my command, that man116The reference is to Pangar himself. will ascend to the roof and cast himself from it. If he lives, he lives; if he dies, he dies.’ He ascended, cast himself, and died. The curse of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai came upon him.117Rabban Yoḥanan had implied that if Pangar’s intentions were malicious toward the Jews, he should be cursed.
“For the Lord has tormented her for her abundant transgressions.” Is it, perhaps, for nothing? The verse states: “For her abundant transgressions.” “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary,” Rabbi Yehuda said: Come and see how dear children are <before the holy one blessed be he>. The Sanhedrin was exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. The priestly watches were exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. When the children were exiled, the Divine Presence was exiled with them. That is what is written: “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary.” Immediately,118This is meant to be read together with the next section.
“Gone from the daughter of Zion is all her splendor. Her princes are like deer that have not found pasture; they went powerless before the pursuer” (Lamentations 1:6) “Gone from the daughter [mibat] of Zion.” Min bat is written. Rabbi Aḥa said: We have one fine portion; that is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is written in His regard: “The Lord is my lot [menat ḥelki] and my portion” (Psalms 16:5). “All its splendor,” this is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “You are clothed in glory and splendor” (Psalms 104:1).119Thus, when the children were exiled (Lamentations 1:5), God was exiled too, as it were, as implied in Lamentations 1:6. Alternatively, “all its splendor,” this is the Sanhedrin, as it is written: “Might and splendor are her garments” (Proverbs 31:25).120This is stated regarding the Torah. Since it is the Sanhedrin who interpret the Torah and translates it into practical terms, they are the ones who clothe Torah in glory and splendor. The term splendor in Lamentations can therefore also be interpreted as referring to the Sanhedrin. Alternatively, “all its splendor [hadarah],” these are Torah scholars, as it is written: “You shall rise before the aged and honor [vehadarta] the presence of a sage” (Leviticus 19:32). Alternatively, “all its splendor,” these are the priestly watches, as it is written: “Praising with the splendor of holiness” (II Chronicles 20:21). Alternatively, “all its splendor,” these are the children. Rabbi Yehuda said: Come and see how dear children are before the Holy One blessed be He. The Sanhedrin was exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. The priestly watches were exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. When the children were exiled, the Divine Presence was exiled with them. That is what is written: “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary.” Immediately, “gone from the daughter of Zion is all her splendor.” “Her princes are like deer [that have not found pasture].”121Pasture is typically associated with sheep, not deer. Rabbi Yehuda said: When they are soft they are likened to sheep, as it is stated: “The sheep will graze as in their pasture” (Isaiah 5:17). When they are rigid they are likened to deer, as it is stated: “Her princes are like deer.” Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Abba and Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua [said]: Just as these deer turn their faces away from one another during a heat wave,122They race directly to a water source with no consideration for any other deer. so too the prominent among Israel would see a matter of transgression and would turn their faces away from it. The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘A time will come when I will do so to you.’ “They went powerless before the pursuer.” Rabbi Azarya said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon: When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, they add strength to the power on high, just as it says: “With God we will triumph” (Psalms 60:14). When Israel does not perform the will of the Omnipresent, they, as it were, exhaust the great power on high, as it is written: “You abandoned the Rock that begot you” (Deuteronomy 32:18). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Rabbi Tarfon: When Israel performs the will of the Holy One blessed be He, they add strength to the power on high, just as it says: “Now, please, let the power of the Lord be great” (Numbers 14:17). When Israel does not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, they, as it were, exhaust the great power on high, and they, too, go “powerless before the pursuer.” Rabbi Huna, Rabbi Aḥa, and Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, and the Rabbis in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: A person would say to his counterpart in Jerusalem: ‘Read one Bible column to me,’ and he would say to him: ‘I do not have the strength.’ ‘Teach me one chapter of Mishna,” and he would say to him: ‘I do not have the strength.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘A time will come and I will do so to you.’ “They went powerless before the pursuer [rodef].” Rabbi Aḥa said: Just as Israel was exiled only by a full-fledged pursuer, so, they will be redeemed only with a full-fledged redeemer, as it is written: “A redeemer [goel] will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20), it is written full.123The Hebrew word is written with a vav, just as the word rodef in the verse in Lamentations is written with a vav, despite the fact that both could have been written without the vav.
“Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and her wretchedness, all her delights that she had from the days of old; with the fall of her people into the hand of the adversary, with no one helping her, the adversaries saw her, mocked her over her deficiencies” (Lamentations 1:7). “Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and her wretchedness.” In the days of her affliction, she remembered the rebellions that she rebelled against the Holy One blessed be He. “All her delights [maḥamudeha],” these are words of Torah, just as it says: “They are more desirable [haneḥemadim] than gold, than much fine gold” (Psalms 19:11). “With the fall of her people into the hand of the adversary,” the Rabbis there124In Babylon. say: When a bull falls its slaughterers are many. The Rabbis here125In Israel. say: When a bull falls, sharpen the knives.126These are expressions that were common in Babylon or the Land of Israel. The point is that when one is weak and vulnerable, it is much more common for people to rush to take advantage of that weakness than to provide protection. “With no one helping her.” The Rabbis there say: When you insult a bride, she remembers the seven days of rejoicing. The Rabbis here say: When a son goes barefoot, he remembers the tranquility of his father’s home.127Similarly, when the residents of Jerusalem were suffering, they thought back to the comforts of earlier times. “The adversaries saw her, mocked her over he deficiencies [mishbateha],” over her Shabbatot, just as it says: “Remember the Shabbat day to sanctify it” (Exodus 20:8).128The midrash interprets the verse as saying that the gentiles mocked the Jews for the fact that they observed Shabbat, and attempted to coerce them to violate Shabbat (Etz Yosef). Alternatively, “over her deficiencies [mishbateha],” over her Sabbatical years [shemitoteha], just as it says: “In the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest [for the land]” (Leviticus 25:4). Alternatively, “over her deficiencies [mishbateha],” this is Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai, who ceased [sheshavat] to be in her.129The midrash interprets the phrase “mocked [saḥaku] it over its deficiencies [mishbateha]” to mean that they rejoiced [saḥaku] over he who ceased [sheshavat] to be in it. When they saw that Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai left the city, they knew that it would be conquered (Etz Yosef).
“Jerusalem has committed a sin, therefore she has become a pariah. All who honored her demean her because they have seen her nakedness. She, too, sighed and turned back” (Lamentations 1:8). “Jerusalem has committed a sin.” Do the nations of the world not sin? Rather, even though they sin, it is nothing.130They are not held to account as severely as Israel. This is due to Israel’s elevated status and its covenant with God. However, Israel sinned and was punished. “Therefore she has become a pariah [lenida],” she has become itinerant.131Nad, means wandering, itinerant. “All who honored her demean her because they have seen her nakedness. She, too, sighed and turned back,” back from the priesthood, back from kingship.
“Her impurity is on her hems, she had not considered her end; she has declined extraordinarily, there is no one to comfort her. See, Lord, my affliction, for the enemy has expanded” (Lamentations 1:9). “Her impurity is on her hems.” Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Kahana: All the priests who served during the reign of Zedekiah were uncircumcised.132This is the impurity to which the verse alludes. That is what is written: “As you brought strangers uncircumcised of heart and uncircumcised of flesh” (Ezekiel 44:7). Another matter, “Her impurity is on her hems [beshuleha],” in her lower reaches [shipuleha], just as it says: “At the hems of the robe” (Exodus 28:34). Alternatively, “her impurity is on her hems,” like what we learned: There was a place below Jerusalem, Tofet was its name. Rabbi Yehuda says: It is so named due to the inferno that was in it. Rabbi Yosei said: The Valley of ben Hinom. There was a hollow idol there that was placed behind seven partitions. There was a bronze tray in its hand and there was a stove placed upon it. For anyone who would sacrifice fine flour, they would open one [partition] for him; pigeons and turtledoves, they would open two for him; a sheep, they would open three for him; a ram, they would open four for him; a calf, they would open five for him; a bull, they would open six for him; and for anyone who would sacrifice his son, they would open seven for him. They would place him into the bronze tray and ignite the stove beneath him. They would laud before him and say to him: ‘May it be pleasant for you and sweet for you.’ Why to that extent?133Why did they loudly sing the praises of the idol? So they would not hear the moaning of their sons and change their minds. The priest came to a man and said to him: ‘[I have come] because such and such idol said to me: With all the sons that you have, do you not wish to sacrifice one of them?’ [The man] said to him: ‘Are there in my control? One is working in gold, one in silver, one in flocks, and one in cattle.’ He [then] said to him: ‘Wait, did you see that I have a small son, in school? When he comes I will give him to you.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Wicked one, of all the sons that you have, did you need to cast to the idol the one who is devoted to My name?’134The young son was studying Torah in school. Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Perata: [This is analogous] to a noblewoman whose lover said to her: ‘Prepare hot water for me.’ She took the king’s wreath135A wreath given by the king as a sign of honor. She used this to fuel the fire to heat the water. and prepared hot water for him. The king said to her: ‘Of all the wood that you have in this house, did you need to heat water for your lover only in my tub?’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said to that wicked one: ‘Of all the sons that you have, did you need to cast to the idol the one who is devoted to My name?’ That is what is written: “You took your sons…[and these you slaughtered for them to devour]” (Ezekiel 16:20). “She has declined extraordinarily,” she descended to ordeals.
When Rabbi Yosei of Milḥaya died, Rabbi Yoḥanan and Reish Lakish went up to perform an act of kindness136They went to participate in the funeral. and Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka went up with them. There was a certain elder there who sought to ascend and begin eulogizing him, but they did not allow him to do so. Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka said to him: ‘Before these lions of Torah you open your mouth?’ Rabbi Yoḥanan said to them: ‘Leave him, as he is an elder. Let him ascend and be honored in his place.’137Since he is an elder and a local, let him deliver the first eulogy. He ascended, began, and said: ‘We find that the departure of the righteous is more difficult before the Holy One blessed be He than the ninety-eight rebukes in Mishne Torah138This is a reference to the book of Deuteronomy. The reference is to the warnings of punishment in Deuteronomy 28:15–68. and the destruction of the Temple. In the rebukes it is written: “The Lord will render your blows extraordinary [vehifla]” (Deuteronomy 28:59).139The Lord will strike you with extraordinary blows. Regarding the destruction of the Temple it is written: “She has declined extraordinarily [pela’im].” However, regarding the departure of the righteous it is written: “Therefore, behold, I will continue to bewilder [lehafli] this people, bewilderment [hafleh] upon bewilderment [vafeleh]” (Isaiah 29:14). Why to that extent? “The wisdom of her wise will be lost and the understanding of her men of understanding will be concealed” (Isaiah 29:14).’ Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka said: ‘May the mouth of this man be blessed.’ Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: ‘Had we not allowed him, from where would we have heard this pearl?’ The Divine Spirit was shouting and saying: “See, Lord, my affliction, for the enemy has expanded.”140The midrash has returned to explicating the verse in Lamentations 1:8. The point is that the first part of the verse is a description of what has happened, whereas the phrase “see, Lord…” is the prophet, influenced by the Divine Spirit, calling out to God. “Evildoers dig pits for me that do not accord with Your Torah” (Psalms 119:85). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said two [examples]: It is written: “Do not take the mother with the young” (Deuteronomy 22:6), and here: “A mother was torn apart with her children” (Hosea 10:14);141The Torah prohibits trapping the mother bird while she is with her young, but the enemies attacked mothers in the presence of their children. that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said another: It is written: “To eradicate an infant from the street” (Jeremiah 9:20), but not from the synagogues; “young men from the squares” (Jeremiah 9:20), but not from the study halls. But here, “the wrath of the Lord arose against them…[He struck down the young warriors among them]” (Psalms 78:31);142The “young warriors” refers to those involved in the study of Torah. At times the debate of matters of halakha in the course of study is compared to war (see, e.g., Megilla 15b). Alternatively, some suggest that the correct version of the text is as cited in Yalkut Shimoni, Tehillim 877, which provides a different prooftext: “Who slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary” (II Chronicles 36:17) (Rabbi David Luria; Etz Yosef). that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.” Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said two [examples]: It is written: “An ox or a sheep, it and its offspring you shall not slaughter on one day” (Leviticus 22:28), but here, child and mother were killed on one day, as it is stated: “A mother was torn apart with her children” (Hosea 10:14); that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.” Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said another: It is written: “Who will hunt game of a beast…he shall [pour out its blood and] cover it with dirt” (Leviticus 17:13). But here, “They spilled their blood like water around Jerusalem, and there was no one to bury them” (Psalms 79:3); that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.” Rabbi Berekhya said: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, You afforded burial to donkeys, but to Your children You did not afford burial.’ You afforded burial to donkeys, these are the Egyptians. That is what is written: “Whose flesh is the flesh of donkeys” (Ezekiel 23:20). And Rabbi Berekhya said: Because the sea would cast them to the dry land and the dry land cast them to the sea. The sea said to the dry land: ‘Accept your people,’ and the dry land said to the sea: ‘Accept your people.’ The dry land said: ‘If when I accepted only Abel’s blood, it is stated in my regard: “Cursed is the land” (Genesis 3:17), how can I accept the blood of this entire multitude?’ [This continued] until the Holy One blessed be He took an oath to it that He would not place it on trial. That is what is written: “You extended Your right hand; the earth swallowed them” (Exodus 15:12). The right hand is nothing other than an oath, as it is stated: “The Lord took an oath by His right hand” (Isaiah 62:8). But to your people, you did not afford burial, that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
“The adversary extended his hand over all her delights; for she saw the nations entering her Sanctuary, whom You had commanded that they should not enter Your assembly” (Lamentations 1:10). “The adversary extended his hand.” You find that when the enemies entered the Temple, Amonites and Moavites entered with them. Everyone was running to plunder silver and gold, and the Amonites and Moavites were running to plunder the Torah, in order to remove “An Amonite and Moavite shall not enter the assembly of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:4). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Perata: This is analogous to a conflagration that was ignited in a king’s palace. Everyone was running to plunder the silver and the gold while a slave ran to plunder his writ of servitude. So too, when the enemies entered the Temple, Amonites and Moavites entered with them. Everyone was running to plunder silver and gold, and the Amonites and Moavites were running to plunder the Torah, in order to remove “An Amonite and Moavite shall not enter the assembly of the Lord.” Abraham bestowed four good things upon Lot. That is what is written: “Abram went, as the Lord had spoken to him, and Lot went with him” (Genesis 12:4). And it says: “Lot, too, who was going with Abram [had sheep, cattle and tents]” (Genesis 13:5). And it says: “He returned all the property, [and also his brother Lot and his property he returned]” (Genesis 14:16). And it says: “It was when God destroyed the cities of the plain [God remembered Abraham, and He sent Lot from the midst of the upheaval]” (Genesis 19:29). Correspondingly, they should have repaid them with goodness;143Lot’s descendants, the nations of Amon and Moav, should have been kind to Abraham’s descendants. however, they performed acts of wickedness. That is what is written: “He sent messengers to Bilam…now, please go and curse for me…. The elders of Moav and the elders of Midian went…” (Numbers 22:5–7). “He gathered to him the children of Amon and Amalek, [and he went and smote Israel]” (Judges 3:13).144The verse is stated regarding Eglon, king of Moav. “It was thereafter, the children of Moav, and the children of Amon, and with them some Amonites, came against Yehoshafat” (II Chronicles 20:1). And this: “The adversary extended his hand...” Correspondingly, their sins are written in four places. “An Amonite and Moavite [shall not enter the assembly of the Lord]…because they did not greet you with bread and with water…” (Deuteronomy 23:4–5). “My people, remember now what Balak king of Moav devised…” (Micah 6:5). “Because they did not greet the children of Israel with bread and with water, and hired Bilam against them, to curse them” (Nehemiah 13:2). “He sent and summoned Bilam son of Beor to curse you” (Joshua 24:9). Correspondingly, four prophets stood and sealed their sentence, and they were: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Zephaniah. Isaiah said: “A prophecy of Moav: For on the night that Ar of Moav is plundered, it is ruined; for on the night that Kir of Moav is plundered, it is ruined” (Isaiah 15:1). Jeremiah said: “Behold, days are coming, the utterance of the Lord, and I will sound to Raba of the children of Amon an alarm of war, and it will become a mound of desolation, and its environs will be burned in fire, and Israel will inherit its inheritors, said the Lord” (Jeremiah 49:2). Ezekiel said: “To the children of the east, against the children of Amon, and I will give it as a heritage, so that the children of Amon will not be remembered among the nations. I will administer punishments to Moav, and they will know that I am the Lord” (Ezekiel 25:10–11). Zephaniah said: “Therefore, as I live, the utterance of the Lord of hosts, God of Israel, Moav will be like Sodom and the children of Amon like Gomorrah, a rustling thornbush, a salt mine, a desolate wasteland forever. The remnant of My people will plunder them and the rest of My nation will inherit them” (Zephaniah 2:9).
“All its people are sighing, seeking bread; they have given their delights for food to restore life. See, Lord, and look, for I have become abject” (Lamentations 1:11). “All its people are sighing.” It is written: “In the fourth month, on the ninth of the month, the famine intensified in the city [and there was no bread for the people of the land]” (Jeremiah 52:6). “For the people of the land” there was no bread, but for the residents of Judah there was bread.145This is a reference to the aristocracy, who still had stores of bread. That was in the first destruction. However, in the second destruction: “All its people are sighing, seeking bread…” Initially, they would lower them a basket of gold and they would give them a basket of wheat.146The wealthy residents of Jerusalem would lower baskets of gold over the wall and enemy soldiers would give them baskets of wheat in exchange. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket of gold and they would give them a basket of barley. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket and they would give them a basket of straw. What would they do? They would boil it and drink its broth. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket of gold, and they would give them nothing. Rabbi Yehuda ben Sigena said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: If, regarding one who could give but did not take, it says: “You shall give him” (Deuteronomy 15:10), one who takes and does not give, all the more so.147The verse cited requires one to give charity to the needy, and follows a verse that states that if one fails to do so, it is considered a sin (Deuteronomy 15:9). How much more so, one who takes from the needy and does not even give anything in return (Rabbi David Luria). “To restore life,” with how much is life restored? Rabbi says: A date-bulk. Rabbi Ḥananya said: A dried fig-bulk. “See, Lord, and look.” Rabbi Pinḥas said: There was an incident involving two women, prostitutes, who were fighting with one another. One said to her counterpart while they were fighting with one another: ‘Won’t you go away from here, as your face appears like that of a Jewess.’ Some time later they reconciled. She said to her: ‘I pardon and forgive you for everything, but for the fact that you said to me: Your face appears like that of a Jewess, I will not pardon and I will not forgive you.’ That is why it is stated: “For I have become abject.”
“May it not befall you, all wayfarers.Look and see: Is there any pain like my pain, which has been done to me, with which the Lord has tormented me on the day of His enflamed wrath?” (Lamentations 1:12). “May it not befall you,” the congregation of Israel says to the nations of the world: Let what befell us not befall you. Let what happened to me not happen to you; “all wayfarers [overei derekh],” all violators of [overei] the way [derekh] of Torah. “Look and see.” We learned there: The sentence of the generation of the Flood lasted twelve months, the sentence of the Egyptians lasted twelve months, the sentence of Job lasted twelve months, the sentence of Gog and Magog lasts twelve months, the sentence of the wicked in Gehenna lasts twelve months.148Mishna Eduyot 2:10. Nebuchadnezzar was three and a half years. Sennacherib was over three and a half years. Vespasian was three and a half years.149The respective sieges of Nebuchadnezzar, leading to the destruction of the first Temple, and Vespasian, leading to the destruction of the second Temple, lasted three and a half years each. This demonstrates how the suffering of the Jews during that time was unparalleled. “Look and see: Is there any pain like my pain, which has been done [olal] to me.” He was exacting with me and plucked my gleanings [olalti], just as it says: “When you harvest your vineyard [you shall not glean [teolel] behind you]” (Deuteronomy 24:21).150It is forbidden to pluck the grapes in clusters that are not fully formed, which must be left for the poor. However, the enemies of Jerusalem killed everyone and destroyed everything. “With which the Lord has tormented me on the day of His enflamed wrath.” Rabbi Aḥa said: The enflamed wrath of the Holy One blessed be He was one day. Had Israel repented, they would have cooled it.
“From on high He sent fire into my bones, and He crushed them; He spread a net for my feet, He turned me back. He rendered me desolate, suffering all day” (Lamentations 1:13). “From on high He sent fire into my bones.” Rabbi Ami asked Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani, he said to him: ‘Because I heard about you, that you are a master of aggada, what is [the meaning of] that which is written: “For Your righteousness [vetzikatekha], God, reaches on high”?’ (Psalms 71:19). He said to him: ‘Just as those below are required to perform charity [tzedaka] with one another, so those on high are required to perform charity with one another.’ Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: Any place where it is stated: “He said, he said,”151Wherever the term “he said” appears twice in the introduction to a single statement. it is stated only to be expounded. That is what is written: “He said to the man clothed in linen, and He said: Come to between the galgal[beneath the cherub, and fill your hands with smoldering coals from between the cherubs, and cast them upon the city]” (Ezekiel 10:2). What is “He said,” “He said,” twice? It is that the Holy One blessed be He spoke to the angel, and the angel [then] said to the cherub: ‘Even though the Holy One blessed be He decreed upon me to take the coals, I am not allowed to enter behind your partition. Rather, perform an act of kindness and give me two of your coals so I will not be burned.’ That is what is written: “He carried it and placed it into the cupped hands of the one clothed in linen” (Ezekiel 10:7). What is “he carried it and he placed it”? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: He cooled them and placed them in his hand. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi: For six years the coals were dimly smoldering in Gabriel’s hand, and he believed that Israel would repent. When they did not repent, he sought to cast them upon them in rage. The Holy One blessed be He summoned him and said to him: ‘Gabriel, Gabriel! Slowly, slowly, for there are among them those who perform charity with one another.’ That is what is written: “On the cherubs the form of a man’s hand was seen beneath their wings” (Ezekiel 10:8).152The hand represents the Holy One blessed be He preventing Gabriel from casting the coals on them. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: What holds up the supernal and the earthly? It is the charity that Israel performs with the hand. That is what is written: “For Your righteousness, God, reaches on high” (Psalms 71:19).153The verse is interpreted to mean that the merit of the charity that God commanded Israel to perform “reaches on high,” in that it supports even the heavens. Similarly, “The man of God approached and said to the king of Israel, and said: So said the Lord: [Because Aram said: The Lord is a God of mountains and not a God of lowlands, I will deliver all this great multitude into your hand, and you will know that I am the Lord]” (I Kings 20:28). What is “and said” twice? It is that in the first statement he said to him: ‘If ben Hadad comes under your control, have no pity on him.’ In the second statement, he said to him: ‘How many traps have I laid, how many signals have I sent, how many conquests did I perform before I subdued him before you, and now you have freed him in peace?’ Therefore, “your life shall be in place of his life, and your people instead of his people” (I Kings 20:42). Similarly, “King Aḥashverosh said and he said to Queen Esther” (Esther 7:5). What is “he said,” “he said,” twice? Rav said in the name of Rabbi Elazar: Before he sensed that she was Jewish, he would speak to her directly. Once he sensed that she was Jewish, King Aḥashverosh spoke to the translator and the translator spoke to Queen Esther. Similarly, “The Lord said to Moses: Speak to the priests, sons of Aaron, and say to them” (Leviticus 21:1). Why do I need these two sayings? It is that in the first saying, He said to him: “He shall not become impure from a corpse among his people”(Leviticus 21:1). In the second, He said to him: ‘If you come upon a corpse that it is a mitzva to bury, impurify yourself for it.’154Although a priest is forbidden from becoming impure from a corpse, if there is a corpse that has no one to bury it, it is a mitzva for anyone, even a priest, to see to the burial. Since in this world you impurify yourself for a corpse that it is a mitzva to bury, in the future you will not become impure from any corpse, for there will be no death in the future, as it is stated: “He will eliminate death forever” (Isaiah 25:8). Alternatively, “for Your righteousness, God, reaches on high, [for the great deeds You have done]” these are the two luminaries.155This refers to the sun and the moon. “God, who is comparable to You” (Psalms 71:19), in that You suppress the attribute of justice. At that moment, the accuser leapt before the Throne of Glory and said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, will this wicked one arrogantly say: I destroyed the house of the Lord and burned His Temple? If it is so,156If the Temple must be destroyed. let fire descend from on high and burn it.’ Immediately, what is written: “From on high He sent fire into my bones.” Rabbi Yehoshua said: That is why the prophet rebukes Babylon and says to it: “Take a millstone and grind flour” (Isaiah 47:2). Everyone grinds wheat, yet it says “grind flour”? Rather, Jerusalem said to the daughter of Babylon: Had war not been waged against me from on high, could you have waged war against me? Had fire not been sent against me from on high, could you have overcome me? Rather, you killed a dead lion. You ground already ground flour. You set fire to a burned city. That is why it says: “From on high He sent fire into my bones and He crushed them [vayirdena].” What is “and He crushed them [vayirdena]”? Moved them, just as you say: “He scooped [vayirdehu] it into his hands” (Judges 14:9).157The midrash is interpreting the word vayirdena to mean “he moved them” rather than “He crushed them.” Thus, the verse is interpreted to mean that God sent fire from on high against the Temple, and the enemy merely moved the burned bones. Alternatively, vayirdena [means] ruled, just as it says: “He will rule [veyerd] from sea to sea” (Psalms 72:8). Alternatively, vayirdena [means] subjugated, just as it says: “For he subjugated [rodeh] the entire region beyond the River” (I Kings 5:4). Alternatively, vayirdena [means] plowing [radya], as it is taught: Rufus plowed the Sanctuary. Rabbi Beiva of Rangaya said: Vayirdena, he saw [vayar] the attribute of justice [din] harming it. “He spread a net for my feet.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: If you see benches filled with Babylonians situated in the Land of Israel, anticipate the footsteps of the Messiah. What is the source? “He spread [paras] a net for my feet.”158This is expounded as a reference to Persia [paras]. When the Persians, whose empire included Babylon, spread their net in the Land of Israel, it will be a harbinger of the Messiah. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: If you see a Persian horse tied in the Land of Israel, anticipate the footsteps of the Messiah. What is the source? “This will be peace: When Assyria [will come into our land and when it will tread in our palaces, we will raise against it seven shepherds, and eight princes of men]” (Micah 5:4). “He turned me back,” away from the priesthood, away from the kingdom. “He rendered me desolate,” set for destruction; “suffering all day,” [sent] to the gallows.
“The yoke of my transgressions is preserved in His hand, becoming entangled, coming upon my neck, sapping my strength. The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand” (Lamentations 1:14). “The yoke of my transgressions is preserved [niskad] in His hand,” I was calm [seduka] regarding my iniquities. I believed that He would pardon me for all my iniquities when I heard that my promissory note was ripped on high.159When God said to Moses that He pardoned the people for the sin of the Golden Calf, they thought they were entirely pardoned, but in fact God had merely agreed not to annihilate them completely, but rather to punish them incrementally. Another matter, niskad is written with a shin.160The word niskad is written with a sin rather than a samech. A sin can also be read as a shin when it is not vocalized, as it is the same letter. Thus, the word can be read nishkad. The Holy One blessed be He strove [shakad] to find how to bring the calamity upon me. He said: If I exile them during the season of Tevet,161Winter. they will suffer from cold and die. Rather, I will exile them during the season of Tamuz,162Summer. as even if they sleep in the streets and squares, not one of them will be harmed. Another matter, niskad, He strove [shakad] to find how to bring the calamity upon me. He said: If I exile them during the season of Tevet, there are no grapes on the vine and no figs on the fig tree. Rather, I will exile them during the season of Tamuz, when there are grapes on the vine, figs on the fig tree, and even the leaves do not wither. Another matter, niskad, He strove [shakad] to find how to bring evil upon me. He said: If I exile them through the wilderness, they will die of starvation. Rather, I will exile them through Armenis, where there are cities and districts, and food and drink are found there. Another matter, niskad, I was calm [sekuda] regarding my iniquities. I believed that He would pardon me for all my iniquities. However, “becoming entangled [yistargu],” He brought alternating [serigot] rulers upon me]. He brought them upon me in pairs: Babylon and the Chaldeans, Media and Persia, Greece and Macedonia, Edom and Ishmael. He brought them upon me, alternating: Babylon was harsh, Media was moderate; Greece was harsh, Edom was moderate; the Chaldeans were harsh, Persia was moderate; Macedonia was harsh, and Ishmael was moderate. Likewise, “some of the kingdom will be strong, and some of it will be brittle” (Daniel 2:42). Despite all these I did not deny my God; rather, “coming [alu] upon my neck.”163This is expounded as though it were written ulo, His yoke, such that the verse would read: “His yoke is upon my neck.” And [Israel] declares the unity of His name twice daily and says: “Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4).
“Sapping my strength,” Rabbi Tanḥum ben Rabbi Yirmeya said: There are four matters that exhaust a person’s strength, and they are: Fasting, the road, iniquity, and the kingdom of Babylon. Fasting, as it is written: “My knees are weak from fasting” (Psalms 109:24). The road, as it is written: “Along the way He has weakened my strength” (Psalms 102:24). Iniquity, as it is written: “In my iniquity, my strength has failed” (Psalms 31:11). Kingdom, as it is written: “Judah said: The strength of the bearer is failing, and the dirt is abundant; we cannot build the wall” (Nehemiah 4:4).164They could not rebuild the walls of Jerusalem due to their enemies. The kingdom of Babylon is representative of oppressive enemies. “The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand.” The Rabbis say: This is a bad wife who has a costly marriage contract. Rav Huna said: “The man became a living soul” (Genesis 2:7). He rendered him a slave bound to himself. If he does not exert himself, he does not eat. That is the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina, as Rabbi Ḥanina said: “The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand.” “Into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand”—if I do not exert myself during the day, at night, “I cannot stand.”
“The Lord trampled all my mighty in my midst; He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men; the Lord has trodden the maiden daughter of Judah in a winepress” (Lamentations 1:15). “The Lord trampled [sila] all my mighty,” they were made to be bowed, like a stalk of grain before [the enemies]. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: In bar Gamza they call a stalk of grain, comb [sarakei]. Rabbi Levi said: In Arabia they call a comb, curler [mesalsela].165Thus, the word sila in the verse implies something that is curled or bent over. “He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men.” We find that the expulsion of the young men is as calamitous as the destruction of the Temple, as it is written: “the Lord has trodden the maiden daughter of Judah in a winepress.”166The midrash interprets this phrase as a reference to the destruction of the Temple; see, similarly, Sanhedrin 96b. Likewise, He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men.”
“For these I weep, my eye, my eye sheds water; for a comforter, restorer of my soul, has grown distant from me; my children have become desolate, because the enemy has prevailed” (Lamentations 1:16). “For these I weep.” Vespasian filled three ships with the prominent ones of Jerusalem, in order to place them in the brothels of Rome. They stood and said: ‘Is it not enough that we angered Him in His Temple, that [we shall do so] even outside of Israel?’ They said to the women: ‘Do you consent to this?’167The Jewish men, who were being brought to Rome for Roman men to engage with them in homosexual relations, asked the Jewish women, who were being transported to Rome for Roman men to engage with them in heterosexual relations. They said to them: ‘No.’ They said: ‘If those for whom it is the natural way are unwilling, for us, all the more so. Would you say that if we cast ourselves into the sea, we will come to life in the World to Come?’ Immediately, the Holy One blessed be He enlightened their eyes to this verse: “The Lord said: I will return them from Bashan; I will return them from the depths of the sea” (Psalms 68:23). “I will return them from Bashan,” from between the teeth of lions.168Bashan is a portmanteau of bein shinei—between the teeth. “I will return them from the depths of the sea,” in its plain sense. The first group stood and said: “Had we forgotten the name of our God and stretched out our palms to a strange god” (Psalms 44:21), and they cast themselves into the sea. The second group stood and said: “For we are killed all day long for You” (Psalms 44:23), and they cast themselves into the sea. The third group stood and said: “Would not God have discovered it, as He knows the secrets of the heart” (Psalms 44:22), and they cast themselves into the sea. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.” Hadrian, may his bones be crushed, deployed three garrisons, one in Ḥamat, one in Kefar Lekitaya, and one in Beit El of Judah. He said: ‘One who flees from here will be apprehended there, and one who flees from there will be apprehended here.’ He would dispatch heralds who would proclaim and say: ‘Wherever there are Jews, let them come, as the king wishes to give them his word.’ The heralds would announce it to them and they would capture the Jews. That is what is written: “Ephraim was like a foolish dove, without understanding…” (Hosea 7:11). To one who questioned, they would respond: ‘Come and request that you not be taken.’169The heralds told the Jews to request of Hadrian that they be allowed to stay in the Land of Israel and not be taken into captivity (Matnot Kehuna). Those who were discerning and observed, did not go out. And those who did not observe, they all entered into the Beit Rimon Valley. He said to the captain of his guard: ‘Until I eat the edge of this loaf and this thigh of a rooster, I will seek one of them and will not find.’170He commanded his officer to immediately kill them all. Immediately, he surrounded them with his legions and killed them, and their blood was bursting forth like a river until it reached Cypress. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.” Those who remained in hiding, some of them would eat the flesh of those who had been slain. Each day, one of them would go out and bring [a corpse] to them and they would eat. One day, one said: ‘Let one of the people from among us go. If he finds something, he will bring it and we will eat.’ When he went out he found his father, who had been slain. He took him, concealed him, and placed a marker over him. He came back and said to them: ‘I did not find anything.’ They said: ‘Let another person go, if he finds something, he will bring it and we will eat.’ When that person went out, he followed the odor and found the one who was slain. He brought him and they ate him. Once they ate, [the first man] said to him: ‘From where did you bring this slain person?’ He said to him: ‘From such and such corner.’ He said to him: ‘And what marker was placed upon it?’ He said to him: ‘Such and such marker.’ His son responded and said: ‘Woe is it for this man, who ate of the flesh of his father,’ to realize what is stated: “Therefore, fathers will eat sons in your midst, [and sons will eat their fathers]” (Ezekiel 5:10). The wife of Trajan, may his bones be crushed, gave birth on the night of the Ninth of Av and all Israel was mourning. The baby died on Hanukkah. The Israelites said: ‘Shall we kindle or shall we not kindle?’ They said: ‘We shall kindle, and anything that he seeks to inflict upon us, let him inflict.’ They kindled. [People] went and slandered them to Trajan’s wife: ‘These Jews, when you gave birth they were mourning, and when the baby died they kindled lights.’ She sent a letter to her husband: ‘Instead of subduing the barbarians, come and subdue these Jews who have rebelled against you.’ He boarded the ship and calculated that he would arrive in ten days, but the wind brought him in five days. He arrived and found them, that they were engaged in this verse: “The Lord will bring a nation against you from afar, from the end of the earth, as the eagle will swoop” (Deuteronomy 28:49). He said to them: ‘I am the eagle, as I calculated that I would arrive in ten days and the wind brought me in five days.’ His legions surrounded them and killed them. He said to the women: ‘Submit to my legions, and if not, I will do to you just what I did to the men.’171He threatened to have them killed if they would not submit to intercourse with his legions. They said to him: ‘Do to the inferiors what you did to the superiors.’172Do to us what you did to the men. Immediately, his legions surrounded them and killed them and the blood of these and the blood of those intermingled, and their blood was bursting forth like a river until it reached Cyprus. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
There was an incident involving the two children of Tzadok the priest, who were taken captive, one male and one female. This one fell to a certain officer and that one fell to a certain officer. This one went to a prostitute and gave her the male, and this one went to a storekeeper and gave him the female in exchange for wine, to realize what is written: “They gave the boy for the prostitute and sold the girl for wine, and drank” (Joel 4:3). Days later, that prostitute brought that lad to the storekeeper. She said to him: ‘Since I have a lad who resembles that young woman, do you not wish to marry one to the other and what emerges from them will be divided between us?’ He said to her: ‘Yes.’ Immediately, they took them and placed them in a room. The young woman began weeping. He said to her: ‘Young woman, why are you weeping?’ She said to him: ‘How shall I not weep, when the daughter of the High Priest is going to marry a slave?’ He said to her: ‘Whose daughter are you?’ She said to him: ‘I am the daughter of Tzadok the priest.’ He said to her: ‘Where are you residing?’ She said to him: ‘In the upper marketplace.’ He said to her: ‘What mark is there on your residence?’ She said to him: ‘Such and such mark.’ He said to her: ‘Do you have a brother or a sister?’ She said: ‘I have one brother and he has a certain mole on his shoulder. When he would come from school, I would bare it and kiss it.’ He said to her: ‘If you would see him would you be able to identify him?’ She said to him: ‘Yes.’ He revealed himself and they recognized each other. They were hugging each other and kissing each other until their souls departed. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
There was an incident involving Miriam bat Baitus, whom Yehoshua ben Gamla betrothed [to him], and the king appointed him to be the High Priest.173He was appointed to this position because his wealthy wife paid an exorbitant sum to bribe the king to make the appointment. One time, she entered [the Temple] to observe, saying: ‘I will go and see him when he reads the Torah on Yom Kippur in the Temple.’ [Her servants] laid out carpets for her from the entrance of her house to the entrance of the Temple so that her feet would not become irritated. Nevertheless, her feet became irritated. When Yehoshua, her husband, died, the Sages alloted two se’a of wine each day for her.174This was part of her allotment from her husband’s estate. But did we not learn: One does not apportion wine to a woman? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: [Because] it leads to licentiousness, just as it says: “Licentiousness, wine, and new wine will have captured the heart” (Hosea 4:11). Rabbi Yeḥizkiya and Rabbi Abahu said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: For her cooked dishes.175It is permitted to allot wine for cooking, it is prohibited for drinking. They allotted this significant amount of wine daily for the cooked dishes of her household, which demonstrates her immense wealth. Moreover, we learned: If she was nursing, one diminishes her handiwork and adds to her sustenance. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: What does one add? Wine, because wine increases the milk.176This is another reason it is permitted to allot wine to a woman, and may have been the reason Miriam bat Baitus was allotted wine. Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Tzadok said: I will see the consolation,177This was an expression of an oath, short for ‘may I not see the consolation of Jerusalem if I did not see such-and-such.’ if I did not see that they tied her hair to the tails of Arabian horses, and they had them pull her from Jerusalem to Lod. I read in her regard: “The tender and delicate woman among you…” (Deuteronomy 28:56).
There was an incident involving Miriam daughter of Nakdimon for whom the Sages alloted five hundred gold dinars for a basket of perfume each day. She nonetheless stood and cursed them and said to them: ‘Allot that to your daughters!’178She viewed this huge sum as insufficient. Rabbi Aḥa said: ‘We, too, answered amen after her.’179From the perspective of the Sages it was a huge sum. Rabbi Elazar said: I will see the consolation if I did not see her gathering barley under the hooves of horses in Akko. I read in her regard this verse: “If you do not know, the fairest among women, go you out in the footsteps of the sheep and herd your kids [gediyotayikh]” (Song of Songs 1:8). Do not read gediyotayikh, but rather, your corpses [geviyotayikh].
There was an incident involving Miriam bat Baitus, the baker, who was taken captive and redeemed in Akko. They purchased a mantle for her.180The local Jewish community ransomed her from captivity and bought her a garment. She went to wash it in the sea and a wave came and swept it away. They purchased her another. She went to wash it in the sea and a wave came and swept it away. They sought to purchase her another. She said to them: ‘Allow the Collector to collect His debt.’ Since she accepted her judgment, the Holy One blessed be He motioned to the sea and it produced her garments for her.
There was an incident involving Miriam daughter of the baker, who was taken captive with her seven sons. The emperor took them and placed them behind seven partitions. He brought the first and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, I will not prostrate myself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ [He responded:] ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “I am the Lord your God”’ (Exodus 20:2). Immediately, he took him out and executed him. He took out the second and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, my brother did not prostrate himself and I will not prostrate myself.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “You shall have no other gods before Me”’ (Exodus 20:3). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the third and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘I will not prostrate myself.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “For you shall not prostrate yourself to another god”’ (Exodus 34:14). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the fourth and [the son] recited his verse: “One who sacrifices to gods shall be destroyed” (Exodus 22:19). He issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the fifth and he, too, recited his verse: “Hear Israel, the Lord is our God the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the sixth and he, too, recited his verse: “For the Lord your God is in your midst, a God great and awesome” (Deuteronomy 7:21). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the seventh, who was the youngest of them all. He said: ‘My son, prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “You shall know this day, and restore to your heart, that the Lord, He is the God in the heavens above and upon the earth below, there is no other” (Deuteronomy 4:39). Moreover, we took an oath to our God that we will not exchange Him for another God, as it is stated: “You have exalted the Lord today [to be your God]” (Deuteronomy 26:17). And just as we took an oath to Him, so He took an oath that He would not exchange us for a different nation, as it is stated: “The Lord has exalted you today [to be a people of distinction for Him]”’ (Deuteronomy 26:18). The emperor said to him: ‘Your brothers had full days, full lives, and experienced goodness, but you are young, you have not had full days, you have not had a full life, and you have never experienced goodness. Prostrate yourself to the idol and I will do good things for you.’ He said to him: ‘It is written in our Torah: “The Lord will reign forever” (Exodus 15:18). And it says: “The Lord is king forever, nations have been eliminated from His land” (Psalms 10:16). You will cease and His enemies will cease. Flesh and blood lives today and dies tomorrow, is wealthy today and poor tomorrow; but the Holy One blessed be He lives and persists forever and for all time.’ The emperor said to him: ‘See your brothers slain before you. I am casting my ring to the ground before the idol, lift it so everyone will know that you heeded my voice.’ He said to him: ‘It is a shame for you, emperor; if you fear people, who are your equivalent, will I not fear the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, the eternal God?’ He said to him: ‘Is there a God in the world?’ He said to him: ‘Woe are you, emperor, have you seen a world without a master?’ He said to him: ‘Does your God have a mouth?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have a mouth but cannot speak” (Psalms 115:5). Regarding our God it is written: “By the word of the Lord the heavens were made; [by the breath of His mouth, all their hosts]”’ (Psalms 33:6). He said to him: ‘Does your God have eyes?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have eyes but cannot see” (Psalms 115:5). Regarding our God it is written: “They are the eyes of the Lord ranging throughout the land”’ (Zechariah 4:10). He said to him: ‘Does your God have ears?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have ears but cannot hear” (Psalms 115:6). Regarding our God it is written: “The Lord listened and heard”’ (Malachi 3:16). He said to him: ‘Does your God have a nose?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have a nose but cannot smell” (Psalms 115:6). Regarding our God it is written: “The Lord smelled the pleasing aroma”’ (Genesis 8:21). He said to him: ‘Does your God have hands?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have hands but cannot feel” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “My hand, too, laid the foundation”’ (Isaiah 48:13). He said to him: ‘Does your God have feet?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have feet but cannot walk” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “His feet will stand that day on the Mount of Olives”’ (Zechariah 14:4). He said to him: ‘Does your God have a throat?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They cannot produce sound with their throats” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “Sound emerges from His mouth”’ (Job 37:2). He said to him: ‘If there are all these attributes in your God, why does He not rescue you from my hand, like He rescued Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya from the hand of Nebuchadnezzar?’ He said to him: ‘Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya were upright, and Nebuchadnezzar was a king worthy of having a miracle performed through him. But you are not worthy, and we have been condemned to death at the hand of Heaven. If you do not execute us, there are many executioners for the Omnipresent, many wolves, lions, snakes, leopards, and scorpions to attack us and kill us. But ultimately, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to exact retribution from you for our blood.’ Immediately, he issued a decree against him to execute him. His mother said to him: ‘By the life of your head, emperor, give me my son and I will hug him and kiss him.’ He gave him to her, and she bared her breasts and nursed him with her milk. She said to him: ‘By the life of your head, emperor, execute me first and then execute him.’ The emperor said to her: ‘I will not heed you because it is written in your Torah: “An ox or a sheep, it and its offspring you shall not slaughter on one day”’ (Leviticus 22:28). She said to him: ‘You absolute fool, have you already fulfilled all the mitzvot and only this one remains?’ Immediately, he commanded to execute [the son]. His mother fell upon him and was hugging him and kissing him. She said to him: ‘My son, go to Abraham your patriarch and say to him: So said my mother: Do not be overly impressed with yourself and say: I built an altar and sacrificed Isaac, my son. My mother built seven altars and sacrificed seven sons on one day. Yours was an ordeal, mine was an action.’181Your was a test to see if you were willing to sacrifice your son, but you did not actually sacrifice him. My sons were actually killed. While she was hugging him and kissing him, he issued a decree against him and they executed him upon her. When he was executed, the Sages calculated the age of that child and it was discovered that he was two years, six months, and six and one half hours. At that moment, all the nations of the world screamed out and said: ‘What is the God of these people doing to them that they are killed on His behalf all the time?’ In their regard it is written: “For we are killed all day long for You” (Psalms 44:23). Sometime later, that woman went mad and she fell from the roof and died, to realize what is stated: “She who bore seven is miserable” (Jeremiah 15:9). A Divine Voice was calling out, saying: “The mother of the children is joyful” (Psalms 113:9). The Divine Spirit was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
There was an incident involving Doeg ben Yosef who died and left a young son to his mother. She would measure him in handbreadths and donate his weight in gold to the Temple182Literally, to Heaven. each and every year. When the siege encircled Jerusalem, his mother slaughterd him with her own hands and ate him: Jeremiah was lamenting before the Omnipresent and saying: “Shall women eat their fruit, the infants of their nurturing?” (Lamentations 2:20). The Divine Spirit responded to him: “Shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the Temple of the Lord?” (Lamentations 2:20). This is Zekharya ben Yehoyada.183See Eikha Rabba, Prologue, 23. Another matter, “for these I weep,” Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: For the departure of intelligence and for the departure of the Divine Presence. Is it possible that Zedekiah saw others plucking out his eyes and he did not have the intelligence to smash his head against the wall until his soul departed, but he rather caused his sons to be slaughtered before his eyes?184Nebuchadnezzar had Zedekiah’s sons slaughtered before his eyes, and then had Zedekiah’s eyes blinded (II Kings 25:7). According to the Sages, they first inserted iron rods into his eyes but had not yet blinded him; they finished blinding him only after he saw his sons slaughtered (Tanḥuma, Vaetḥanan 1). The midrash here asks why Zedekiah did not kill himself to spare himself this torture. Rather, regarding that moment it is stated: “The heart of the king and the heart of the princes will fail…” (Jeremiah 4:9). Rabbi Neḥemya said: For the departure of priesthood and kingship. That is what is written: “These are the two anointed men who attend the Lord of all the land” (Zechariah 4:14); these are Aaron and David. Aaron is demanding his priesthood and David is demanding his kingdom. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: For dereliction in the study of Torah.185This opinions interprets the verse “for these I weep” to mean due to these sins, namely the dereliction in the study of Torah. That is what is written: “These are the statutes and the ordinances” (Deuteronomy 12:1).186This verse is stated regarding the Torah. The word “these” in Lamentations is thus connected to the words of Torah, referred to as “these” in Deuteronomy. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: For idol worship. That is what is written: “These are your gods, Israel” (Exodus 32:4). Zavdi ben Levi said: For the abrogation of the offerings. That is what is written: “These you shall perform to the Lord on your appointed days” (Numbers 29:39). The Rabbis said: For the abrogation of the [non-priestly] watches.187The reference is to the groups of Israelites, corresponding to the twenty-four priestly watches, who would spend the week in prayer and Torah study so that the Temple service would be pleasing to God; see Taanit 26a. What benefit does the world have from the watches? On Monday they would fast on behalf of the seafarers. On Tuesday they would fast on behalf of the wayfarers. On Wednesday they would fast on behalf of the children, so that diphtheria would not afflict their mouths and cause them to die. On Thursday they would fast on behalf of the pregnant women, that they would not miscarry, and on behalf of the nursing women, that their children should not die. But is it not so that one may not fast on behalf of two matters simultaneously, as it is written: “We fasted and we requested from our God about this”? (Ezra 8:23). And a verse in Daniel says: “For them to request mercy from before the God of heaven regarding this secret” (Daniel 2:18), and not regarding two.188Both verses mention requesting from God regarding “this,” in singular. Rather, it is like that which Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: For drought and exile one fasts for both of them simultaneously.189They are related, because due to famine people wander from their homes in search of food. Similarly, miscarriage and the death of infants are closely enough related that one can pray regarding both simultaneously. However, one does not fast on the day before Shabbat or on the day following Shabbat, in deference to Shabbat. “My eye, my eye sheds water.” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a doctor who had pain in one eye. He said: ‘Let my eye weep for my eye.’ So too, Israel is called the eye of the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “For the eye of man and all the tribes of Israel is toward the Lord” (Zechariah 9:1). As it were, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let My eye weep for My eye.’ “For a comforter, restorer of my soul, has grown distant from me.” What is the name of the messianic king? Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: The Lord is his name, as it is stated: “This is his name that they will call him: The Lord is our righteousness” (Jeremiah 23:6). As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is good for a province when its name is like that of its king, and the name of its king is like that of its God. It is good for a province when its name is like that of its king, as it is written: “The name of the city from that day shall be: The Lord is there” (Ezekiel 48:35). The name of its king like the name of its God, as it is stated: “This is his name that they will call him: The Lord is our righteousness” (Jeremiah 23:6). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: His name is Tzemaḥ, as it is stated: “Behold a man, Tzemaḥ is his name, and he will sprout [yitzmaḥ]” (Zechariah 6:12). Rabbi Yudan said: Menaḥem is his name, as it is stated: “For a comforter [menaḥem]…has grown distant from me.” Rabbi Ḥanina said: And they do not disagree; the numerical value of this equals the numerical value of that, Menaḥem equals Tzemaḥ.190Menaḥem:mem – 40, nun – 50, ḥet – 8, mem – 40 = 138. Tzemaḥ:tzadi – 90, mem – 40, ḥet – 8 = 138. The following supports that [statement] of Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Aivu: There was an incident involving a certain person who was plowing. One of his oxen lowed. A certain Arab passed near him and said to him: ‘What are you?’ He said to him: ‘I am a Jew.’ He said to him: ‘Unharness your ox, untie your plow.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘The Temple of the Jews is destroyed.’191Therefore, you should mourn rather than work your field. He said to him: ‘How do you know?’ He said to him: ‘I know it from the lowing of your ox.’ While he was still conversing with him, it lowed again. He said to him: ‘Harness your ox, tie your plow, as the redeemer of the Jews was born.’ He said to him: ‘What is his name?’ He said to him: ‘His name is Menaḥem.’ ‘What is his father’s name?’ He said to him: ‘Hezekiah.’ He said to him: ‘Where do they live?’ He said to him: ‘In Birat Arva, that is in Bethlehem of Judah.’ That man sold his oxen, sold his plow, and became a seller of felt garments for children. He would enter a city and leave a city, enter a province and leave a province, until he arrived there. All of the women of the village came to purchase from him, but the mother of a certain child did not purchase from him. He said to her: ‘Why are you not purchasing children’s garments of felt?’ She said to him: ‘Because my child has a harsh fate.’ He said to her: ‘Why?’ She said to him: ‘Because upon his arrival, the Temple was destroyed.’192The Temple was destroyed on the day he was born. He said to her: ‘We rely on the Master of the universe that upon his arrival it was destroyed and upon his arrival it will be rebuilt.’ He said to her: ‘Take one of these felt garments for your child, I will come some time later to your house and collect your payment.’ She took it and she went. Some time later that man said: ‘I will go and see how that child is doing.’ He came to her, he said to her: ‘How is the child doing?’ She said to him: ‘Did I not say to you that he has a harsh fate? Even upon his arrival there was a foreboding omen. Since that time, winds and storms carried him away.’ He said to her: ‘Did I not tell you that upon his arrival it was destroyed and upon his arrival it will be rebuilt?’193He was carried away by the wind because he is destined to serve a purpose in a supernatural manner, and bring about the building of the Temple. Rabbi Avun said: Why must I learn this from Arabs, is it not an explicit verse? As it is written: “The Lebanon will fall by a mighty one” (Isaiah 10:34), and it is written immediately thereafter: “A branch will emerge from the trunk of Yishai and a shoot will sprout from his roots” (Isaiah 11:1). The school of Rabbi Sheila said: Shilo is the name of Messiah, as it is stated: “Until Shilo will come” (Genesis 49:10); Sheila is written.194The word Shilo in the verse is spelled with a heh at the end rather than a vav, such that it can also be read Sheila. This was stated by Rabbi Sheila’s students, who felt that if their generation was worthy, their mentor would be the messiah (Etz Yosef). The school of Rabbi Ḥanina said: Ḥanina is his name, as it is stated: “As I will not grant you clemency [ḥanina]” (Jeremiah 16:13). The school of Rabbi Yanai said: Yinon is his name, as it is written: “May his name be praised [yinon] as long as the sun shines” (Psalms 72:17). Rabbi Beivai of Sanegurya said: His name is Nehira, as it is stated: “Light [nehora] rests with Him” (Daniel 2:22), nehira is written. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel ben Rabbi Yitzḥak: If the messianic king is from the living, his name is David, and if he is from the dead, his name is David. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: I will say his source: “He increases deliverance to His king, shows kindness to His anointed, [to David and to his descendants, eternally]” (Psalms 18:51). “And to David” is not written here, but rather “to David and his descendants.”195The verse says: To His anointed [meshiḥo], to David, identifying David as the messiah. “My children have become desolate, because the enemy has prevailed.” Rabbi Aivu said: Like that shell of the gourd; the more [the shell] grows, the smaller [the fruit] is.196The greater the percentage of the total fruit is shell, the smaller the edible fruit is (Arukh). The point is that the greater the success of the enemy, the greater the desolation of Israel. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: Like this pig; the more that its offspring grow, the smaller it gets.197Its energy is sapped by nursing its young (Matnot Kehuna).
“Zion spread her hands, there was no comforter for her; the Lord has commanded for Jacob that her adversaries surround her. Jerusalem has become like a pariah among them” (Lamentations 1:17). “Zion spread her hands.” It is written: “Would that my head was water and my eyes a source of tears, [and I would weep day and night]” (Jeremiah 8:23). Who said this verse? If you say it was Jeremiah, would it be possible for him not to eat? Would it be possible for him not to sleep? Rather, who said it? One before whom there is neither eating nor sleeping, as it is written: “Behold, the Guardian of Israel neither slumbers nor sleeps” (Psalms 121:4). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: It is written: “God said: Let the water…pool [yikavu]” (Genesis 1:9). The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the water hope [yekavu] to participate in what I am destined to do with them.’ Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: This is analogous to a king who built palaces, and he settled mute residents in them. Each day they would rise early and inquire after the wellbeing of the king, lauding him with gestures with their fingers. The king said: ‘If these people, who are mute, laud me in this manner, if they were able to speak, all the more so.’ What did he do? He settled residents who could speak in [the palaces]. They arose and took possession of the king’s palace and said: ‘This palace is only ours.’ At that moment, the king said: ‘Let the world be restored to the way that it was.’ So too, at the beginning of the creation of the world, [God’s] praises would ascend only from the water. That is what is written: “It is from the sound of many waters, the mighty breakers of the sea” (Psalms 93:4). What would they say? “The Lord is mighty on high” (Psalms 93:4). At that time, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If those who do not have a mouth, a tongue, speech, or articulation, laud me in this way, when I create people, all the more so.’ When He created people, the generation of Enosh and the generation of the Flood stood and rebelled against Him. At that time, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the world be restored to the way that it was, as it was stated: “The rain was upon the earth”’ (Genesis 7:12).198God brought the Flood in order to return the world to a state in which water covered the face of the earth. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: [This is analogous] to one who had a staff and a wicker basket.199He was poor. He garnered wealth and purchased a flock. Wolves entered and mauled them. That shepherd said: ‘I will return to that staff and to that wicker basket.’ So too, the shepherd is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Shepherd of Israel, listen! Appear to us, You who led Joseph like a flock, You who sit enthroned above the cherubs” (Psalms 80:2). The flock is Israel, as it is stated: “You are my flock, the flock of My pasture” (Ezekiel 34:31). The wolves who entered His flock and mauled them are the enemies who entered the Temple. At that moment the Holy One blessed be He said: “Would that my head was water and my eyes a source of tears [and I would weep day and night]” (Jeremiah 8:23). It is written: “These I remember, and pour out my soul: [When I used to go with a throng of people in a procession [edadem] to the House of God, a celebrating multitude with voice of song and thanksgiving]” (Psalms 42:5). The congregation of Israel was saying before the Holy One blessed be He: In the past, I would ascend to Jerusalem and the roads were smoothed, and now they are overgrown, as it is stated: “Therefore, behold, I am hedging your way with thorns” (Hosea 2:8). Another matter, “these I remember,” in the past I would ascend and the trees would provide shade over my head, and now it is exposed to the sun. “These I remember,” in the past I would ascend in the shadow of the Holy One blessed be He, and now in the shadow of the kingdoms. “These I remember.” The emperor Vespasian deployed sentries eighteen mil from Pumim. They would question the pilgrims and say to them: ‘With whom are your loyalties?’ They would say to them: ‘We are loyal to Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian.’ Rabbi Berekhya said: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘In the past I would ascend with baskets of first fruits on my head early in the morning, as they would say: “Arise and let us ascend to Zion” (Jeremiah 31:6). On the roads, they would say: “Our feet were standing at your gates, Jerusalem” (Psalms 122:2). On the Temple Mount, what would they say? “Halleluya. Praise the Almighty in His holy place” (Psalms 150:1). In the Temple courtyard, what would they say? “Let all who breathe praise the Lord” (Psalms 150:6). But now, we are silent [edadem]; we ascend in silence and we descend in silence.’ “These I remember.” In the past, I would ascend with songs and psalms before the Holy One blessed be He, just as it says: “With voice of song and thanksgiving” (Psalms 42:5). But now, I ascend with weeping and I descend with weeping. “These I remember.” In the past, I would ascend with many multitudes in celebration, just as it says: “A celebrating multitude” (Psalms 42:5). Rabbi Levi said: Like this flowing spring that does not cease during the day and at night. But now, I ascend clandestinely and descend clandestinely. “These I remember, and pour out my soul…” Another matter, “Zion spread her hands.” Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. He was striking him and [the son] said: ‘I sinned.’ He [continued] striking him and [the son] said: ‘I sinned and I have been foolish.’ He continued striking him until [the son] extended his ten fingers before him.200He did this as a sign of contrition, as though to say I have sinned and cannot even express my guilt, or I have sinned and can no longer bear the suffering of my beating. So too, the Holy One blessed be He was afflicting Jerusalem, and she said: ‘I sinned,’ until, “Zion spread her hands.” “There was no [ein] comforter for her,” Rabbi Levi said: Any place that it is stated: “Has no [ein],” ultimately it will have. “Sarai was barren, she had no [ein] child” (Genesis 11:30), but ultimately she had, as it is stated: “The Lord remembered Sarah” (Genesis 21:1). Similarly, “Hannah had no [ein] children” (I Samuel 1:2), and ultimately she had, as it is stated: “For the Lord remembered Hannah” (I Samuel 2:21). Similarly, “she is Zion, she has no one [ein] seeking her” (Jeremiah 30:17), and ultimately she had, as it is stated: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). So, too, it says: “She has no [ein] comforter,” and ultimately she has, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12). “The Lord has commanded for Jacob that her adversaries surround her,” such as Ḥalmish for Naveh, Kistera for Haifa, Susita for Tiberias, Jericho for Neve’eden, Lod for Ono.201In Roman times, the first of each of these pairs of cities was populated by gentiles, who would persecute the Jews living in the adjacent city. “Jerusalem has become like a pariah among them,” she became distanced.
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18). “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.202There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.203Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:204He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.
“I called to my lovers, they deceived me; my priests and my elders perished in the city while they sought food for themselves to restore their souls” (Lamentations 1:19). “I called to my lovers, they deceived me.” The Rabbis interpreted the verse regarding false prophets, who would cause their idol worship to be beloved to me.205The rabbis interpret the term me’ahavai, generally translated “my lovers” to mean “those who made [idols] beloved to me.” The verse is written from the perspective of Zion. “They deceived me,” they, too, deceived me. They did not cease prophesying falsely about me until they caused me to be exiled from my place, as it is stated: “They envisioned for you prophecies of futility and deviance [umaduḥim]” (Lamentations 2:14); it is written madiḥam.206The word maduḥim is written without a yod, such that it can be read madiḥam, meaning those who have pushed them into exile. Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai interpreted the verse regarding the true prophets, who would cause me to be beloved to the Holy One blessed be He. “They deceived me,” as they would deceive me and say to me: Separate teruma and tithes. But are there teruma and tithes in Babylon? Rather, it was in order to cause me to be beloved to the Holy One blessed be He. That is what Jeremiah says: “Establish signposts [tziyunim] for you” (Jeremiah 31:20). Distinguish yourself via mitzvot with which Israel was distinguished.207Therefore, separate teruma and tithes even in Babylon despite the fact that these mitzvot apply by Torah law only in the Land of Israel. “Place landmarks for you” (Jeremiah 31:20), this is the destruction of the Temple.208A landmark serves as a marker or reminder of something. This is understood as an allusion to the destruction of the Temple, which must be remembered. Likewise it says: “If I forget you, Jerusalem, let my right hand lose its power” (Psalms 137:5). “Note the highway, the path that you walked [halakht]” (Jeremiah 31:20). Rabbi Ḥiyya said: “I walked [halakhti]” is written.209The verse in Jeremiah is written “the path that I walked,” but it is traditionally read as though it says “the path that you walked.” You find that when Israel was exiled to Babylon, what is written? “For your sake, I sent to Babylon” (Isaiah 43:14).210The midrash interprets this to mean that God sent His own Divine Presence with them into exile. Alternatively, the term “I sent [shilaḥti]” can be read shulaḥti, meaning I was sent. They were exiled to Eilam; the Divine Presence was with them, as it is written: “I will place My throne in Eilam” (Jeremiah 49:38). They were exiled to Greece; the Divine Presence was with them, as it is written: “I will rouse your children, Zion, against your children, Greece” (Zechariah 9:13), and it is written thereafter: “The Lord will appear over them…” (Zechariah 9:14). That is why it is written: “The path that I walked.” Another matter, “Note the highway, the path that you walked.” Jeremiah said to them: ‘See the paths on which you have walked, and repent, as it is written: “Return, maiden of Israel” (Jeremiah 31:20), and you will immediately return to your cities, as it is written: “Return to these, your cities” (Jeremiah 31:20).
“See, Lord, for I am in distress, my innards burn, my heart overturned within me, for I have been defiant. Outside the sword bereaves; in the house, it is like death” (Lamentations 1:20). “See, Lord, for I am in distress, my innards burn [ḥamarmaru],” Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ḥanina said: He rendered them filled with parasitic worms [morot]. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: He rendered them filled with clumps.211The term ḥamarim can mean piles or clumps (see Exodus 8:10). “My heart overturned within me.” Why? “For I have been defiant.” “Outside the sword bereaves; in the house, it is like death.” This is what Moses said: “Outside, the sword will bereave, and terror within” (Deuteronomy 32:25).
“They heard that I sigh; there is no comforter for me; all my enemies heard of my misfortune, were glad because You acted. May You bring the day that You proclaimed, and they will be like me” (Lamentations 1:21). “They heard that I sigh.” Rabbi Yehoshua interpreted the verse regarding Aaron. You find that when Aaron died, the clouds of glory were dispersed and all Israel gathered to eulogize him. They said: ‘Moses is mourning, Elazar is mourning; who will not mourn?’ Immediately, what is written there? “The Canaanite king of Arad…heard” (Numbers 21:1). And it is written: “He waged war with Israel and he took captive from them” (Numbers 21:1). The Rabbis interpret the verse regarding the destruction of the Temple. You find that wherever Israel sought to flee, [the local population] would turn them in. They sought to flee northward, but they did not allow them to do so. That is what is written: “For three transgressions of Gaza, but for the fourth, I will not relent: For their exiling of an entire exile, to deliver to Edom” (Amos 1:6). They sought to flee eastward, but they did not allow them to do so. That is what is written: “For three transgressions of Tyre, but for the fourth, I will not relent: For their delivering of an entire exile to Edom, and they did not remember the covenant of brothers” (Amos 1:9). They sought to flee westward, but they did not allow them to do so, as it is written: “A prophecy of Arabia: In the forest in Arabia you will stay the night, caravans [of Dedanites]” (Isaiah 21:13).212The implication is that the fleeing exiles were stuck in the forest. The following verses describe how the local population should have greeted them with bread and water, but failed to do so. “Because You acted,” this is analogous to a king who married a noblewoman. He said to her: ‘Do not speak to your friends. Do not borrow from them and do not lend to them.’ Sometime later the king grew angry at her and expelled her from the palace. She circulated among all her neighbors, but they did not receive her, so she returned to the palace. The king said to her: ‘You have been impudent!’213It was impudent of you to return to the palace. The noblewoman said to the king: ‘My lord, had I lent them or borrowed from them a vessel, and I would have grown friendly with them, would they not have received me?’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘You have been impudent!’ They said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, did you not write in Your Torah: “You shall not marry them; your daughter you shall not give to his son, and his daughter you shall not take for your son” (Deuteronomy 7:3)? Had we lent them and taken from them and them from us, and his daughter would be with me or my daughter with him, would they not have received me?’ That is: “Because You acted.”214We are in this predicament because of what You did in issuing these commands. “May You bring the day that You proclaimed, and they will be like me,” in distress, and not like me in relief.215Israel’s distress will ultimately end with redemption.
“Let all their wickedness come before You, and do to them as You did to me for all my transgressions, for my sighs are many and my heart is suffering” (Lamentations 1:22). “Let all their wickedness come before You, and do to them,” bring upon them what You brought upon me. Be exacting with them as You were exacting with me. “And do [veolel] to them,” pluck their infants [olelateihon] as You plucked my infants. “For my sighs are many and my heart is suffering.” You find that in the matter that Israel sinned, with that they were punished, and with that they were comforted. They sinned with rosh, they were punished with rosh, and they were comforted with rosh. They sinned with rosh, as it is written: “Let us appoint a leader [rosh] and return to Egypt” (Numbers 14:4). They were punished with rosh, as it is written: “Every head [rosh] is ill” (Isaiah 1:5). And they are comforted with rosh, as it is written: “Their king passed before them, and the Lord is at their head [berosham]” (Micah 2:13). They sinned with the ear, as it is written: “They made their ears hard of hearing” (Zechariah 7:11). They were punished with the ear, as it is written: “That anyone who hears it, both his ears will ring” (I Samuel 3:11). They are comforted with the ear, as it is written: “Your ears will hear a matter from behind you, saying: [This is the way, walk in it, when you go right and when you go left]” (Isaiah 30:21). They sinned with the eye, as it is written: “Because the daughters of Zion are haughty and they walk with outstretched necks and painted eyes” (Isaiah 3:16). They were punished with the eye, as it is written: “My eye, my eye sheds water” (Lamentations 1:16). They are comforted with the eye, as it is written: “For with their own eyes they will see the return of the Lord to Zion” (Isaiah 52:8). They sinned with af, as it is written: “Behold, they extend the branch to their nose [af]” (Ezekiel 8:17). They were punished with af, as it is written: “I, too [af], will walk with them indifferently” (Leviticus 26:41). They are comforted with af, as it is written: “And despite [ve’af gam] this, when they are in the land of their enemies, I will not have spurned them and will not have rejected them, to destroy them, to violate My covenant with them” (Leviticus 26:44). They sinned with the mouth, as it is written: “Every mouth speaks depravity” (Isaiah 9:16). They were punished with the mouth, as it is written: “They consumed Israel with every mouth” (Isaiah 9:11). They are comforted with the mouth, as it is written: “Then will our mouths be filled with laughter” (Psalms 126:2). They sinned with the tongue, as it is written: “They drew their tongues, their bow of falsehood” (Jeremiah 9:2). They were punished with the tongue, as it is written: “The tongue of the suckling cleaved [to the roof of his mouth in thirst]” (Lamentations 4:4). They are comforted with the tongue, as it is written: “And our tongues with song; [then will they say among the nations: The Lord has done great things for them]” (Psalms 126:2). They sinned with the heart, as it is written: “They made their hearts as adamant, not to hear” (Zechariah 7:12). They were punished with the heart, as it is written: “Every heart is suffering” (Isaiah 1:5). They are comforted with the heart, as it is written: “speak to the heart of Jerusalem” (Isaiah 40:2). They sinned with the hand, as it is written: “Your hands are filled with blood” (Isaiah 1:15). They were punished with the hand, as it is written: “The hands of merciful women cooked their children” (Lamentations 4:10). They are comforted with the hand, as it is written: “The Lord will continue setting His hand again, a second time [to recover the remnant of His people…]” (Isaiah 11:11). They sinned with the foot, as it is written: “For their feet run to evil” (Proverbs 1:16). They were punished with the foot, as it is written: “Before your feet stumble on the mountains of the night (Jeremiah 13:16). They are comforted with the foot, as it is written: “How pleasant are the feet of the herald upon the mountains” (Isaiah 52:7). They sinned with hu, as it is written: “They denied the Lord and said: He [hu] is not” (Jeremiah 5:12). They were punished with hu, as it is written: “He was transformed into their enemy, He [hu] waged war against them” (Isaiah 63:10). They are comforted with hu, as it is written: “I, it is I, who [hu] am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12). They sinned with zeh, as it is written: “For this [zeh] man Moses” (Exodus 32:1). They were punished with zeh, as it is written: “For this [zeh] [our heart] is suffering” (Lamentations 5:17). They are comforted with zeh, as it is written: “Behold, this [zeh] is our God, we hoped to Him [that He would save us; this is the Lord to whom we hoped, we will be glad and rejoice in His salvation]” (Isaiah 25:9). They sinned with fire, as it is written: “The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire...[in order to anger Me]” (Jeremiah 7:18). They were punished with fire, as it is written: “From on high He sent fire into my bones” (Lamentations 1:13). They are comforted with fire, as it is written: “I will be for it,216Jerusalem. the utterance of the Lord, a wall of fire all around” (Zechariah 2:9). They sinned with yesh, as it is written: “Is [hayesh] the Lord among us or not?” (Exodus 17:7). They were punished with yesh, as it is written: “Is there any [yesh] pain like my pain?” (Lamentations 1:12). They are comforted with yesh, as it is written: “To bequeath substance [yesh] to those who love me, and I will fill their storehouses” (Proverbs 8:21). They sinned doubly, as it is written: “Jerusalem has committed a sin [ḥet ḥata]” (Lamentations 1:8).217The Hebrew verse employs the word sin [ḥet] twice, such that a literal translation would be “Jerusalem has sinned a sin.” They were punished doubly, as it is written: “For it has received from the hand of the Lord double for all its sins” (Isaiah 40:2). They are comforted doubly, as it is written: “Comfort, comfort [naḥamu naḥamu] My people” (Isaiah 40:1). End of the First Alphabetical Acrostic
אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה, שְׁלשָׁה נִתְנַבְּאוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן אֵיכָה, משֶׁה, יְשַׁעְיָה, וְיִרְמְיָה. משֶׁה אָמַר (דברים א, יב): אֵיכָה אֶשָֹּׂא לְבַדִּי וגו'. יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה א, כא): אֵיכָה הָיְתָה לְזוֹנָה. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשָׁל לְמַטְרוֹנָה שֶׁהָיוּ לָהּ שְׁלשָׁה שׁוֹשְׁבִינִין, אֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּפַחֲזוּתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּנִוּוּלָהּ. כָּךְ, משֶׁה רָאָה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְבוֹדָם וְשַׁלְוָתָם וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה אֶשָֹּׂא לְבַדִּי טָרְחֲכֶם. יְשַׁעְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּפַחֲזוּתָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה הָיְתָה לְזוֹנָה. יִרְמְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּנִוּוּלָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה. שָׁאֲלוּ אֶת בֶּן עַזַּאי אָמְרוּ לוֹ רַבֵּנוּ דְּרשׁ לָנוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד מִמְגִלַּת קִינוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם לֹא גָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁכָּפְרוּ בִּיחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, וּבַמִּילָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לְעֶשְׂרִים דּוֹרוֹת, וּבַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה סִפְרֵי תּוֹרָה, מִנְיַן אֵיכָ"ה. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי לֹא גָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁכָּפְרוּ בִּשְׁלשִׁים וָשֵׁשׁ כָּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה, וּבַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, מִנְיַן אֵיכָ"ה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד. רַבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבְדִּימֵי דְּמִן חֵיפָה, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן, בִּזְּמַן שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיו, הָיָה מַלְבִּישׁוֹ בִּגְדֵי מִילָתִין, וּבִזְמַן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה רְצוֹנוֹ, מַלְבִּישׁוֹ בִּגְדֵי בָּדָד. כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּתִיב (יחזקאל טז, י): וָאַלְבִּשֵׁךְ רִקְמָה, רַבִּי סִימָא אָמַר פּוּרְפִּירָא תִּרְגֵּם אוּנְקְלוּס אַפְקַלְטוֹרִין פְּלִיקְטָא. וּבִזְּמַן שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מַלְבִּישָׁן בִּגְדֵי בְּדָדִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, קָרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, אָמַר לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם כְּשֶׁמֵּת לוֹ מֵת וְהוּא מִתְאַבֵּל, מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תּוֹלֶה שַׂק עַל פִּתְחוֹ. אָמַר לָהֶם אַף אֲנִי כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נ, ג): אַלְבִּישׁ שָׁמַיִם קַדְרוּת וְשַׂק אָשִׂים כְּסוּתָם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, אָמְרוּ לוֹ מְכַבֶּה אֶת הַפָּנָסִין, אָמַר לָהֶם כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יואל ד, טו): שֶׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ קָדָרוּ וְכוֹכָבִים אָסְפוּ נָגְהָם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, כּוֹפֶה אֶת הַמִּטּוֹת. כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ז, ט): עַד דִּי כָרְסָוָן רְמִיו וְעַתִּיק יוֹמִין יְתִב, כִּבְיָכוֹל שֶׁהָיוּ הֲפוּכִין. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, הוֹלֵךְ יָחֵף, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחום א, ג): ה' בְּסוּפָה וּבִסְעָרָה דַּרְכּוֹ וְעָנָן אֲבַק רַגְלָיו. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, מְבַזֵּעַ פּוּרְפִּירָא שֶׁלּוֹ. כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ב, יז): עָשָׂה ה' אֲשֶׁר זָמָם בִּצַּע אֶמְרָתוֹ. רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנָן מְפָרֵשׁ לֵיהּ מַהוּ בִּצַּע אֶמְרָתוֹ, מְבַזַּע פּוּרְפִּירָא שֶׁלּוֹ. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹמֵם, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ג, כח): יֵשֵׁב בָּדָד וְיִדֹּם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם אָבֵל, מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, יוֹשֵׁב וּבוֹכֶה, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כב, יב): וַיִּקְרָא ה' אֱלֹהִים צְבָאוֹת בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לִבְכִי וּלְמִסְפֵּד וּלְקָרְחָה, דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵיכָה, אָמַר לָהֶם יִרְמְיָה, מָה רְאִיתֶם בַּעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁאַתֶּם לְהוּטִין אַחֲרֶיהָ, אִלּוּ הָיָה לָהּ פֶּה לְמֵיסַב וּלְמֵיתַב, הָיִינוּ אוֹמְרִין כָּךְ, אֶלָּא נֶאֱמַר דִּידָהּ וְנֶאֱמַר דִּילֵיהּ, נֶאֱמַר דִּידָהּ (ירמיה י, ב): כֹּה אָמַר ה' אֶל דֶּרֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם אַל תִּלְמָדוּ וּמֵאֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם אַל תֵּחָתּוּ כִּי יֵחַתּוּ הַגּוֹיִם מֵהֵמָה. וְנֶאֱמַר דִּילֵיהּ (ירמיה י, יא): כִּדְנָה תֵּאמְרוּן לְהוֹם אֱלָהַיָּא דִי שְׁמַיָא וְאַרְקָא וגו', (ירמיה י, טז): לֹא כְאֵלֶּה חֵלֶק יַעֲקֹב כִּי יוֹצֵר הַכֹּל הוּא וְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֵׁבֶט נַחֲלָתוֹ ה' צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר אֵין לְשׁוֹן אֵיכָה אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן תּוֹכֵחָה, הֲדָא מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה ח, ח): אֵיכָה תֹאמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֲנַחְנוּ וְתוֹרַת ה' אִתָּנוּ וגו'. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר אֵין לְשׁוֹן אֵיכָה אֶלָּא קִינָה, הֲדָא מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית ג, ט): וַיִּקְרָא ה' אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָאָדָם וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אַיֶּכָּה, אוֹי לְכָה. וְאֵימָתַי נֶאֶמְרָה מְגִלַּת קִינוֹת, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר בִּימֵי יְהוֹיָקִים נֶאֶמְרָה, אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה וְכִי בּוֹכִין עַל הַמֵּת עַד שֶׁלֹא יָמוּת, אֶלָּא אֵימָתַי נֶאֶמְרָה אַחַר חֻרְבַּן הַבַּיִת, הֲרֵי פִּתְרוֹנוֹ: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד.
“How does the greatly crowded city sit alone? She has become like a widow. Great among the nations, a princess among the states: She has become a vassal” (Lamentations 1:1).
“How [eikha] does…sit [alone].” Three prophesied with the term eikha: Moses, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. Moses said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone…” (Deuteronomy 1:12). Isaiah said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” (Isaiah 1:21). Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit alone?” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a noblewoman who had three friends. One saw her in her tranquility, one saw her in her debauchery, and one saw her in her disgrace. So, Moses saw them in their glory and their tranquility and said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone your troubles?” Isaiah saw them in their debauchery and said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” Jeremiah saw them in their disgrace and said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit [alone]?”
They asked ben Azai, saying to him: ‘Our teacher, expound for us one matter from the scroll of Lamentations.’ He said to them: ‘Israel was exiled only after they denied the Unique One of the world, circumcision that was given after twenty generations, the Ten Commandments, the five books of the Torah; the numerical value of eikha.’1Alef—the Unique One of the world; yod—the Ten Commandments; kaf—twenty generations; heh—five books of Moses.
Rabbi Levi said: Israel was exiled only after they denied the thirty-six instances of karet in the Torah and the Ten Commandments, the numerical value of “how does…sit solitary [eikha yasheva badad]?”2Eikha: Alef -1, yod – 10, kaf – 20, heh – 5 = 36. Badad: Beit – 2, dalet – 4, dalet – 4 = 10.
Rabbi Berekhya [said] in the name of Rabbi Avdimai of Haifa: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. When he would perform his father’s will, [the king] would clothe him in fine silk, and when he would not perform his will, he would clothe him in the garments of an olive-press worker [badad]. So too Israel, as long as they would perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, it is written: “I clothed you in embroidery” (Ezekiel 16:10). Rabbi Sima said: Purple garments. Onkelos translated: Embroidered garments. But when they do not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, He clothes them in the garments of olive-press workers. That is what is written: “How does…sit solitary [badad]?”
Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: The Holy One blessed be He summoned the ministering angels and said to them: ‘A flesh and blood king, when a relative of his dies and he mourns, what does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He hangs sackcloth on his entrance.’ He said to them: ‘I, too, will do so.’ That is what is written: “I clothe the heavens in blackness and I place sackcloth as their garment” (Isaiah 50:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what [else] does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He extinguishes the lamps.’ He said to them: ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The sun and the moon darkened and the stars withdrew their shining” (Joel 4:15). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He overturns the beds.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Until thrones were set in place and the Ancient One sat” (Daniel 7:9), [implying,] as it were, that they had been overturned.3Beds were a general term for anything one would sit on. The fact that the thrones, in this verse, were set in place, implies that previously they had been overturned as a sign of mourning. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He walks barefoot.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “His path is in tempest and in storm, and clouds are the dust of His feet” (Nahum 1:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He rends his purple garments.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord accomplished what He devised; He implemented [bitza] His statement [emrato]” (Lamentations 2:17). Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan explained it: What is bitza emrato? It is that He rent His purple garments.4The word rent, or tear, in Aramaic, biza, is similar to bitza. The word emrato is spelled the same as imrato, which in rabbinic parlance means the edge of one’s garment (Matnot Kehuna). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits in silence.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Let him sit alone and be silent” (Lamentations 3:28). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits and weeps.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation and for baldness” (Isaiah 22:12).
Another matter: Eikha, Jeremiah said to them: ‘What did you see in idol worship that you are so enthusiastic to follow it? If it had a mouth to engage in debate, we would have said this.5We would have proven the falseness of idolatry and the idols themselves would have had to concur. The word eikha is being interpreted as two words: Ei, ka, “if…this” (Etz Yosef). Instead, we will speak of it and we will speak of Him.’ We will speak of it, “So said the Lord: Do not learn the way of the nations, and from the signs of the heavens do not be frightened, though the nations are frightened by them” (Jeremiah 10:2). We will speak of Him: “Tell them this: The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall vanish from the earth and from under these heavens. [He makes the earth with His might]” (Jeremiah 10:11–12). “The Portion of Jacob is not like these, for He is the one who forms everything, and Israel is the tribe of His inheritance, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 10:16).
Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of reproof. That is what is written: “How [eikha] can you say: We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us...”? (Jeremiah 8:8). Rabbi Neḥemya says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of lamentation. That is what is written: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” (Genesis 3:9), woe are you [oy lekha]. When was the scroll of Lamentations composed? Rabbi Yehuda says: It was composed in the days of Yehoyakim.6This was before the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. This is consistent with Rabbi Yehuda’s view that the term eikha is a term of reproof. In his view, Lamentations, or Eikha, was composed as a warning before the destruction. Rabbi Neḥemya said to him: ‘Does one weep over the dead before he dies? Rather, when was it composed? After the destruction of the Temple. This is its solution: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary?”’7This phrase implies that Jerusalem was already desolate.
הָעִיר רַבָּתִי עָם, תָּנֵי רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל, עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע פְּלַטְיוֹת הָיוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְכָל פְּלַטְיָה וּפְלַטְיָה עֶשְׂרִין וְאַרְבָּעָה מְבוֹאוֹת, וְכָל מָבוּי וּמָבוּי עֶשְׂרִין וְאַרְבָּעָה שְׁוָקִים, וְעַל כָּל שׁוּק וְשׁוּק עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה שְׁקָקִים, וְעַל כָּל שְׁקָק וּשְׁקָק עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה חֲצֵרוֹת, וְעַל כָּל חָצֵר וְחָצֵר עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה בָּתִּים, וְכָל חָצֵר וְחָצֵר הָיְתָה מוֹצִיאָה עַם כִּפְלַיִם כְּיוֹצְאֵי מִצְרַיִם. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁכָּךְ הוּא, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר עוֹבָדָא הֲוָה בְּחַד שַׁיָּירָא דַּהֲוָה סָלֵיק לִירוּשָׁלַם וְטָעַן מָאוָון גְּמַלִּין טְעוּנִין פִּלְפְּלִין, עָבַר לַהֲדֵי צוֹר אַשְׁכַּח חַד חַיָּיט דִּיתֵיב עַל פִּילֵי דִּמְדִינְתָּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ טָעֵין אֲמַר לֵיהּ פִּלְפְּלִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא יְהַבְתְּ לִי לוּקְטָא לוּקְטָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית לָךְ מַזְבַּן אֶלָּא בִּמְדִינְתָּא אוֹחֲרֵי. כֵּיוָן דִּמְטָא בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם אַשְׁכַּח חַד חַיָּיט דִּיתֵיב עַל תְּרַע פִּילֵי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ טָעֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ קְטַע קִטְעָךְ, אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ חַיָּיט אוֹחֲרָן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ טָעֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ תְּפוֹר תְּפִירָךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵימָא לִי אִין יָכִילְנָא מַזְבִּין לְהוֹן מוּטָב, וְאִי לָא אֲנָא מַיְיתִינָא לָךְ בַּר נָשׁ דְּזָבֵין כֻּלְּהוֹן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אַתְּ טָעִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פִּלְפְּלִין, נַסְבֵיהּ וִיהֲבֵיהּ בַּחֲדָא דָרָא וְאַחְמִין לֵיהּ כּוּרִיתָא דְּדִינָרִין אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵי הֲדָא מוֹנִיטָא אִי נָפֵיק בְּאַרְעָךְ וְסַב מִנְהוֹן. לְצַפְרָא נָפַק לְטַיָּילָא בְּשׁוּקָא אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ חַד מִן רַחֲמוֹי דִּילֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ טָעֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פִּלְפְּלִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית לָךְ דִּיְהַבְתְּ לִי בְּמֵאָה דִינָרִין דְּאִית לִי אֲרִיסְטְוָון יוֹמָא דֵין, אֲמַר כְּבָר זַבֵּינִית לֵיהּ לְגַבֵּי פְּלַן. אֲזַל אִיהוּ לְגַבֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִית לָךְ פִּלְפְּלִין דִּזְבַנְתְּ, תֵּיהַב לִי קָלֵיל דְּאִית לִי אֲרִיסְטְוָון. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאי אֵימָא לָךְ, כְּבָר זַבֵּינִית יַתְהוֹן לְחַד חַיָּיט, אֶלָּא אֵימָא אֲנָא לֵיהּ וְהוּא יָהֵיב לָךְ. אֲזַל וְאַשְׁכְּחִינוּן לְהַהוּא דִּירָאתָא, דְּאִיטַם קַמַּיְיתָא נְסַבוּן מִן אוּנְקָא, דְּאִיטַם תִּנְיָיתָאי נְסַבוּן מִן פְּלַג אוּנְקָא, דְּאִיטַם תְּלִיתָאי לָא אַרְגְּשׁוּן כְּלָל, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר הָעִיר רַבָּתִי עָם. מְבַקֵּשׁ אַתָּה לֵידַע כַּמָּה אֻכְלוּסִין הָיוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, מִן כָּהֲנַיָא אַתְּ יָדַע, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי לִכְרִי שֶׁהָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּסִדְקִי וְהָיוּ הַכֹּל בָּאִין לְשַׁעֲרוֹ וְלֹא יָכְלוּ, הָיָה שָׁם פִּקֵּחַ אֶחָד אָמַר לָהֶם אַתֶּם מְבַקְּשִׁין לְשַׁעֲרוֹ מִתְּרוּמָתוֹ אַתֶּם עוֹמְדִים עָלָיו, כָּךְ מְבַקֵּשׁ אַתָּה לֵידַע כַּמָּה אֻכְלוּסִין הָיוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם מִכַּהֲנַיָא אַתָּ יָדַע, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ח, סג): וַיִּזְבַּח שְׁלֹמֹה אֵת זֶבַח הַשְּׁלָמִים אֲשֶׁר זָבַח לַה' בָּקָר עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וְצֹאן מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים אָלֶף. וּתְנֵינַן פַּר קָרֵב בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה, וְאַיִל בְּאַחַד עָשָׂר. הֲדָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר בַּבִּנְיָן הָרִאשׁוֹן, אֲבָל בַּבִּנְיָן הַשֵּׁנִי, פַּעַם אַחַת בִּקֵּשׁ אַגְרִיפַס הַמֶּלֶךְ לֵידַע כַּמָּה מִנְיַן אֻכְלוּסִין שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, אָמַר לָהֶם לַכֹּהֲנִים הַפְרִישׁוּ לִי כֻּלְיָא אַחַת מִכָּל פֶּסַח וּפֶסַח, הִפְרִישׁוּ לוֹ שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף זוּגוֹת שֶׁל כֻּלְיוֹת, כִּפְלַיִם כְּיוֹצְאֵי מִצְרַיִם, וְאֵין לְךָ כָּל פֶּסַח וּפֶסַח שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ עָלָיו מְנוּיִין יוֹתֵר מֵעֲשָׂרָה. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּא אֲפִלּוּ אַרְבָּעִים וַאֲפִלּוּ חֲמִשִּׁים. בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ מֵאָה, חוּץ מִמִּי שֶׁהָיָה טָמֵא אוֹ בְּדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה. פַּעַם אַחַת נִכְנְסוּ לְהַר הַבַּיִת וְלֹא הָיָה מַחֲזִיקָן, וְהָיָה שָׁם זָקֵן אֶחָד, רְמָסוּהוּ, וְאוֹתוֹ הַפֶּסַח הָיוּ קוֹרִין פֶּסַח מְעוּכָן, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁמִּעֲכוּ אֶת הַזָּקֵן. כֵּיצַד הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּרִין וְרָבִין, הָיָה אָדָם מַשִֹּׂיא בְּנוֹ בֶּן שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה אִשָּׁה שֶׁהִיא רְאוּיָה לֵילֵד, וְהָיָה חוֹזֵר וּמַשִֹּׂיא בֶּן בְּנוֹ בֶּן שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה, לֹא הָיָה מַגִּיעַ לְעֶשְׂרִים וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים עַד שֶׁהוּא רוֹאֶה בָּנִים לְבָנָיו, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכח, ו): וּרְאֵה בָנִים לְבָנֶיךָ שָׁלוֹם עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל.
“The greatly crowded city,” Rabbi Shmuel taught: There were twenty-four thoroughfares in Jerusalem, each and every thoroughfare had twenty-four streets, each and every street had twenty-four market streets, each and every market street had twenty-four store streets, each and every store street had twenty-four courtyards, each and every courtyard had twenty-four houses, and each and every courtyard would have twice the number of those who departed from Egypt emerging from it.
Know that it is so, as Rabbi Elazar said: There was an incident involving a traveler who was ascending to Jerusalem who took with him two hundred camels laden with pepper. He passed Tyre and found a certain tailor who was sitting near the city gates. He said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He said to him: ‘Will you not give me a bit?’ He said to him: ‘No.’8The tailor asked to purchase a small amount, but the traveler wanted to sell his entire stock to one customer. He said to him: ‘Then you will have a purchaser only in another city.’ When he arrived in Jerusalem, he found a certain tailor sitting at the gate of the walls, who said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Continue your cutting.’ He found another tailor who said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Continue your sewing.’ He said to him: ‘If I can purchase them, fine. But if not, I will bring you a person who can purchase all of them.’ He said to him [again]: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He took him and brought him into a certain courtyard and he showed him a kor of dinars. He said to him: ‘Look at these coins. If they are currency in your land, take from them.’ In the morning, [the visiting merchant] went to stroll in the marketplace and one of his friends encountered him. He said to him: ‘What are you carrying?’ He said to him: ‘Pepper.’ He said to him: ‘Do you not have any that you could give me for one hundred dinars, for I have a feast today!’ He said: ‘I already sold it to so and so.’ He went to him. He said to him: ‘Do you have the pepper that you purchased? Give me a bit as I have a feast.’ He said to him: ‘What can I tell you? I already sold it to a certain tailor. However, I will tell him and he will give it to you.’ He went and he found it in a certain residence. Those who were in the first line [or purchasers] took one ounce each. Those who were in the second line took one-half ounce each. Those who were in the third line did not sense that there had been any at all, to realize what is stated: “The greatly crowded city.”
If you wish to ascertain how many multitudes there were in Jerusalem, you can ascertain it from the priests. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin [said] in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: [This is analogous] to a pile of grain that was located in the grain marketplace. Everyone came to measure it but could not. There was one clever man there. He said to them: ‘If you seek to measure it, you can calculate it on the basis of its teruma.’ So too, if you wish to ascertain how many multitudes there were in Jerusalem, you can ascertain it from the priests. That is what is written: “Solomon slaughtered the peace-offering that he slaughtered to the Lord, cattle, twenty-two thousand, and of the flock, one hundred and twenty thousand” (I Kings 8:63). And we have learned: A bull is sacrificed by twenty-four [priests] and a ram by eleven.9Mishna Yoma 2:7. The reference is to the number of priests who participated in all the rituals involved in the sacrifice of these offerings.
That is what is said of the first Temple. However, in the second Temple, one time King Agrippa sought to ascertain the number of the multitudes that were in Jerusalem. He said to the priests: ‘Set aside for me one kidney from each and every paschal offering.’ They set aside six hundred thousand pairs of kidneys, twice the number of those who departed from Egypt, and there was not any paschal offering that did not have more than ten registrants.10One had to register in advance for a paschal offering, and such offerings were generally divided between numerous individuals. Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: Even forty and even fifty. Bar Kappara said: Even one hundred, [and this is] not including one who was impure or on a distant journey. One time, they entered the Temple Mount and it could not hold them. There was one elderly man there and they trampled him. They called that Passover the Passover of the crushed, because they crushed the elderly man.
How did Israel procreate? A person would marry off his son at the age of twelve to a woman fit to bear children. He would then marry off his grandson at the age of twelve. One would not reach the age of twenty-six until he saw children of his children, to realize what is stated: “May you see the children of your children. Peace to Israel” (Psalms 128:6).
הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא הֵם לֹא פָּלְשׁוּ אַחַר מִדַּת הַדִּין, וְהִיא לֹא פָּלְשָׁה אַחֲרֵיהֶם. הֵם לֹא פָּלְשׁוּ אַחַר מִדַּת הַדִּין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יא, א): וַיְהִי הָעָם כְּמִתְאֹנְנִים, מִתְאֹנְנִים אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּמִתְאֹנְנִים. (הושע ה, י): הָיוּ שָׂרֵי יְהוּדָה כְּמַסִּיגֵי גְּבוּל, מַסִּיגֵי אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּמַסִּיגֵי. (הושע ד, טז): כִּי כְּפָרָה סֹרֵרָה, כִּי פָּרָה אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּפָרָה סֹרֵרָה, וּמִדַּת הַדִּין לֹא פָּלְשָׁה אַחֲרֵיהֶם, הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה, הָיְתָה אַלְמָנָה אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּאַלְמָנָה, כְּאִשָּׁה שֶׁהָלַךְ בַּעֲלָה לִמְדִינַת הַיָּם וְדַעְתּוֹ לַחֲזֹר אֵלֶיהָ. (איכה ב, ד): דָּרַךְ קַשְׁתּוֹ כְּאוֹיֵב, אוֹיֵב אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּאוֹיֵב. הָיָה ה' כְּאוֹיֵב, אוֹיֵב אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּאוֹיֵב. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה, רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר עוּקְבָא וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר עוּקְּבָא אָמַר לְאַלְמָנָה שֶׁהָיְתָה תּוֹבַעַת מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ וְלֹא הָיְתָה תּוֹבַעַת כְּתֻבָּתָהּ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁכָּעַס עַל מַטְרוֹנָה וְכָתַב לָהּ גִּטָּהּ וְעָמַד וַחֲטָפוֹ מִמֶּנָּהּ, וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁהָיְתָה מְבַקֶּשֶׁת לִנָּשֵׂא לְאַחֵר הָיָה אוֹמֵר לָהּ הֵיכָן גִּטֵּךְ, וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁהָיְתָה תּוֹבַעַת מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ הָיָה אוֹמֵר לָהּ וְלֹא כְבָר גֵּרַשְׁתִּיךְ, כָּךְ כָּל זְמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְבַקְּשִׁים לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים הָיָה אוֹמֵר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (ישעיה נ, א): אֵי זֶה סֵפֶר כְּרִיתוּת אִמְּכֶם, וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁמְּבַקְּשִׁים לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם נִסִּים כְּבַתְּחִלָּה, אוֹמֵר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּבָר גֵּרַשְׁתִּי אֶתְכֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה ג, ח): שִׁלַּחְתִּיהָ וָאֶתֵּן אֶת סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻתֶיהָ אֵלֶיהָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר אַלְמָנָה, וְאַתָּה אוֹמֵר כְּאַלְמָנָה, אֶלָּא אַלְמָנָה מֵעֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים וְלֹא מִשֵּׁבֶט יְהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין אַלְמָנָה מֵאֵלּוּ וּמֵאֵלּוּ, וְלֹא מֵהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה נא, ה): כִּי לֹא אַלְמָן יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה מֵאֱלֹהָיו.
“She has become like a widow.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: They did not go to extremes vis-à-vis the attribute of justice, and the attribute of justice did not go to extremes in their regard.11They did not sin in an extreme fashion and they were not punished in an extreme fashion (see Matnot Kehuna; Maharzu). They did not go to extremes vis-à-vis the attribute of justice, as it is stated: “The people were like complainers” (Numbers 11:1). “Complainers” is not written here, but rather, “like complainers.” “The princes of Judah were like those who move boundaries” (Hosea 5:10). “Those who move boundaries” is not written here, but rather, “like those who move boundaries.” “For like a wayward cow [Israel has strayed]” (Hosea 4:16), “For a [wayward] cow” is not written here, but rather, “like a wayward cow.” The attribute of justice, too, did not go to extremes in their regard. “She has become like a widow”—“A widow” is not written here, but rather, “like a widow”—like a woman whose husband went to a country overseas and plans to return to her. “He drew His bow like an enemy” (Lamentations 2:4), “enemy” is not written here, but rather, “like an enemy.” “The Lord was like an enemy” (Lamentations 2:5), “enemy” is not written here, but rather, “like an enemy.”
Another matter, “she has become like a widow.” Rabbi Ḥama bar Ukeva and the Rabbis, Rabbi Ḥama bar Ukeva said: [This is analogous] to a widow who was demanding her sustenance but was not demanding her marriage contract.12After a man’s death, his widow may choose to continue to live in his home and to be supported by his estate. She may also leave and demand payment of the sum specified in her marriage contract. Israel is compared here to a widow who chooses to be supported by her late husband’s estate rather than leaving and cutting all ties to her husband. The Rabbis said: [This is analogous] to a king who grew angry at the queen and wrote her a bill of divorce and then snatched it from her. Any time that she sought to marry another, he would say to her: ‘Where is your bill of divorce?’ Any time she would demand her sustenance, he would say to her: ‘Have I not already divorced you?’ So too, any time Israel would seek to engage in idol worship, the Holy One blessed be He would say to them: “Where is your mother’s bill of divorce?” (Isaiah 50:1). Any time they request that He perform miracles on their behalf, the Holy One blessed be He says to them: ‘I have already divorced you.’ That is what is written: “I sent her away and gave her bill of divorce to her” (Jeremiah 3:8).
Another matter, “she has become like a widow.” Rabbi Akiva and the Rabbis, Rabbi Akiva says: “Widow,” and you say “like a widow”? Rather, a widow from the Ten Tribes, but not a widow from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.13Rabbi Akiva is asserting that Jerusalem is described as a widow from the Ten Tribes but not from Judah and Benjamin, because he holds that Lamentations was composed before Judah and Benjamin were exiled (Matnot Kehuna). Alternatively, because he holds that the Ten Tribes are not destined to return, but Judah and Benjamin will eventually return (Maharzu). The Rabbis say: A widow from these and from those, but not from the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “For neither Israel nor Judah is widowed from its God” (Jeremiah 51:5).
רַבָּתִי בַגּוֹיִם, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר רַבָּתִי עָם, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר רַבָּתִי בַגּוֹיִם, אֶלָּא רַבָּתִי בְּדֵעוֹת. רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהָיָה אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם הוֹלֵךְ לִמְדִינָה, הָיוּ מַצִּיעִין לוֹ קָתֶדְרָא לֵישֵׁב עָלֶיהָ, בִּשְׁבִיל לִשְׁמֹעַ חָכְמָתוֹ. חַד מִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֲזַל לִמְדִינְתָּא, אֵרַע זִימְנֵיהּ לְמֵימָת, אַיְיתֵי מָרֵי דְבֵיתָא וְאַפְקֵיד בִּידֵיהּ מִדִּילֵיהּ, וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין הוּא אָתֵי בְּרִי מִן יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וְיַעֲבֵיד לָךְ תְּלַת מִילִין דְּחָכְמְתָא הַב לֵיהּ מַה דִּלִּי, וְאִין לָא, לָא תְהֵיב לֵיהּ מַה דִּלִּי, וְעָבְדִין בֵּינֵיהוֹן דְּלָא לֶהֱוֵי חַד מִנְהוֹן מֶחֱמֵי בֵּיתָא דְחַבְרֵיהּ לְגַבֵּי אַכְסְנָאי, נָח נַפְשֵׁיהּ וְאִיתְפַּטַּר לְבֵית עָלְמִין. לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אֲתָא בְּרֵיהּ, כֵּיוָן דִמְטָא בִּתְרַע פִּילֵי דְהַהִיא מְדִינְתָּא חָמָא חַד טָעֵין מוֹבְלָא דְקֵיסִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְזַבֵּן אַתְּ מוֹבְלָא דְקֵיסִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין, סַב לִי טֵימִיתְהוֹן וְאוֹבִיל יַתְהוֹן גַּבֵּי פְּלָן, נְסַב טֵימִיסְהוֹן וְאוֹבֵיל יַתְהוֹן גַּבֵּי פְּלָן. הֲוָה אָזֵל הוּא וְהוּא אָזֵיל בַּתְרֵיהּ עַד דִּמְטָא גַּבֵּי דָרָתֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵי פְּלָן תָּא סַב מוֹבְלָא דְקֵיסִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמִי מוֹבְלָא דְקֵיסִין אָמְרֵי לָךְ דְּתֵיתֵי לִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין דְּלָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי אַתְּ אֶלָּא הָדֵין בַּר נָשׁ דְּאָתֵי בַּתְרָאִי לֵיהּ הִינוּן. לְאַלְתָּר אַפְתַּח לֵיהּ בֵּיתֵיהּ וְנִכְנַס וְיַהֲבוּ שְׁלָמָא דֵין לְדֵין, הָא מִילָא חֲדָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָאן אַתְּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲנָא הוּא בְּרֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא דְּמִית גַּבָּךְ, אַעֲלֵיהּ וַעֲבַד לֵיהּ מְגִיס, וַהֲוָה לְהַהוּא גַבְרָא תְּרֵין בְּנִין וְתַרְתֵּין בְּנָאתָן, כַּד מְטָא עָנָתֵיהּ דְּאַרִסְטְוָון אַיְיתֵי קוֹמֵיהּ בִּסְעוּדָתָא חַמְשָׁה פְּרִיגִין בַּתַּבְשִׁילָא, כְּמָה דְשָׁרוּ לְמֵיכַל, אֲמַר לֵיהּ סַב וּפְלַג, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא הִיא דִידִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲנָא צָבֵי דְתִיסַב וְתַפְלֵג, נְסַב וּפְלַג, וִיהֵיב פְּרִיגָא בֵּין גַּבְרָא וְאִתְּתֵיהּ, וּנְסַב פְּרִיגָא תִּנְיָיתָא וִיְהֵיב בֵּין תְּרֵי גַבְרֵי דְּהֵן תְּרֵין בְּנוֹי, נְסַב תְּלִיתָאָה וִיהַב בֵּין תַּרְתֵּין בְּנָתֵיהּ, נְסַב תְּרֵין פְּרִיגִין וִיהַב קוֹמֵיהּ דִּידֵיהּ. אֲכָלוּן וְלָא אֲמָרוּ לֵיהּ וְלָא מִידֵי, הָא מִלְּתָא תִּנְיָינָא. לְעִידָן רַמְשָׁא אַיְיתֵי תַּרְנְגוֹלָא פַּטִּימָתָא בִּסְעוּדָתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ סַב פְּלַג, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא הִיא דִידִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ סַב פְּלַג בִּרְעוּתִי. נְסַב וּפְלַג וִיהַב רֵישָׁא קוֹמֵיהּ גַּבְרָא, נְסַב בְּנֵי מֵעֶיהָ וִיהַב קֳדָם אִתְּתֵיהּ, נְסַב תְּרֵין אַטְמָאתָא וִיהַב לִתְרֵין בְּנוֹהִי, נְסַב תְּרֵין גַּפּוֹי וִיהַב לְתַרְתֵּין בְּנָתֵיהּ, נְסַב גּוּפָא כּוּלָא וִיהַב קַמֵּיהּ דִּידֵיהּ, הָא מִלָּא תְּלִיתָאָה. אֲמַר הַכְּדֵין פַּלְגִין בְּאַתְרֵיכוֹן, פַּלְגוּת זִימְנָא קַמָּא וְלָא אֲמָרִית לָךְ וְלָא מִידֵי, וְהָאִידְנָא אַתְּ עָבֵיד כְּדֵין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָאו אֲמָרִית לָךְ דְּלָאו דִּידִי הוּא, וְאַף עַל גַּב דִּפְלָגִית יָאוּת פְּלָגִית. זִמְנָא קַמָּא חַמְשָׁה פְּרִיגִין אַיְתֵת בִּסְּעוּדָתָא, אַתְּ וְאִיתְּתָךְ וּפְרִיגָא הָא תְּלָתָא, תְּרֵין בְּנָךְ וּפְרִיגָא הָא תְּלָתָא, תַּרְתֵּין בְּנָתָךְ וּפְרִיגָא הָא תְּלָתָא, וַאֲנָא וְתַרְתֵּין פְּרִיגִין הָא תְּלָתָא, נְסַבִית מִידֵי מִן חוּלַקְכוֹן. הָאִידְנָא אַיְתֵת תַּרְנְגוֹלְתָּא, נְסַבִית רֵישָׁא וִיהַבְתְּ לָךְ, דְּאַתְּ רֵישָׁא דְּבֵיתָא, נְסַבִית בְּנֵי מֵעֶיהָ וִיהַבִית קֳדָם אִיתְּתָךְ, דְּמִינָּהּ יִפְקוּן בְּנַיָּא מִן מֵעַיָּא, נְסַבִית תְּרֵין אַטְמָאתָא וִיהַבִית לִתְרֵין בְּנָךְ, דְּאִינוּן עֲמוּדַיָּיא דְּבֵיתָא, נְסַבִית תְּרֵין גַּפַּיָּיא וִיהַבִית קֳדָם בְּנָתָךְ, דְּלִמְחַר יִפְקוּן וְיִפְרְחוּן מִן בֵּיתָךְ וְיִזְלוּן לוֹן לְבַעֲלֵיהוֹן, נְסַבִית אֲנָא הָדֵין אִילְפָא, בְּאִילְפָא אֲתֵינָא בְּאִילְפָא אֲנָא אָזֵיל, וְקוּם וְהַב מִדְּלִי דְּאַפְקַד אַבָּא גַּבָּךְ וְאֵיזֵיל לְאַלְתָּר, יְהַב לֵיהּ מַה דִּילֵיהּ וַאֲזֵיל לֵיהּ לִשְׁלָם, לְקַיֵם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר רַבָּתִי בַגּוֹיִם, רַבָּתִי בְּדֵעוֹת. אַרְבָּעָה מִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֲתוֹ לְאַתֵּינָא אִיתְקַבְּלוּן גַּבֵּי חַד בַּר נָשׁ, לְרַמְשָׁא עֲבַד לוֹן אֲרִסְטְוָון, מִן דַּאֲכַלּוּן וּשְׁתוֹן אַתְקֵין לְהוֹן אַרְבָּעָה עַרְסָאתָא, וַחֲדָא מִנְהוֹן פְּחִיתָא וּסְמִיכָא אַגַּב חֲבֶרְתָּא. מִן דְּקָמוּ לְהוֹן לְמִידְמַךְ, אֲמַר שְׁמָעִית דִּבְנֵי יְרוּשָׁלָיִם חַכִּימִין אִינוּן סַגִּין, אֶשְׁמַע מִילָּא מִנְּהוֹן מַה דְּיֵימְרוּן, עָל וּדְמָךְ לְגַוָּא מִנְּהוֹן. קָם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה דָּמִיךְ עַל עַרְסָא פְּחִיתָא וַאֲמַר לוֹן מָה אַתּוּן סְבִירִין עַל עַרְסָא אֲנָא דָמִיךְ, לֵית אֲנָא דָמִיךְ אֶלָּא אַאַרְעָא וַאֲנָא תָּלֵי. אֲמַר לוֹן חוֹרָן אַף בִּשְׂרָא דְּאָכְלִינַן בְּרַמְשָׁא טְעֵם כַּלְבָּא הֲוָה בֵּיהּ. אֲמַר לוֹן חוֹרָן אַף חַמְרָא דְּשָׁתֵינַן בְּרַמְשָׁא טְעֵם קִבְרָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ. אֲמַר לוֹן חוֹרָן וְעַל אִילֵין אַתּוּן תְּמֵהִין אַף גַּבְרָא דְּהוּא מָרֵיהּ דְּבַיְיתָא לֵית הוּא בְּרֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּהָּ. כֵּיוָן דִּשְׁמַע גַּבְרָא מִילַיָא, אֲמַר חַד קוּשְׁטָא וּתְלַת שִׁקְרָא. קָם וַאֲזַל מִצַּפְרָא לְגַבֵּי טַבָּחָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַב לִי מִבִּשְׂרָא דִיהַבְתְּ לִי בְּרַמְשָׁא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמַה הוּא עִסְקֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חָדָא אִימְרָא הֲוָה לָן וַהֲוָה יַנְקָא, וּמִיתָה אִימָּהּ, וַהֲוָה לָן חֲדָא כַּלְבְּתָא וַהֲוָה אִימְרָא יַנִּיק מִנָּהּ, בְּרַמְשָׁא אִצְטַמְטְמֵינַן לְבִשְׂרָא וַאֲתֵית בָּעֵי, וְלָא הֲוַת לָן חוֹרֵי, וְיַהֲבִינַן לָךְ מִינַהּ. אֲמַר תְּרֵין קוּשְׁטָא וּתְרֵין שִׁקְרָא. אֲזַל גַּבֵּי קְפֵילָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַב לִי מִן הַהוּא חַמְרָא דִּיהַבְתְּ לִי בְּרַמְשָׁא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה הֲוָה עִסְקֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַד גּוּפְנָא הֲוָה לָן וַהֲוָה נְצִיבָא עַל קִבְרֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּנַן, וְעַצְרֵיהּ וְיַהֲבִינֵיהּ בְּקוּפּוֹן וְאִצְטַמְטִימְתוּן לְחַמְרָא וַאֲתֵית בָּעֵי, וְלָא הֲוָה לָן, וְיַהֲבִינַן לָךְ מִינֵּיהּ. אֲמַר תְּלַת קוּשְׁטָא וְחַד שִׁקְרָא. אֲזַל לְגַבָּהּ דְּאִמֵּיהּ וַאֲמַר לַהּ בְּרֵיהּ דְּמַאן אֲנָא, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ בְּנִי בְּרֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּךְ, אֲמַר לַהּ אִמְרִי לִי קוּשְׁטָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּמַאן אֲנָא וְאִין לָא אֲנָא קְטַע רֵאשֵׁךְ. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ בְּרִי אֲבוּךְ לָא הֲוָה מוֹלִיד, וּדְחֵלִית דְּלָא יִסְּבוּן מִדְלִי קְרִיבוֹהִי, בִּישֵׁי עֲבָדִית דַּאֲזָלִית וּזְנֵית וְאַיְיתֵיתִי יָתָךְ לְכָל עוּתְרָא וּמִדְלָא הָדֵין. אֲמַר לַהּ מָה אֲנַן חָמְיָין הָכָא, יֵיתוֹן בְּנֵי יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וַעֲבַדּוּן לָן מַמְזְרִין, תּוּ נַעֲבֵיד בֵּינֵינַן דְּלָא נְקַבֵּל חַד מִנְהוֹן.
“Great [rabati] among the nations,” but was it not already stated [in the verse]: “greatly [rabati] crowded”? Why does the verse say: “Great [rabati] among the nations”? It means great in intellect. Rabbi Huna [said] in the name of Rabbi Yosei: In any province to which one of the residents of Jerusalem would go, they would offer a seat of honor for him to sit upon so they could hear his wisdom.
An individual from Jerusalem went to a province, and the time arrived for him to die. He summoned his landlord and deposited his belongings with him. He said to him: ‘If my son comes from Jerusalem and performs three wise deeds, give him what is mine. If not, do not give him what is mine.’
They14The residents of the province mentioned above. made an agreement between them that none of them would show another’s house to a visitor. He [the individual from Jerusalem] died and he passed to his eternal home. Some time later, his son came. When he entered the gate of the wall of that province, he saw one carrying a bundle of wood. He said: ‘Are you selling the bundle of wood?’ He said to him: ‘Yes.’ ‘Take its price from me and take it to so-and-so.’ He took its price and took it to so-and-so. He was going and [the deceased man’s son] was following him until he reached his residence. He said to him:15The wood seller said to the landlord. ‘Hey, so-and-so, come take a bundle of wood.’ He said to him: ‘Did I tell you to bring me a bundle of wood?’ He said to him: ‘True, you did not tell me, but it belongs to this person who followed me.’ Immediately, he opened his house before him, and they greeted one another. That is one [wise] deed.
He said to him: ‘Who are you?’ He said: ‘I am the son of the man who died in your [house].’ He brought him in and prepared a cooked meal for him. That man16The landlord. had two sons and two daughters. When the time of the meal arrived, they brought before him for the meal five cooked pullets. When they were ready to eat, he said to him:17The host said to the guest. ‘Take and distribute it.’ He [the guest] said to him: ‘It is not mine.’ He [the host] said to him: ‘I want you to take and distribute it.’ He took and distributed it, and placed one pullet between the man and his wife. He took the second pullet and placed it between the two men who were his two sons. He took the third and placed it between his two daughters. He took two pullets and placed them before himself. He ate them and they did not say anything to him. This is the second [wise] deed.18It will be explained below why the guest did this and why it was considered a wise deed.
At evening time, [the host] brought a fattened chicken for the meal. He said to [the guest]: ‘Take and distribute it.’ He said to him: ‘It is not mine.’ He said to him: ‘Take and distribute it, as that is my will.’ He took and distributed it and placed the head before the man. He took the innards and placed it before his wife. He took the two thighs and gave them to his two sons. He took the two wings and gave them to his two daughters. He took the entire body and placed it before himself. This is the third [wise] deed.
[The landlord] said: ‘Is this how they distribute in your place? You distributed the first time and I did not say anything to you, and now you do this?’ He said to him: ‘Did I not say to you that it is not mine? Nonetheless, what I have distributed, I distributed properly. The first time, you brought five pullets for the meal. You, your wife, and the pullet equal three. Your two sons and the pullet equal three. Your two daughters and the pullet equal three. I and the two pullets equal three. Did I take anything from your portions? Now, you brought a chicken. I took the head and gave it to you, as you are the head of the household. I took the innards and placed them before your wife, because children emerge from her innards. I took the two thighs and placed them before your two sons, because they are the pillars of the house. I took the two wings and placed them before your daughters, as tomorrow they will depart, fly from your house, and go to their husbands. I took this ship,19When the body of the chicken without the extremities is cut open it resembles a ship. as I came in a ship and I will go in a ship. Rise and give me what is mine that my father deposited with you, and I will leave immediately.’ He gave him what was his and he went in peace. That is what is stated: “Great among the nations,” great in intellect.
Four Jerusalemites came to Athens and were received by a certain person. In the evening he made a feast for them. After they ate and drank, he prepared four beds for them. One of them was broken and supported by the next one. When they got up from the feast to go to sleep, he said: ‘I heard that the residents of Jerusalem are extremely wise, let me hear some of what they are saying.’ He went and slept in [a room] adjacent to theirs.
The one who was sleeping on the broken bed awoke during the night and said to the others: ‘What do you think, that I am sleeping on a bed? I am sleeping on the ground but I am suspended.’ Another said to them: ‘The meat that we ate this evening had the taste of dog.’ Another said to them: ‘And the wine that we drank tonight had the taste of a grave.’ Another said to them: ‘You are wondering about those [matters]? The man who is the homeowner is not even the son of his father.’
When the man heard these matters, he said: ‘One is true and three are false.’ He arose in the morning and went to the butcher. He said to him: ‘Give me from the meat that you gave me last night.’ He said to him: ‘I have none.’ He said to him: ‘What was special about it?’ He said to him: ‘We had one lamb that was a suckling and its mother died. We had a female dog and the lamb suckled from it. At night, we were short on meat and I sought to bring some. I did not have any other, so I gave you from that [lamb].’ He said: ‘Two are true and two are false.’
He went to the winemaker. He said to him: ‘Give me some of that wine that you gave me last night.’ He said to him: ‘I have none.’ He said to him: ‘What was special about it?’ He said to him: ‘We had one vine and it was planted over our father’s grave. I squeezed it and placed it in wicker baskets. I was short on wine and I sought to bring some. I did not have any other, so I gave you from that [vine].’ He said: ‘Three are true and one is false.’
He went to his mother and said to her: ‘Whose son am I?’ She said to him: ‘My son, you are the son of your father.’ He said to her: ‘Tell me the truth, whose son am I, and if not I will sever your head.’ She said to him: ‘My son, your father was unable to beget children and I feared lest his relatives take my property.20After his death, as the wife was not considered an heir. Did I perform a sin that I went and engaged in an illicit relationship and brought you into all this wealth and property?’ He said to her: ‘What do we see here? Will the residents of Jerusalem come and render us illegitimate? Let us agree among ourselves that we will not receive any one of them.’
חַד מִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֲזַל גַּבֵּי תַּגָּרָא בְּאַתֵּינַס, אֲתָא אִיתְקַבֵּל בַּחֲנוּת, אַשְׁכַּח בְּנֵי נָשֵׁי שָׁרוּן יָתְבִין וְשַׁתְיָין חַמְרָא, מִדְּאֲכַל וְשָׁתָה בָּעֵי מִדְמוּךְ תַּמָּן, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ עֲבָדִין בֵּינַן דְּלָא נְקַבֵּל בַּר נָשׁ אַכְסַנָּאי אֶלָא עַד דִּקְפַץ תְּלַת קְפִיצִין. אֲמַר לוֹן וּמִי אֲנָא יָדַע אֵיךְ אַתּוּן קְפִיצִין אֶלָּא קוּם עֲבֵיד קוֹדָמוֹי וְאֶעֱבַד אֲנָא בַּתְרָךְ כְּוָתָךְ, קָם חַד מִנְהוֹן וּקְפַץ וְאִישְׁתְּכַח בְּמִצְעֵי דַּחֲנוּת, וּקְפַץ אוֹחֲרָן אִישְׁתְּכַח עַל תַּרְעָא פּוּמָא דַּחֲנוּתָא, קְפַץ אוֹחֲרָן וְאִישְׁתְּכַח לְבָרָא, קָם וּטְרַד תַּרְעָא בְּאַפֵּיהוֹן, אֲמַר לוֹן חַיֵּיכוֹן מַה דִּבְעִיתוּ לְמֶעֱבַד לִי עֲבַדִית לְכוֹן.
A certain Jerusalemite went to see a merchant in Athens. He was put up in an inn. He found people who were beginning to sit and drink wine. After he ate and drank, he sought to sleep there. They said to him: ‘We agreed among ourselves that we will not receive any person as a lodger until he performs three jumps.’ He said to them: ‘I do not know how you jump. Get up and perform it before me, and I will perform it like you after you.’ One of them stood, jumped, and found himself in the middle of the inn. He performed another jump and found himself at the gate at the entrance of the inn. He performed another jump and found himself outside.21All those inside followed the jumper outside to watch him. [The Jerusalemite] stood and bolted the gate in their faces. He said to them: ‘By your lives, what you sought to do to me, I did to you.’
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם אַשְׁכַּח חַד יְנוּקָא יְהַב לֵיהּ פְּרִיטִין וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל וְאַיְיתֵי לָן תְּאֵינִין וְעִינְבִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ יְיַשֵּׁר חֵילָךְ אַתְּ בִּפְרוּטָךְ וַאֲנָא בְרַגְלַי מִן דַאֲתָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ סַב פְּלַג, נְסַב מֵינוּקָא וִיהֵיב קוֹמֵי דִּידֵיהּ בִּישִׁין וְטָבַיָּיא הֲוָה מַיְיתֵי וְיָהֵב קוֹמֵי דְהַהוּא גַבְרָא, אֲמַר טַבְאוּת אִינוּן אָמְרִין דִּבְנֵי יְרוּשָׁלָיִם חַכִּימִין אִינוּן סַגְיָא, מִן בְּגִין דַּהֲוָה יְדִיעַ דְּלָא יְהַב פְּרִיטִין מִן דִּידֵיהּ נְסַב לֵיהּ בִּישָׁא וְטָבָאתָא יְהַב קוֹמֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא. אֶלָּא תָּא נַעֲבֵיד גָּאוְזִין, אִי אֲנָא אָזֵיל וְאָתֵי לִי גַּבָּךְ אֲנָא נָסֵיב מַאן דְּאִית קַמָּךְ, וְאִין אָתֵי לָךְ מַה דְּאִית קָדָמוֹי אַתְּ נָסֵיב, וַעֲבַדִּין בֵּינֵיהוֹן, וּנְסַב מַה דַּהֲוָה לֵיהּ.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go bring me figs and grapes.’ He said to him: ‘Well done, you with your coins and me with my feet.’22We are partners in the fruit, as each of us will have contributed to gathering them. When [the child] returned, [the Athenian] said to him: ‘Take it and divide it.’ The child took it and placed before himself the bad ones and he took the good ones and placed them before that man. He said: ‘It is true what they say, that the residents of Jerusalem are extremely wise. It is because he knew that he did not give any coins of his own that he took the bad ones for himself and he placed the good ones before this man. But let us draw lots. If I go and yours comes to me, I will take what is before you. If what is before me comes to you, you will take it.’ They did so together,23They wrote their names on two lots, mixed them up, and each drew a lot. and [the child] took what [the Athenian] had.24The child took what the Athenian had.
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם אַשְׁכַּח חַד מֵינוּקָא וִיהֵיב לֵיהּ פְּרִיטִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל וְאַשְׁכַּח וְאַיְיתֵי לִי מַה דְּאֵכוֹל וְאֶשְׂבַּע וְאוֹתֵר וְאֵיסַב לְאִסְטַרְטָא. אֲזַל הוּא וְאַיְיתֵי לֵיהּ מִילְחָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִילְחָא אַמְרֵי לְךָ דְּתֵיתֵי לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָא כֵן אֲמַרְתְּ לִי זִיל אַיְיתֵי לִי מַה דְּנֵיכוֹל וְנִשְׂבַּע וְנוֹתִיר וְאִיסַב לְאִסְטַרְטָא, חַיֶּיךָ אִית בֵּיהּ דְּתֵיכוֹל וְתִשְׂבַּע וְתוֹתִיר וְתֵיסַב לְאִסְטַרְטָא.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go and bring me something so that I can eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road.’ He went and brought him salt. He said to him: ‘Did I tell you to bring me salt?’ He said to him: ‘Did you not say to me: Go and bring me something so that I can eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road? By your life, there is enough here for you to eat, be sated, and have leftovers to take on the road.’25The money he had received was not nearly enough to purchase the quantity of food the Athenian had asked for. The child therefore bought salt, which was inexpensive. There was enough salt to use together with a satisfying meal and to have leftovers for the journey (Etz Yosef).
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אַשְׁכַּח חַד מְדוֹכָא מְטַלְקָא, נַסְבֵיהּ וְאוֹבְלֵיהּ גַּבֵּי חַיָּיטָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַיַיט לִי הָדֵין מְדוֹכָא תְּבִירָא. אַפֵּיק לֵיהּ אִיהוּ מְלָא קוּמְצֵיהּ חָלָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁזוֹר לִי חוּטִין וַאֲנָא חָיֵיט לֵיהּ.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and found a discarded mortar. He took it and brought it to a tailor. He said to him: ‘Sew this broken mortar for me.’ [The tailor] took out a handful of sand and said to him: ‘Spin threads for me and I will sew it.’26Just as one cannot spin thread from sand, one cannot sew together a broken mortar. See Etz Yosef and Rabbi David Luria, who interpret this passage allegorically as a debate as to whether Israel can again experience redemption.
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אַשְׁכַּח חַד מֵינוּקָא יְהַב לֵיהּ פְּרִיטִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל וְאַיְיתֵי בֵּעִין וְחוּבְצִין, מִן דַּאֲתָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַחֲמֵי לִי אִידָא הִיא חוּבְצָא דְעִיזָא חִיוַרְתֵּי וְאִידָא הִיא דְעִיזָא אוּכַּמְתֵּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִיהוּ אַתְּ גְּבַר סַב וְאַחֲמֵי לִי אַתְּ אִידָא הִיא בֵּיעָתָא דְתַרְנְגוֹלְתָּא חִיוַורְתֵּי וְאִידָא הִיא דְאוּכַּמְתֵּי.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain child. He gave him coins and said to him: ‘Go and bring me eggs and cheese.’ When [the child] returned, [the Athenian] said to him: ‘Show me which is the cheese from a white goat and which is from a black goat.’ [The child] said to him: ‘You are an elderly man. You show me which is an egg from a white chicken and which is from a black one.’27Rabbi David Luria interprets this allegorically: The Athenian argued that although the Jews used to be distinct from the gentiles due to their religious beliefs and conducts, they had become indistinguishable, just as cheeses from a black goat and a white goat are indistinguishable. The child answered that the correct metaphor is the eggs from a black chicken and a white chicken. Even if they look the same, their potential is vastly different, and when their chicks hatch, that difference will become evident to all.
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אַשְׁכַּח חַד כַּהֲנָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מוֹבְלָא דְקֵיסִין כַּמָּה עָבְדִין תְּנַן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ כַּד רְטִיבָה הֲוָה כּוּלָּהּ תְּנַן, כַּד יְבֵישָׁה הִיא תִּלְתָּא תְּנַן וְתִלְתָּא קְטָם וְתִלְתָּא אֶשָׁא אָכְלָה, מִן הֵין יְלִיף לַהּ, מֵעֲצֵי הַמַּעֲרָכָה.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem and encountered a certain priest. He said to him: ‘How much smoke does a bundle of wood produce? He said to him: ‘When it is wet, it all becomes smoke. When it is dry, one-third becomes smoke, one-third ashes, and one-third is consumed by the fire.’ From where did he learn this? From the wood of the arrangement [on the Temple altar].
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, עָל לְבֵי סַפְרָא אַשְׁכַּח מֵינוּקַיָּא דְּיַתְבוּן תַּמָּן וְרַבֵּיהוֹן לָא הֲוָה תַּמָּן גַּבֵּיהוֹן. הֲוָה שָׁאֵל לוֹן וְהִינוּן מְגִיבִין. אָמְרִין לֵיהּ תָּא נַעֲבֵיד בֵּינֵינַן דְּכָל דְּשָׁאֵיל שְׁאֵלְתָּא וְנָצַח לְחַבְרֵיהּ דְּנַסְבִין לֵיהּ מָנוֹי, אֲמַר לוֹן אִין. אֲמַר אַתּוּן דִּבְנֵי אַתְרָא מַקְדְּמִין לֵיהּ, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ אֱמוֹר אַתְּ דְּאַתְּ גְּבַר סַב, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ הָדֵין מִילַּיָא מָה אִינוּן, תִּשְׁעָה נָפְקִין, וּתְמַנְיָא עָלְלִין, וּתְרֵין מָזְגִין, וְחַד שָׁתֵי, וְעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מְשַׁמְּשִׁין. וְלָא יָכִיל מְגִיב לוֹן וְנָסְבִין מָנוֹי. אֲתָא לְגַבֵּי רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן רַבֵּיהוֹן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲהָא רַבִּי כָּל הֲדָא בִּישְׁתָּא רַבְּתָא אִית גַּבֵּיכוֹן, דְּכַד אֲתָא בַּר נָשׁ אַכְסַנְיָא לְבֵינֵיכוֹן אַתּוּן נָסְבִין מָנוֹי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּלְמָא מִילָא אָמְרוּן לָךְ וְלָא יָכֵלְתְּ מְגִיב לְהוֹן וּנְסִיבִין מָנָיךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין. אֲמַר וּמָה אָמְרוּן לָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ כֵּן וְכֵן אָמְרוּן לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּנִי, תִּשְׁעָה נָפְקִין, אִילֵין יַרְחֵי דְּבִיטְנָתָא דְּיָלֵידְתָּא. וּתְמַנְיָא עָלְלִין, תְּמַנְיָא יוֹמִין דִּגְזִירְתָּא. וּתְרֵין מָזְגִין, אִילֵין תְּרֵין דַּדָּא דְּתַרְוֵיהוֹן מָזְגִין. וְחַד שָׁתֵי, הוּא מֵינוּקָא דְּאִתְיְלִיד. וְעֶשְׂרִין וְאַרְבָּעָה מְשַׁמְשִׁין, עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה יַרְחֵי מֵינְקוּתָא. לְאַלְתָּר אֲתָא וּמְגִיב לוֹן וּנְסַב מָנוֹי, וּקְרוֹן עֲלֵיהּ (שופטים יד, יח): לוּלֵא חֲרַשְׁתֶּם בְּעֶגְלָתִי לֹא מְצָאתֶם חִידָתִי.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem. He entered a school and found children sitting there but their teacher was not there with them. He was asking them questions and they would respond. They said to him: ‘Let us agree between us that whoever asks a question and defeats his counterpart, they will take his garments.’ He said to them: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘You, who are residents of this place, should be first.’ They said to him: ‘You respond first because you are an elderly man.’ They said to him: ‘These items, what are they? Nine exit, eight enter, two pour, one drinks, and twenty-four are attendants.’ He could not respond and they took his garments. He came to Rabbi Yoḥanan, their teacher. He said to him: ‘Alas, rabbi, there is this great evil in your midst, that when a person comes as a visitor among you, you take his garments.’ He said to him: ‘Is it, perhaps, that they said something to you and you were unable to respond to them, and they took your garments?’ He said to him: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘What did they say to you?’ He said to him: ‘Such and such they said to me.’ He said to him: ‘My son, nine exit, these are the months of a child in the womb. Eight enter, these are the eight days of circumcision. Two pour, these are the two breasts, both of which pour. One drinks, this is the baby who was born. Twenty-four attendants, these are the twenty-four months of nursing.’ Immediately, he came, responded to them, and took his garments. They read in his regard: “Had you not ploughed with my calf, you would not have solved my riddle” (Judges 14:18).
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲתָא לִירוּשָׁלַיִם עֲבַד תְּלַת שְׁנִין וּפְלַג לְמֵילַף לִישַׁן דְּחוּכְמְתָא וְלָא יָלֵיף, בָּתַר תְּלַת שְׁנִין וּפְלַג זְבִין חַד עֶבֶד וְהוּא עֲוִיר, אֲמַר בָּתַר תְּלַת שְׁנִין וּפְלַג זְבַנִית עֶבֶד עֲוִיר, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַיֶּיךָ דְּהוּא חַכִּים טָפֵי סַגִּי וְצָפֵי מֵרָחוֹק. מִן דְּנָפְקוּן מִן פִּילֵי אֲמַר לֵיהּ גּוּד דְּנִמְטֵי לְוָיָיתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְאִית לִוְיָיתָא קוֹמֵינָן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין, וְאִית קוֹמֵינָן אֲנָקָא חֲדָא עֲוִירָא בַּחֲדָא פַּרְגָא, וּבִטְנָהּ תְּרֵין, וְטַעֲנֵיהּ תְּרֵין זִיקִין, חַד דַּחֲמַר, וְחַד דִּבְסִים, וּרְחוֹקָה אַרְבַּע מִילִין וּגְמַלָּא עִמָּם. אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַמָּא דִּתְבִיר קְדַל, בַּחֲדָא עֵינָא מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע דְּהִיא סַמְיָא מֵחַד עֵינָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵי דְּחַד גַּבָּהּ דְּאוֹרְחָא רִיעַ וְחַד לָא רִיעַ. וּדְבִטְנָהּ תְּרֵין מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רְבָעִית לַהּ וַחֲמֵיתָא אַתְרֵיהוֹן דְּתַרְוֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע דִּטְעִינָה תְּרֵין זִיקִין חַד דַּחֲמַר וְחַד דִּבְסִים. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן מְטַפְּיָיתָא, דְּחַמְרָא סְפִיג וּבַסִּימָא תָּסֵיס. דִּגְמַלָּא עִמָּהֶם מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע, דְּאִשְׁתּוּן בְּמִיסְוָון דְּאוֹרְחָא וִיהוּדָאי לָא מִשְׁתִּין בְּמִיסְוָון דְּאוֹרְחָא אֶלָּא בְּחַד זָוִיָּיא. וּרְחָקָא אַרְבְּעָה מִילִין מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע, אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַד אַרְבָּעָה מִילִין פַּרְסָתֵיהּ דִּגְמַלָּא מִינְכְּרָא מִכָּאן וּלְהַלָּן לֵית הוּא מִינְכְּרָא.
An Athenian came to Jerusalem. He devoted three and a half years to learn the language of wisdom,28Scholars would speak in riddles that could not be understood by the average person (see Eruvin 54a). That style of communication is referred to here as the language of wisdom. but he did not learn it. After three and a half years he purchased a slave who was blind.29He was blind in one eye. He said: ‘After three and one years, I buy a blind slave?’30He was upset that after devoting so much time to wisdom he could not even protect himself from purchasing a slave who had an obvious handicap (Etz Yosef). [The slave] said to him: ‘By your life, he is very wise and sees far.’ When they exited the city walls, [the slave] said to him: ‘Hurry so we can catch up to the caravan.’ He said to [the slave]: ‘Is there a caravan before us?’ [The slave] said to him: ‘Yes, and there is before us a female camel that is blind on one side, there are two in its womb, and it is laden with two leather flasks, one of wine and one of vinegar. It is at a distance of [no more than] four mil and its camel driver is a gentile.’ He said to [the slave]: ‘You of a stiff-necked people, with one eye, how do you know that it is blind in one eye?’ He said to him: ‘Look, one side of the road is grazed and one is not grazed.’ ‘And how do you know that it has two in the womb?’ He said to him: ‘It lay down and I saw the imprint of both of them.’ He said to him: ‘How do you know that it is laden with two leather flasks, one of wine and one of vinegar?’ He said to him: ‘From the drips; wine is absorbed, vinegar bubbles.’ ‘How do you know that the camel driver with them [is gentile]?’ ‘Because he urinated in the middle of the road, and a Jew does not urinate in the middle of the road, but rather on the side.’ ‘How do you know that it is at a distance of four mil?’ He said to him: ‘Until [the time it takes to travel] four mil, the hoofprint of the camel are distinct, from then on, it is not distinct.’
חַד מֵאַתֵּינַס אֲזַל לִירוּשָׁלַיִם וַהֲוָה מְפַלֵּי בִּבְנֵי יְרוּשָׁלָיִם סַגִּיא, אָמְרִין מָאן יֵיזֵיל וּמַיְיתֵי לֵיהּ גַּבָּן, אֲמַר לוֹן חַד אֲנָא אֵיזֵיל וְאַיְיתֵי לֵיהּ וְרֵישֵׁיהּ גְּרִיעַ, אֲזַל יְרוּשַׁלְמִי לְאַתֵּינַס אִתְקַבֵּל גַּבֵּי הַהוּא גַבְרָא, לְצַפְרָא נַפְקִין תַּרְוֵיהוֹן לְטַיָּילָא בְּשׁוּקָא, אִפְסִיק חַד סַנְדְּלֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְאוּמָנָא סַב לָךְ טְרִימִיסָא הָדֵין וְעַבְדֵיהּ לִי הָדֵין סַנְדְּלָא, עֲבַדֵיהּ לֵיהּ. לִמְחַר נָפְקִין תַּרְוֵיהוֹן לְטַיָּילָא בְּשׁוּקָא אִיפְסִיק סַנְדְּלָא חוֹרִיתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ סַב לָךְ הָדֵין טְרִימִיסָא וְזִיל וְעַבְדֵיהּ לֵיהּ בְּאוּמָנָא לְהָדֵין סַנְדְּלָא דִילִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְכָל הָדֵין יְקִירִין סַנְדְּלַיָא גַבֵּיכוֹן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִכַּמָּה דִּינָרִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִתִּשְׁעָה וּמֵעֲשָׂרָה דִּינָרִין, וְכַד אִינוּן זִילִין מִשִּׁבְעָה וּמִשְׁמֹנָה דִּינָרִים. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִי אֲתֵינָא לְגַבֵּיכוֹן בַּהֲדָא סְחוֹרָתָא מַזְבַּנְתְּ יָתֵיהּ לִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין, אֶלָּא דְּלָא תֵיעוֹל לִמְדִינְתָּא בַּר מִדַּעְתִּי. כְּמָה דַּעֲבִיד עֲבִידָא וּזְבִין סְחוֹרָתָא דְסַנְדָּלַיָא אֲזַל לֵיהּ סְלֵיק לִירוּשָׁלַיִם וִיתֵיב עַל תְּרַע פִּילֵי דִמְדִינְתָּא, שְׁלַח בַּתְרֵיהּ וַאֲתָא, כֵּיוָן דַּאֲתָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַבְדִינַן בֵּינֵינַן דְּלָא יֵיעוֹל בַּר נָשׁ לְמִזְבְּנָא זְבִינוֹהִי אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן רֵישֵׁיהּ גְּרִיעַ וְשִׁיחְרוּר אַפּוֹי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אֲנָא מִנְזַק דַּאֲנָא גָּרַע רֹאשִׁי וְאַזְבֵּין עֲבִידְתִּי. מִן דִּגְרַע רֵישֵׁיהּ נַסְבֵיהּ וְאוֹתְבֵיהּ בְּמִיסְוָון דְּשׁוּקָא, וְכַד הֲוָה בַּר נָשׁ אָתֵי לְמִיזְבַּן מִינֵיהּ סַנְדְּלָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָדֵין סַנְדְּלָא זוּגָא בְּכַמָּה הֲוָה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן עַשְׂרָה דִּינָרִין אוֹ מִן תִּשְׁעָה דִּינָרִין, בְּרַם לֵית אֲנָא פָּחֵית מִתְּמַנְיָא דִּינָרִין, וְכַד הֲוָה שָׁמַע הֲוָה טָפַח לֵיהּ עַל רֵישֵׁיהּ בְּסַנְדְּלָא וְאָזֵיל לֵיהּ וְלָא זָבִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ כָּל הֲדָא בִּישָׁתָא שַׁלְמִית לָךְ כַּד הֲוֵית בְּאַתְרָאי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִכָּאן וּלְהַבָּא לָא תְּפַלֵּי בִּבְנֵי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם [תפלי, לשון בדיקה הוא, לא תפאר אחריך, תרגומו לא תפלי בתרך].
An Athenian came to Jerusalem, and he greatly mocked the residents of Jerusalem. They said: ‘Who will go and bring him to us?’ One person said to them: ‘I will go and I will bring him with his head shaved.’ The Jerusalemite went to Athens and was received by that man. In the morning, the two of them went out to stroll in the marketplace. One of [the Jew’s] sandals tore. He said to the cobbler: ‘Take this coin31It was a valuable coin. and repair this sandal.’ He repaired it for him. The following day, the two of went out to stroll in the marketplace and [the Jew’s] other sandal tore. He said to him:32He said to his Athenian host. ‘Take this coin and go have the cobbler repair this sandal of mine.’ He said to him: ‘Are sandals so expensive in your place?’33Is that the reason you came with tattered sandals, and are willing to pay so much to repair them? He said to him: ‘Yes.’ He said to him: ‘How many dinars?’ He said to him: ‘Some are nine and some are ten dinars, and when they are inexpensive, some are seven and some are eight dinars.’ He said to him: ‘If I come to you with this merchandise will you sell it for me?’ He said to him: ‘Yes, but do not enter the city without my knowledge.’
When [the Athenian] performed his labor he purchased a stock of sandals. He travelled, ascended to Jerusalem, and sat at the gate of the city walls. He sent after [the Jew] and he came. When [the Jew] came, he said to [the Athenian]: ‘We made an agreement among us that no person may enter to sell his merchandise unless his head is shaved and his face blackened.’ He said to him: ‘What harm is there to me if I shave my head, provided that I sell my merchandise.’ After he shaved his head, [the Jew] took him and seated him in the middle of the marketplace. When a person would come to purchase sandals from him, he would say to him: ‘How much does a pair of these sandals cost?’ [The Athenian] would say to him: ‘Some are ten and some are nine dinars; however, I will not take less than eight dinars.’ When [the purchaser] would hear this, he would knock him on his head with a sandal, go, and not make the purchase. He said to [the Jew]: ‘Did I treat you so badly when you were in my place?’ He said to him: ‘From now on, do not mock [tefalei] the residents of Jerusalem.’ <Tefalei is a term meaning examination. The verse: “You shall not examine branches again” (Deuteronomy 24:20), is translated as lo tefalei aḥarekha.>34This linguistic note, which is added to the text of the midrash, employs the term examination in the sense of critique.
חַד כּוּתָאי עֲבַד נַפְשֵׁיהּ מְפַשֵּׁר חֶלְמִין, שָׁמַע רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי וַאֲמַר לֵית אֲנָא אֵיזֵיל וְאֶחֱמֵי הָדֵין טִפְּשָׁא דְּלִיבָּא כּוּתָאָה דִּמְפַלֵיא בְּבִרְיָיתָא אֲזַל וְיָתֵיב לֵיהּ גַּבֵּיהּ, אֲתָא חַד אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי זֵיתָא מַשְׁקֶה מִישְׁחָא, אָמַר לֵיהּ כּוּתָאי זֵיתָא נְהוֹר וּמִשְׁחָא נְהוֹר, אַתְּ חָמֵי נְהוֹר בִּנְהוֹר סַגְיָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא, אִימֵּיהּ הוּא חַכִּים [פרוש הוא בא על אמו]. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי עֵינִי חַד בָּלְעָה חֲבֶרְתָּהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא אַתְּ חָמֵי נְהוֹר בִּנְהוֹר סַגְיָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא, תְּרֵין בְּנִין אִית לֵיהּ וְחַד מִנְּהוֹן חֲכִים לְחַבְרֵיהּ. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי וּבְלָעִית חַד כּוֹכָב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא חֲמֵי נְהוֹר סַגְיָא, כּוֹכָבָא נְהוֹר וְאַתָּה נְהוֹר, הָא נְהוֹרָא עַל נְהוֹרָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא יְהוּדָאָה קְטַל. וּמִן הָן יַלִּיף רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, מִן הָדֵין קְרָיָיה (בראשית טו, ה): הַבֶּט נָא הַשָּׁמַיְמָה וּסְפֹר הַכּוֹכָבִים. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי אִית לִי תְּלַת עַיְינִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא חֲמִי נְהוֹר סַגְיָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא אָפְיִי הוּא תַּרְתֵּין דִּידֵיהּ וַחֲדָא דְתַנּוּרָא. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי אַרְבָּעָה אוּדְנִין וְכָל עַמָּא מְצַיְתִין לְמִלּוֹי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַתְּ שְׁמִיעַ סַגִּיא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא מְגַבֵּב כּוּבִין הוּא, וְכַד הוּא טָעֵין לְהוֹן כָּל עַמָּא עָרְקִין מִן קֳדָמוֹי. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דַּהֲוֵינָא טָעֵין חַד פִּנְקָס וּבָהּ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבְּעָה לוּחִין וַהֲוָה כְּתִיב מִן הָכָא וּמְחִיק מִן הָכָא, כְּתִיב מִן הָכָא וּמְחִיק מִן הָכָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא סְלֵיק לְרַבּוֹ וְיֶהֱוֵי עִסְקֵיהּ סַגִּין, וְהוּא כְּתִיב מִן הָכָא וּמְחִיק מִן הָכָא כְּתִיב מִן הָכָא וּמְחִיק מִן הָכָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא מַרְדְּעָא אִית לֵיהּ וּבָהּ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע מַרְקְעִין, חַיֵּיט לֵיהּ מִן הָכָא וּמִתְבַּזַּע מִן הָכָא. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲזִינָא בְּחֶלְמִי דַּאֲנָא טָעֵין קַנְיָא וּבֵיהּ מֵיסְרָא דַחֲסִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא סְלִיק לְרַבּוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא, אוֹצָרָא דְחַמְרָא אִית לֵיהּ וּנְפֵיק כּוּלֵּיהּ בְּסִיס, וַאֲזִיל כּוּלֵי עַלְמָא וְיַיְתוּנֵיהּ בְּגַרְבֵּיהּ לְפוּם קְרָא לְמִיכְבְּשָׁא בֵּיהּ חֲסִין. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דְּכָל עַלְמָא מֶחֱמִין לִי בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהוֹן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא סְלִיק לְרַבּוֹ וְכָל עַמָּא מֶחֱמִין לָךְ בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל הַב לִי אַגְרִי וַאֲנָא פָּתַר לָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ כְּבָר פְּתִיר הוּא. אֲתָא זִימְנָא חוֹרָן אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דְּכָל עַמָּא מְנַפְּחִין לִי בְּלוֹעֵיהוֹן וּמְקַלְסִין לִי בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא סְלִיק לְרַבּוֹ וְכָל עַמָּא מְקַלְּסִין לָךְ בְּלוֹעֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא אוֹצָר דְּחִיטִּין אִית לֵיהּ וְכַד מְחֶמְיָין לֵיהּ בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהוֹן דַּהֲוָה דִּילְפָא נְחֵית עֲלֵיהוֹן, וְכַד הֲווֹ מְנַפְּחִין לֵית בְּלוֹעֵיהוֹן דְּאִינוּן מְנַפְּחִין, וְכַדּוּ דִּמְקַלְּסִין לָךְ בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתֵיהוֹן דְּאִינוּן מְצַמְחִין עִשְׂבִין וְלֵית לְהַהוּא גַבְרָא מִנְהוֹן כְּלוּם.
A certain Cuthite passed himself off as an interpreter of dreams. Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei heard and said: Shall I not go and see this foolish Cuthite who deceives people? He went and he sat alongside him. Someone came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream an olive tree irrigated by oil.’ The Cuthite said to him: ‘The olive tree is light and the oil is light, you will see light in great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has known his mother’ <meaning, he had relations with his mother>.35Rabbi Yishmael cursed the Cuthite dream interpreter and gave a more accurate interpretation of the dream.
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that one of my eyes swallowed its counterpart.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see light in great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has two children and one of them was intimate with his counterpart.’
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I swallowed a certain star.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see great light. The star is light and you are light [nehor].36Your name is Nehora. That is light on light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he killed a Jew.’ From where did Rabbi Yishmael derive this? It is from this verse: “Look now to the heavens and count the stars…[so shall your seed be]” (Genesis 15:5).
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I had three eyes.’ That man said to him: ‘You will see great light.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he is a baker, two are his and one is the oven’s.’37There were circular openings for pots at the top of the oven, which resemble eyes.
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream four ears and all the people heeding my words.’ He said to him: ‘You will be greatly heeded.’ Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he is a gathererer of thorns, and when he is laden with them, all the people flee from before him.’
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I was carrying a ledger with twenty-four pages, on which there was writing on this side and erasures on that side, writing on this side and erasures on that side.’ He said to him: ‘That man will rise to prominence and his business will thrive and he will write on this side and erase on that side, write on this side and erase on that side.’38The Cuthite told the man that he would have success in business and need to continually write down his new transactions. Rabbi Yishmael said to him: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a garment with twenty-four patches. He sews one from here and it rips from here.’
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that I was carrying a stalk with a bundle of lettuce on it.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a storehouse of wine and all of it became vinegar. Everyone will come and take some in a jug made of gourds, to pickle their lettuce in it.’
Another man came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream the entire world pointing at me with their fingers.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence and all the people will point at you with their fingers.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘Pay me my fee, and I will interpret it for you.’ He said to him: ‘It is already interpreted.’ Another time he said to him: ‘I saw that everyone was blowing at me with their cheeks and gesturing to me with their fingers.’ He said to him: ‘That man will ascend to prominence and all the people will laud you with their cheeks.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; he has a storehouse of wheat. When they were pointing at him with their fingers, it was because [water] was dripping onto them. When they were blowing at him with their cheeks, it is because they were swollen.39From fermentation. When they were gesturing at you with their fingers, it is because they were growing vegetation, and that man will not receive any [benefit] from them.’
חַד כּוּתָאי אֲמַר אֲנִי אָזֵיל וְחָמֵי חַד סָבָא דִּיהוּדָאֵי דִּמְפַלִּין בְּבַרְיָיתָא, אֲתָא יָתֵיב לֵיהּ גַּבֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמִית בְּחֶלְמִי אַרְבְּעָה אֲרָזִין וְאַרְבְּעָה שִׁקְמִין וְדוּר דְּתֶבֶן וְתוֹרָא רְכִיב עֲלֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תִּפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא, אַרְבְּעָה אֲרָזִין, אַרְבַּעְתֵּי שׁוּלְטָתָא דְּעַרְסָא. אַרְבְּעָה שִׁקְמִין, אַרְבַּעַת שִׁיטוֹתָא דְעַרְסָא. דּוּר דְּתֶבֶן, הֲדָא הוּא חַבְלִין דִּידֵיהּ. וְתוֹרָא רָכֵיב עֲלֵיהוֹן, הוּא מַשְׁכָא דְעַרְסָא דְּדָמִיךְ עִלָוֵיהּ, וְהַהוּא גַּבְרָא סְלִיק עֲלָהּ וְלָא נָחֵית, וְכֵן הֲוָה לֵיהּ. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי זֵיתָא בִּשְׁעַת נִצְבָּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא חֲמֵי נְהוֹר סַגִּין. אֲתָא חוֹרָן וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי זֵיתָא בִּשְׁעַת חֲבָטָא, וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא גַבְרָא תַּקֵּן חַרְצֵיהּ לְמַחָאתָה [פרוש מכות], אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי לְדֵין אֲמַרְתְּ כְּדֵין וְלִי אֲמַרְתְּ כְּדֵין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ תִּיפַּח רוּחֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא גַבְרָא דֵּין חֲמָא בִּשְׁעַת נִצְבָּא וְדֵין בִּשְׁעַת חֲבָטָה.
A certain Cuthite said: ‘I will go and see a certain Jewish elder40Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei. who mocks people.’ He came and sat near him. He said to him: ‘I saw in my dream four cedars, four sycamores, and a bundle of straw, and a bull was riding upon them.’ Rabbi Yishmael said: ‘May the soul of that man expire; the four cedars are four cedar bedposts, the four sycamores are four bed sideboards, the bundle of straw, those are its ropes.41Beds commonly consisted of a frame composed of four boards with posts at the corners, held together by ropes. A leather covering would be stretched over the frame, and served as the mattress. A bull riding upon them, that is the leather of the bed upon which you sleep. This man will climb onto it and never come down.’ And so it was for him.
Another came and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream an olive tree at the time of its planting.’ He said to him: ‘This man will see great light.’ Another came and said to him: ‘I saw an olive tree at the time of its beating.’42During harvesting, workers would beat the olive tree so that its fruit would fall from the tree. He said to him: ‘This man should prepare his loins for lashes.’ He said to him: ‘Rabbi, to that one you said that and to me you said this?’ He said to him: ‘May the soul of this man expire; that man saw at the time of planting and this one at the time of beating.’
חַד מִתַּלְמִידוֹי דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הֲוָה יָתֵיב קוֹמֵיהּ מִיסְבַּר לֵיהּ וְלָא סְבַר, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה לֵית אַתְּ סָבַר, אֲמַר לֵיהּ תְּלַת מִילִין קַשְׁיָן חֲמֵית בַּהֲדֵין לֵילְיָא וְלֵית אֲנָא יָדַע מָה אִינוּן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵימָא לִי מָה אִינוּן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דְּאָמְרִין לִי בַּאֲדָר אַתְּ מַיְית, וְנִיסָן לֵית אַתְּ חָמֵי, וְזָרַע וְלָא חָצַד. אֲמַר לֵיהּ תְּלָתֵיהוֹן הֵן טָבִין, בַּאֲדָר אַתְּ מַיְית, בְּהִדּוּרָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה אַתְּ מַיְית, [פרוש מתגבר], וְנִיסָן לֵית אַתְּ חָמֵי, נִסְיוֹנִין לֵית אַתְּ חָמֵי. וְזָרַע וְלָא חֲצָד, מַה דִּילֵידִית לֵית אַתְּ קָבֵיר. אֲמַר לוֹ חוֹרָן חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דְּלָא הֲוָה בְּרַגְלִי פְּטִישׁ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַיֶּיךָ לֵית הָא בִּישָׁא אֶלָּא טָבָא, דְּמָטֵי חַגָּא וְלָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ לְהַהוּא גַבְרָא כְּלוּם, מִן הָן יְלִיף רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, רֶגֶל בְּרָגֶל.
One of the students of Rabbi Yoḥanan was sitting before him. [Rabbi Yoḥanan] explained [the lesson] to him but he did not understand it. [Rabbi Yoḥanan] said to him: ‘Why do you not understand?’ He said to him: ‘I saw three harsh matters last night and I do not know what they mean.’ He said: ‘Tell me what they were.’ He said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that they were saying to me: In Adar you will die, you will not see Nisan, and you will sow but you will not reap.’ He said to him: ‘All three of them are good. You will die in Adar – you will die with the glory of Torah <meaning, you will exert great effort>.43You will attain glory [hadar] due to your accomplishments in Torah, and it will last your entire life. Alternatively, death is interpreted here as meaning that he will toil with all his effort in Torah study (see Berakhot 63b). You will not see Nisan – you will not see ordeals [nisyonin]. You will sow but you will not reap – what you begat, you will not bury.’
Another said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that there were no breeches on my legs.’ He said to him: ‘As you live, that is not bad, but rather it is good. The festival will come and this man will not have anything.’44The man would not have any troubles (Yefe Anaf). Alternatively, he would not have enough money for food or clothing, but that was not especially bad news, as the man was already destitute. The good news was that he would be alive (Etz Yosef). From where did Rabbi Yoḥanan understand this? The word for leg [regel] is also the word for pilgrimage festival [regel].
חַד בַּר נָשׁ אֲתָא לְגַבֵּי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲלַפְתָּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי דְּאָמְרִין לִי קוּם סוּק לְקַפּוֹדְקִיָּיא וְאַתְּ נָסֵיב פָּעֳלָא דַּאֲבוּךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמִי סְלִיק לֵיהּ אֲבוּךְ מִן יוֹמוֹי לְקַפּוֹדְקִיָּיא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל מַד לָךְ עֶשְׂרִים שׁוּרַיָא בְּבֵיתָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית הִינוּן עֶשְׂרִים. אֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל מְנֵינַן מִלְּעֵילָא לְתַתָּא וּמִתַּתָּא לְעֵילָא, וּבְאַתְרָא דְּיִשְׁלַם מִנְיַן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁרְיָין תַּמָּן אַתְּ מַשְׁכַּח לֵיהּ. אֲזַל וַעֲבַד כֵּן וְאַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לְפָעֳלֵיהּ וְאִיעַתַּר. וּמִן הָן יְלִיף לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, קַפּוֹדְקִיָּיא, כַּפָּא בִּלְשׁוֹן יָוָן עֶשְׂרִים, דּוּקְיָיא הֵן בִּלְשׁוֹן יָוָן קוֹרוֹת.
A certain man came to Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥalafta and said to him: ‘I saw in my dream that they said to me: Arise and ascend to Cappadocia and you will take your father’s property.’45You will inherit from him. He said to him: ‘Did your father ascend to Cappadocia during his lifetime?’ He said to him: ‘No.’ He said to him: ‘Go and count twenty floor beams in your house.’46You will find your father’s treasure buried beneath the twentieth beam. He said to him: ‘There are not twenty floor beams.’ He said to him: ‘Go and count them from top to bottom and from bottom to top, and in the place that the number of twenty floor beams is completed, there you will find it.’ He went and did so, found his property, and became wealthy. From where did Rabbi Yosei understand this? Cappadocia, cappa in Greek is twenty, docia in Greek are beams.
חֲדָא אִתְּתָא אֲתַת לְגַבֵּי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמְרָה לֵיהּ חֲמַיִית דְּשֻׁרִיתָא דְּבֵיתָא פָּקְעָה, אָמַר לָהּ הַהִיא אִתְּתָא יָלְדָה בַּר דְּכַר, אָזְלַת וְכֵן הֲוָה לָהּ. אָזְלַת זְמַן חוֹרָן לְמִשְׁאָלִינֵיהּ, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ שֻׁרִיתָא דְּבֵיתָא פָּקְעָא, אָמַר לָהּ אַתְּ יְלֵידַת בַּר דְּכַר, אָזְלַת וְכֵן הֲוָה לָהּ. אָזְלַת זְמַן חוֹרָן זִמְנָא תְּלִיתֵיתָא אַשְׁכָּחַת תַּלְמִידוֹי יָתְבִין בְּבֵי סַפְרָא וְרַבְּהוֹן לָא הֲוָה תַּמָּן, אָמְרָה לוֹן אָן הוּא רַבְּכוֹן, אָמְרִין לָהּ מָה אַתְּ בָּעָא מִינֵיהּ, אָמְרָה לוֹן דִּלְמָא דְאַתּוּן חַכִּימִין לְמִיפְשַׁר חֶלְמָא דַּחֲמֵית כְּרַבְּכוֹן, אָמְרִין לָהּ אִמְרִי לָן מָה אַתְּ בָּעְיָיא וַאֲנַן פָּתְרִין לִיךְ, אָמְרָה לוֹן חֲמֵית בְּחֶלְמִי הַהִיא אִתְּתָא דְּשֻׁרְיָיתָא דְּבֵיתָא פָּקְעָה, אָמְרִין לָהּ הַהִיא אִתְּתָא קָבְרָא בַּעֲלָהּ. וְכַד נָפְקַת מִן קוֹמֵיהוֹן שָׁרְיַית מְיַילָלָא, שָׁמַע רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אֲמַר לְהוֹ לָמָּה הַהִיא אִיתְּתָא מְיַילְלָא, אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ הַהִיא אִיתְּתָא אֲתַת לְמִישְׁאָלִינָךְ וְלָא אַשְׁכָּחַת יָתָךְ. אָמַר לְתַלְמִידוֹי הַהִיא אִיתְּתָא מַאי אֲתַת לְמִישְׁאַל, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ לְמִיפְתְּרִינָהּ לְחֶלְמָא. אָמַר לָהֶן וּמָה אַמְרִיתוּ לָהּ, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ כֵּן וְכֵן, אֲמַר לְהוֹ אִבַּדְתּוּן גַּבְרָא, לֹא כֵן כְּתִיב (בראשית מא, יג): וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר פָּתַר לָנוּ כֵּן הָיָה, וְלֹא כֵן אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הַחֲלוֹם הוֹלֵךְ אַחַר פִּתְרוֹנוֹ חוּץ מִן הַיַּיִן, יֵשׁ שׁוֹתֵהוּ וְטוֹב לוֹ יֵשׁ שׁוֹתֵהוּ וְרַע לוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ דִּבְרֵי חֲלוֹמוֹת לֹא מַעֲלִין וְלֹא מוֹרִידִין.
A certain woman came to Rabbi Elazar. She said to him: ‘I saw that the rafter in the house snapped.’ He said to her: ‘This woman will bear a male child.’ She went, and so it was for her. She came to ask him on another occasion and said to him: ‘The rafter in the house snapped.’ He said to her: ‘You will bear a male child.’ She went, and so it was for her. She came on another occasion for a third time. She found his students sitting in the school but their teacher was not there. She said to them: ‘Where is your teacher?’ They said to her: ‘What do you want from him?’ She said to them: ‘Perhaps you are wise enough to interpret a dream like your teacher?’ They said to her: ‘Tell it to us, what you want, and we will interpret it for you.’ She said to them: ‘I saw in my dream that the rafter of this woman’s47Referring to herself. house snapped.’ They said to her: ‘That woman will bury her husband.’ When she went out from before them, she began wailing. Rabbi Elazar heard and said to them: ‘Why is that woman wailing?’ They said to him: ‘That woman came to ask you but she did not find you.’ He said to his students: ‘What did that woman come to ask?’ They said to him: ‘The interpretation of a dream.’ He said to them: ‘What did you say to her?’ They said to him: ‘Such and such.’ He said to them: ‘You eliminated a man. Is it not written: “It was as he interpreted to us, so it was” (Genesis 41:13)? Did Rabbi Yoḥanan not say as follows: The dream follows its interpretation, except for wine, some drink it and it is good for him and some drink it and it is bad for him?’48If a Torah scholar dreams that he is drinking wine it is a good sign; if an ignoramus dreams that he is drinking wine it is a bad sign (Matnot Kehuna; see Berakhot 57a). Rabbi Abahu said: The content of dreams makes no difference.
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ, מְצָאוֹ אָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ, אָמַר לוֹ מָה אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ, אָמַר לוֹ יָפֶה אָמַרְתָּ שֶׁאַתָּה מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁכְּבָשׁוּהָ לִיסְטִים שֶׁכְּמוֹתְךָ. הָלַךְ מִשָּׁם יוֹתֵר וּמָצָא תִּינוֹק אֶחָד יוֹשֵׁב עַל פָּרָשַׁת דְּרָכִים, אָמַר לוֹ אֵיזוֹ דֶּרֶךְ קְרוֹבָה לָעִיר, אָמַר לוֹ זוֹ קְרוֹבָה וּרְחוֹקָה וְזוֹ רְחוֹקָה וּקְרוֹבָה. הָלַךְ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בָּזוֹ שֶׁקְּרוֹבָה וּרְחוֹקָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לָעִיר מָצָא גִּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵּסִים מֻקָּפִים לְחוֹמָה, וְחָזַר אֵצֶל אוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק וְאָמַר לוֹ בְּנִי וְכִי זוֹ דֶּרֶךְ קְרוֹבָה לָעִיר, אָמַר לוֹ אַתָּה הוּא חָכָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לֹא כָךְ אָמַרְתִּי לְךָ שֶׁזּוֹ קְרוֹבָה וּרְחוֹקָה וְזוֹ רְחוֹקָה וּקְרוֹבָה. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַשְׁרֵיכֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁכֻּלְכֶם חֲכָמִים מִגְּדוֹלְכֶם וְעַד קְטַנְכֶם. הָלַךְ מִשָּׁם וּמָצָא תִּינוֹק אֶחָד וּבְיָדוֹ כְּלִי מְכֻסֶּה, אָמַר לוֹ מַה בְּיָדְךָ מְכֻסֶּה בִּכְלִי זֶה, אָמַר אִלּוּ בָּעֵית אִמָּא דְּתֵדַע מָה דְאִית עִמִּי לָא הֲוַת אָמְרָה לִי כַּסִּיתֵיהּ. הָלַךְ מִשָּׁם יוֹתֵר וּמָצָא תִּינוֹק אֶחָד, אָמַר לוֹ מֵימֶיהָ שֶׁל עִיר מָה הֵן, אָמַר לוֹ מָה אִיכְפַּת לָךְ, הַשּׁוּם וְהַבְּצָלִים מְרֻבִּין. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּכְנַס לָעִיר מָצָא תִּינֹקֶת עוֹמֶדֶת מְמַלְּאָה מִן הָעַיִּן, אָמַר לָהּ הַשְׁקִינִי מַיִם, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ לְךָ וְלַחֲמוֹרְךָ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁתָה וּפָנָה לֵילֵךְ אָמַר לָהּ בִּתִּי עָשִׂית כְּמַעֲשֵׂה רִבְקָה. אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי כְּמַעֲשֵׂה רִבְקָה וְאַתָּה לֹא עָשִׂיתָ כְּמַעֲשֵׂה אֱלִיעֶזֶר. תָּנֵי מַנִּיחִין פֵּאָה עַל מַעֲשֵׂה קְדֵרָה וְאֵין מַנִּיחִין פֵּאָה עַל מַעֲשֵׂה אִלְפָס. וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁנִּתְאָרֵחַ אֵצֶל אִשָּׁה אַלְמָנָה, יוֹם רִאשׁוֹן הִכְנִיסָה לוֹ תַּבְשִׁיל וַאֲכָלוֹ וְלֹא הִנִּיחַ לָהּ פֵּאָה. יוֹם שֵׁנִי הִכְנִיסָה לוֹ תַּבְשִׁיל וַאֲכָלוֹ וְלֹא הִנִּיחַ לָהּ פֵּאָה. יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי הִקְדִּיחַתּוּ בְּמֶלַח תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁל גְּרִיסִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁטָּעַם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מָשַׁךְ יָדוֹ מֵהֶם. אָמְרָה לוֹ רַבִּי מִפְּנֵי מָה מָשַׁכְתָּ יָדְךָ מִן הַגְּרִיסִין הַלָּלוּ, אָמַר לָהּ כְּבָר סָעַדְתִּי מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אִם סָעַדְתָּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא מִעַטְתָּ בַּפַּת כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁמִּעַטְתָּ בַּגְּרִיסִין הַלָּלוּ, שֶׁמָּא פֵּאָה הִנַּחְתָּ, עַל שְׁנֵי תַּבְשִׁילִין שֶׁאָכַלְתָּ לָמָּה לֹא הִנַּחְתָּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִנַּחְתָּ בַּגְּרִיסִין הַלָּלוּ. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִיָּמַי לֹא נִצְחַנִּי אָדָם אֶלָּא אַלְמָנָה זוֹ וְתִינֹקֶת אַחַת וְאוֹתָם תִּינוֹקוֹת, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר רַבָּתִי בַגּוֹיִם רַבָּתִי בְּדֵעוֹת.
There was an incident in which Rabbi Yehoshua was walking along the path.49This was a path through a field that was created by people traversing it. A certain person found him walking along the path and said to him: ‘What are you doing?’ He said to him: ‘I am walking along the path.’ He said to him: ‘You have spoken well that you are walking along a path, for it was trodden by robbers like you.’ He went on from there and found a certain child sitting at a fork in the road. He said to him: ‘Which road is closer to the city?’ He said to him: ‘This one is close but far, and that one is far but close.’ Rabbi Yehoshua went on the one that was close but far. When he reached the city, he found gardens and orchards surrounding the wall. He returned to that child and said to him: ‘My son, is this road, in fact, closer to the city?’ He said to him: ‘You are a Sage of Israel! Did I not say to you that this one is close but far and that one is far but close?’ At that moment, Rabbi Yehoshua said: ‘Happy are you Israel that you are all wise, from your old to your young.’50Rabbi Yehoshua admitted that he was bested by the man in the field and by the boy, and he praised the Jewish people for their great wisdom.
He went on from there and found a certain child with a covered vessel in his hand. He said to him: ‘What do you have in your hand, covered within this vessel?’ He said: ‘Had my mother wanted you to know what I have with me, she would have not told me to cover it.’ He went on from there and found a certain child and said to him: ‘What is the quality of the water of this city?’ He said to him: ‘Why do you care? The garlic and the onions are plentiful.’ When he entered the city, he found a girl standing and filling [her pitcher] from the spring. He said to her: ‘Give me water to drink.’ She said to him: ‘To you and to your donkey.’ After he drank and turned to go, he said to her: ‘My daughter, you have acted like Rebecca.’ She said to him: ‘I have acted like Rebecca, but you have not acted like Eliezer.’51After Rebecca drew water for the servant of Abraham (identified by the Sages as Eliezer), and for his camels, he gave her jewelry (Genesis 24:22).
It is taught: One leaves a portion from food cooked in a pot, but one does not leave a portion from food cooked in a stew pot.52A similar statement in Eruvin 53 reads: “One does not leave a portion from the pot but one leaves a portion from the plate.” Rashi explains that the waiter was expected to serve all the food that was cooked, but participants at the meal were expected to leave over some of the food that was served. These leftovers would be eaten by the waiter. There was an incident where Rabbi Yehoshua was hosted by a widowed woman. The first day she brought him a cooked item and he ate it and did not leave a portion for her. The second day she brought him a cooked item and he ate it and did not leave a portion for her. On the third day, she oversalted a cooked dish of pounded grain. After Rabbi Yehoshua tasted it, he withdrew his hand from it. She said to him: ‘Rabbi, why did you withdraw your hand from this pounded grain?’ He said to her: ‘I already ate earlier in the day.’ She said to him: ‘If you ate earlier in the day, why did you not mimimize the bread, just as you minimized this pounded grain? Perhaps you left a portion. From the two cooked items that you ate, why did you not leave a portion like you did from this pounded grain?’ At that moment, Rabbi Yehoshua said: ‘In all my days, no person has ever gotten the best of me except for this widow, a young girl, and those children, to realize what is stated: “Great among the nations,” great in intellect.
שָׂרָתִי בַּמְדִינוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לְפִי שֶׁעָבְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל תְּנַאי שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ מִסִּינַי, לְפִיכָךְ הָיְתָה לָמַס, הוּא סִינַי הוּא לָמַס, חוּשְׁבְּנֵיהּ דְּדֵין כְּחוּשְׁבְּנֵיהּ דְּדֵין. אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּר נַחְמָן לְפִי שֶׁעָבְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לְפִיכָךְ הָיְתָה לָמַס, הִיא לָמַס הִיא סֶמֶל, אָתוֹי דְדֵין הִינוּן אָתוֹי דְדֵין. רַבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה אָמַר הֲפָכָהּ לָמַס סֶמֶל. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי לָמַס, לְמַסָּא דְלִבָּא. אָמַר רַב עוּקְבָא בְּלֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִכְנַס אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לְבֵית קָדְשֵׁי הַקֳּדָשִׁים, אֲחָזוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּיָדוֹ וַהֲוָה מְטַיֵל בּוֹ אֲרֻכּוֹת וּקְצָרוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (ירמיה יא, טו): מֶה לִידִידִי בְּבֵיתִי, אָמַר לוֹ רִבּוֹנִי בָּנַי הֵיכָן הֵם, אָמַר לוֹ חָטְאוּ וְהִגְלֵיתִים לְבֵין הָאֻמּוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ לֹא הָיוּ בָּהֶן צַדִּיקִים. אָמַר לוֹ (ירמיה יא, טו): עֲשׂוֹתָהּ הַמְזִמָּתָהּ. אָמַר לוֹ הָיָה לְךָ לְהִסְתַּכֵּל בַּטּוֹבִים שֶׁבָּהֶם. אָמַר לוֹ סוּגֵיהוֹן בִּישִׁין, דִּכְתִיב: עֲשׂוֹתָהּ הַמְזִמָּתָהּ הָרַבִּים. אָמַר לוֹ הָיָה לְךָ לְהַבִּיט לִבְרִית מִילָה שֶׁבִּבְשָׂרָם. אָמַר לוֹ חַיֶּיךָ כָּפְרוּ בָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה יא, טו): וּבְשַׂר קֹדֶשׁ יַעַבְרוּ מֵעָלָיִךְ. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיוּ שְׂמֵחִין בְּמַפַּלְתָּם אֵלּוּ עַל אֵלּוּ, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה יא, טו): כִּי רָעָתֵכִי אָז תַּעֲלֹזִי, וּכְתִיב (משלי יז, ה): שָׂמֵחַ לְאֵיד לֹא יִנָּקֶה. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה נֶאֱמַר מְגִלַּת קִינוֹת אַלְפָא בֵּיתָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר לְפִי שֶׁכָּתוּב (דניאל ט, יא): וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עָבְרוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתֶךָ וגו' שֶׁהִיא כְּתוּבָה מֵאָלֶ"ף וְעַד תי"ו, לְפִיכָךְ נִכְתְּבָה הַמְגִלָּה הַזֹּאת אַלְפָא בֵּיתִין זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד זוֹ.
“A princess among the nations,” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Because Israel violated the terms that they accepted at Sinai, therefore, “she has become a vassal [lamas].” Sinai is lamas, the numerical value of this equals the numerical value of that.53Sinai: samekh – 60, yod – 10, nun – 50, yod – 10 = 130. Lamas: Lamed – 30, mem – 30, samekh – 60 = 130. Rabbi Yishmael bar Naḥman said: Because Israel engaged in idol worship, therefore, “she has become a vassal [lamas].” Lamas is figure [semel]. The letters of this are the letters of that.54Lamed, mem, samekh, and samekh, mem, lamed. The Rabbis say: Lamas, the melting [lemassa] of the heart.
Rav Ukeva said: On the eve of the ninth of Av, Abraham entered the chamber of the Holy of Holies. The Holy One blessed be He grasped his hand and was strolling with him long and short.55He discussed with Abraham every facet of Israel’s merits and demerits in light of the impending destruction (Etz Yosef). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “What has My beloved to do in My Temple?” (Jeremiah 11:15). He said to Him: ‘Master of the universe, my children, where are they?’ He said to him: ‘They sinned and I exiled them among the nations.’ He said to Him: ‘Were there no righteous among them?’ He said to him: “She has performed her evil schemes” (Jeremiah 11:15). He said to Him: ‘You should have looked at the good ones among them.’ He said to him: ‘Most of them were wicked, as it is written: “She has performed her evil schemes with multitudes” (Jeremiah 11:15).’ He said to Him: ‘You should have looked to the circumcision in their flesh.’ He said to him: ‘As you live, they repudiated it, as it is stated: “The sacred flesh is passed from you” (Jeremiah 11:15). Moreover, these rejoiced at the downfall of those, as it is written: “When you beheld evil, then you rejoice” (Jeremiah 11:15), and it is written: “One who rejoices at calamity will not be absolved” (Proverbs 17:5).’ Why was the scroll of Lamentations stated as an alphabetical acrostic? Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Neḥemya, and the Rabbis, Rabbi Yehuda says: Because it is written: “All Israel have violated Your Torah” (Daniel 9:11), which is written [with letters] from alef through tav; therefore, the scroll was written alphabetically, one corresponding to the other.
רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁקִּלְלָן יִרְמְיָה בְּאַלְפָא בֵּיתִין אֵיכָה, הִקְדִּים יְשַׁעְיָה וְרִפְּאָן עַל כָּל פָּסוּק וּפָסוּק עַד תָּבֹא כָל רָעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ.
Rabbi Neḥemya says: Although Jeremiah cursed them alphabetically in Lamentations, Isaiah preceded him and brought a remedy for each and every verse of them until: “Let all their wickedness come before You” (Lamentations 1:22).56The midrash below (chapter 23) explains this further and cites the view of the Rabbis.
בָּכֹה תִבְכֶּה בַּלַּיְלָה. (תהלים מב, ד): הָיְתָה לִי דִמְעָתִי לֶחֶם יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה וגו', רַבִּי אַחָא וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי אַחָא אוֹמֵר כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַלֶּחֶם תָּדִיר כָּךְ דִּמְעָתִי תְּדִירָה. רַבָּנָן אָמְרִין כָּל מִי שֶׁבּוֹכֶה אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א א, ז): וַתִּבְכֶּה וְלֹא תֹאכַל. וְכָךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִיחֶזְקֵאל (יחזקאל יב, ג): וְאַתָּה בֶן אָדָם עֲשֵׂה לְךָ כְּלֵי גוֹלָה וגו', מַהוּ כְּלֵי גוֹלָה, רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרַבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא, רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר חֵמֶת וְשָׁטִיחַ וּקְעָרָה, וְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד יֵשׁ לוֹ לְשַׁמֵּשׁ שְׁנֵי דְבָרִים, חֵמֶת נוֹתֵן בָּהּ קֶמַח וְנוֹתְנָהּ תַּחַת רֹאשׁוֹ, וּקְעָרָה אוֹכֵל בָּהּ וְשׁוֹתֶה בָּהּ, שָׁטִיחַ לִישִׁיבָה וְיָשֵׁן עָלֶיהָ. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרַבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא אָמַר קֻפָּה שֶׁל אַרְבַּעַת אָזְנַיִם וְהִיא מַחְזֶקֶת אֶת הַכֹּל. לְכָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (יחזקאל כד, כד): וְהָיָה יְחֶזְקֵאל לָכֶם לְמוֹפֵת כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה תַּעֲשׂוּ וגו', וְהֵם לֹא עָשׂוּ כֵן אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ הָיָה אֶחָד בָּא לָלוּשׁ אֶת עִיסָתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ בַּמֶּה, וְהָיָה חוֹפֵר בָּאָרֶץ וְעוֹשֶׂה גוּמָא וְלָשׁ בְּתוֹכָהּ וְהָיוּ הַצְּרוֹרוֹת מִדַּבְּקוֹת בְּעִיסָתָן, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנּוֹתְנָהּ בְּתוֹךְ פִּיו הָיוּ שִׁנָּיו קֵהוֹת עָלָיו, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ג, טז): וַיַּגְרֵס בֶּחָצָץ שִׁנָּי, וְכָל אִילֵּין לָא יְהָבִית בְּלִבִּי וְאֵימַת אֲעֵילַת לְלִבִּי (תהלים מב, ד): בֶּאֱמֹר אֵלַי כָּל הַיּוֹם אַיֵּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ.
“She weeps bitterly at night and her tears are on her cheeks; she has no comforter from all her lovers. All her allies have betrayed her, have become her enemies” (Lamentations 1:2).
“She weeps bitterly at night.” “My tears have been my bread day and night” (Psalms 42:4). Rabbi Aḥa and the Rabbis, Rabbi Aḥa says: Just as bread is constant, so, my tears are constant. The Rabbis say: Anyone who weeps does not eat, as it is stated: “She wept and did not eat” (I Samuel 1:7).
So the Holy One blessed be He said to Ezekiel: “You, son of man, prepare for yourself the tools of exile…” (Ezekiel 12:3). What are “the tools of exile”? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Ḥalafta, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: A leather flask, a rug, and a bowl. Each and every one of them must serve two purposes: One places flour in the leather flask and places it beneath his head; one eats and drinks from a bowl; a rug is for sitting and to sleep upon. Rabbi Shimon ben Rabbi Ḥalafta said: A container with four handles that holds everything. Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: “Ezekiel will be an example to you; in accordance with everything that he has done you will do…” (Ezekiel 24:22). But they did not do so, rather, when they were exiled, one came to knead his dough but did not know with what, and he would dig in the ground and make a hole. He would knead it in it, and pebbles would stick to their dough. When he would put it in his mouth, his teeth would become dull, to realize what is stated: “He broke my teeth” (Lamentations 3:16). But I did not take all this to heart.57The midrash speaks now from the perspective of Israel. When did I take it to heart? “When they say to me all day long: Where is your God?” (Psalms 42:4).
אֶזְכְּרָה נְגִינָתִי בַּלָּיְלָה עִם לְבָבִי אָשִׂיחָה וַיְחַפֵּשׂ רוּחִי (תהלים עז, ז), רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן וְרַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי, לְפִי שֶׁחָטְאוּ מֵאָלֶ"ף וְעַד תָּי"ו, מִתְנַחֲמִין מֵאָלֶ"ף וְעַד תָּי"ו. וְכֵן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁכָּל נְבוּאוֹת קָשׁוֹת שֶׁנִּתְנַבֵּא יִרְמְיָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל הִקְדִּים יְשַׁעְיָה וְרִפְּאָן, יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה מט, כא): וְאָמַרְתְּ בִּלְבָבֵךְ מִי יָלַד לִי אֶת אֵלֶּה וגו'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: בָּכֹה תִבְכֶּה בַּלַּיְלָה, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה ל, יט): בָּכוֹ לֹא תִבְכֶּה חָנוֹן יָחְנְךָ וגו'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: גָּלְתָה יְהוּדָה מֵעֹנִי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה יא, יב): וּנְפֻצוֹת יְהוּדָה יְקַבֵּץ וגו'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: דַּרְכֵי צִיּוֹן אֲבֵלוֹת, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה מ, ג): קוֹל קוֹרֵא בַּמִּדְבָּר פַּנּוּ דֶרֶךְ ה'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ. יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה ס, יד): וְהָלְכוּ אֵלַיִךְ שְׁחוֹחַ בְּנֵי מְעַנַּיִךְ. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: וַיֵּצֵא מִן בַּת צִיּוֹן וגו', יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה נט, כ): וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: זָכְרָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה סה, יז): כִּי הִנְנִי בוֹרֵא שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה וְלֹא תִזָּכַרְנָה הָרִאשֹׁנוֹת וְלֹא תַעֲלֶינָה עַל לֵב. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: חֵטְא חָטְאָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה מד, כב): מָחִיתִי כָעָב פְּשָׁעֶיךָ. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: טֻמְאָתָה בְּשׁוּלֶיהָ, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה ד, ד): אִם רָחַץ ה' אֵת צֹאַת בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: יָדוֹ פָּרַשׂ צָר, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה יא, יא): יוֹסִיף ה' שֵׁנִית יָדוֹ. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: כָּל עַמָּה נֶאֱנָחִים וגו', יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה מט, י): לֹא יִרְעָבוּ וְלֹא יִצְמָאוּ. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: לוֹא אֲלֵיכֶם כָּל עֹבְרֵי דֶרֶךְ, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה לב, טו): עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֹם. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: מִמָּרוֹם שָׁלַח אֵשׁ בְּעַצְמֹתַי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה נז, טו): מָרוֹם וְקָדוֹשׁ אֶשְׁכּוֹן וְאֶת דַּכָּא וגו'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: נִשְׂקַד עֹל פְּשָׁעַי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה נב, ב): הִתְפַּתְּחִי מוֹסְרֵי צַוָּארֵךְ, יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: סִלָּה כָל אַבִּירַי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה סב, י): סֹלּוּ סֹלּוּ הַמְסִלָּה סַקְלוּ מֵאֶבֶן. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה נב, ח): כִּי עַיִּן בְּעַיִן יִרְאוּ וגו'. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: פֵּרְשָׂה צִיּוֹן בְּיָדֶיהָ, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה נא, יב): אָנֹכִי אָנֹכִי הוּא מְנַחֶמְכֶם. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: צַדִּיק הוּא ה', יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה ס, כא): וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: קָרָאתִי לַמְּאַהֲבַי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה ס, יח): וְקָרָאת יְשׁוּעָה חוֹמֹתַיִךְ. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: רְאֵה ה' כִּי צַר לִי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה סו, יד): וּרְאִיתֶם וְשָׂשׂ לִבְּכֶם. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: שָׁמְעוּ כִּי נֶאֱנָחָה אָנִי, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה סו, א): נַחֲמוּ נַחֲמוּ עַמִּי. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: תָּבֹא כָל רָעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ, יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר: (ישעיה נו, ז): וַהֲבִיאוֹתִים אֶל הַר קָדְשִׁי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֶזְכְּרָה נְגִינָתִי בַּלָּיְלָה, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אוֹמֵר אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִזְכֶּרֶת אֲנִי שֶׁבֶר שֶׁהָשְׁבַּרְתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ בְּלֵילָן שֶׁל מַלְכֻיּוֹת, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית יד, כ): וּבָרוּךְ אֵל עֶלְיוֹן אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּן צָרֶיךָ בְּיָדֶךָ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר נִזְכֶּרֶת אֲנִי שִׁירִין שֶׁשַּׁרְתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ בַּלֵּילוֹת, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה לח, כ): וּנְגִינוֹתַי נְנַגֵּן כָּל יְמֵי חַיֵּינוּ. בַּלָּיְלָה, זֶה לֵילוֹ שֶׁל פַּרְעֹה, דִּכְתִיב (שמות יב, כט): וַיְהִי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה, וְלֵילוֹ שֶׁל גִּדְעוֹן שֶׁהִכָּה אֶת מַחֲנֵה מִדְיָן וַעֲמָלֵק, דִּכְתִיב (שופטים ז, ט): וַיְהִי בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא, וְלֵילוֹ שֶׁל סַנְחֵרִיב שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (מלכים ב יט, לה): וַיְהִי בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא וַיֵּצֵא מַלְאַךְ ה'. עִם לְבָבִי אָשִׂיחָה, מִשְׁתָּעֵי אֲנָא עִם לִבִּי, וַיְחַפֵּשׂ רוּחִי, וּמְפַשְׁפֵּשׁ בְּעוֹבָדַי, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים עז, ח): הַלְעוֹלָמִים יִזְנַח ה' וְלֹא יֹסִיף לִרְצוֹת עוֹד, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לָא שְׁבַק וְלָא שָׁבֵיק, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ג, לא): כִּי לֹא יִזְנַח לְעוֹלָם ה'. וְלֹא יֹסִיף לִרְצוֹת עוֹד, וְלֹא לֵירָצוֹת, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיָה מְרַצֶּה לַאֲחֵרִים, משֶׁה כּוֹעֵס, וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר (שמות לג, יא): וְשָׁב אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה, קְרִי בֵיהּ וְשׁוּב. אֵלִיָּהוּ כּוֹעֵס, וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר (מלכים א יט, טו): לֵךְ שׁוּב לְדַרְכְּךָ מִדְבַּרָה דַמָּשֶׂק. וְעַכְשָׁיו לֹא לְרַצּוֹת וְלֹא לֵירָצוֹת. הֶאָפֵס לָנֶצַח חַסְדּוֹ, מַהוּ הֶאָפֵס, אָמַר רַבִּי רְאוּבֵן לָשׁוֹן יְוָנִי הוּא, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (עמוס ו, י): וְאָמַר אָפֶס. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פַּפָּא וְרַבִּי סִימוֹן, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר נִגְמַר אוֹתוֹ דָּבָר שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה (שמות לג, יט): וְחַנֹּתִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר אָחֹן. רַבִּי סִימוֹן אוֹמֵר הָא חֲסִילָה וְהָא מְסַכְּמָא, עַל יְדֵי יִרְמְיָה שֶׁאָמַר (ירמיה טז, ה): כִּי אָסַפְתִּי אֶת שְׁלוֹמִי. הֲשָׁכַח חַנּוֹת אֵל. הֲשָׁכַח חֲנוֹתוֹ אֵל (במדבר ט, כ): עַל פִּי ה' יַחֲנוּ. הֲשָׁכַח (שמות לד, ו): כִּי אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן, אִם קָפַץ בְּאַף רַחֲמָיו סֶלָה, אַף עַל גַּב דְּהוּא כָּעֵיס רַחֲמָיו קְרוֹבִין. וְצִיּוֹן אָמְרָה: עֲזָבַנִי ה' וַאֲדֹנָי שְׁכֵחָנִי, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מט, יד): וַתֹּאמֶר צִיּוֹן עֲזָבַנִי ה' וגו'. (תהלים עז, יא): וָאֹמַר חַלּוֹתִי הִיא וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרָאי עַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא חִלִּינוּ פָנֶיךָ בִּתְשׁוּבָה נִשְׁתַּנֵּית הַיָּמִין. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי נִתְחַלְּלָה אוֹתָהּ שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁכָּרַת עִמָּנוּ בְּחוֹרֵב וְנִשְׁתַּנֵּית הַיָּמִין. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן הֲשָׁמַעְתָּ מִיָּמֶיךָ גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה חוֹלֶה וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַעֲלוֹת וּלְשַׁמֵּשׁ, לְשַׁמָּשָׁיו אֵין חֳלָיִין וּלְפָנָיו יֵשׁ חֳלָיִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק לְגִבּוֹר שֶׁהָיָה שָׁם בַּמְּדִינָה וְהָיוּ בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה בּוֹטְחִים בּוֹ וְאוֹמְרִים לֹא יָבוֹאוּ גְּיָסוֹת לְכָאן, בָּאוּ הַגְּיָסוֹת לְעִירוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא וּמַרְאֶה לָהֶם פָּנִים מִיָּד הֵן בּוֹרְחִין. פַּעַם אַחַת בָּאוּ הַגְּיָסוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם יְמִינִי חָשְׁשָׁה לִי, אֲבָל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ כֵן אֶלָּא (ישעיה נט, א): הֵן לֹא קָצְרָה יַד ה' מֵהוֹשִׁיעַ וגו'. שְׁנוֹת יְמִין עֶלְיוֹן, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אִם חֳלָיִין הֵן אִית סֵבֶר, דְּכָל דְּחָשַׁשׁ סוֹפֵיהּ מַבְרִיא, וְאִם שִׁנּוּי יָמִין לֵית סֵבֶר, וְהִיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁע בֶּן לֵוִי [דאמר כי אם מאס מאסתנו, אם מאיסה היא לית סבר, ואם קציפה היא אית סבר, דכל מאן דכעיס סופיה מתרצה]. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחָאי, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל תִּפְלוּת, סוֹפְכֶם לִהְיוֹת בּוֹכִים בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל מַמָּשׁ. וְהֵיכָן בָּכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל תִּפְלוּת (במדבר יא, י): וַיִּשְׁמַע משֶׁה אֶת הָעָם בֹּכֶה לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָיו. (במדבר יד, א): וַתִּשָֹּׂא כָּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם. וְהֵיכָן בָּכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל מַמָּשׁ, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר אֶחָד בְּרָמָה וְאֶחָד בְּבָבֶל. בְּרָמָה דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, יד): קוֹל בְּרָמָה נִשְׁמָע נְהִי בְּכִי תַמְרוּרִים וגו'. בְּבָבֶל דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קלז, א): עַל נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר אֶחָד בִּיהוּד מְדִינְתָּא, וְאֶחָד בְּבָבֶל. בִּיהוּד מְדִינְתָּא, בָּכוֹ תִבְכֶּה בַּלַּיְלָה. בְּבָבֶל, עַל נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל. אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בִּשְׂכַר אוֹתָהּ הַבְּכִיָּה אֲנִי מַכְנִיס גָּלֻיּוֹתֵיכֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, טו): כֹּה אָמַר ה' מִנְעִי קוֹלֵךְ מִבֶּכִי וגו' וְיֵשׁ תִּקְוָה לְאַחֲרִיתֵךְ נְאֻם ה'. בָּכֹה תִבְכֶּה. בָּכֹה עַל עֵגֶל אֶחָד, תִבְכֶּה עַל שְׁנֵי עֲגָלִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל יְהוּדָה וְעַל צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלָיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בָּכֹה עַל גָּלוּת עֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים, תִבְכֶּה עַל גָּלוּת שֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה אֲחֵרִים עִמָּהּ. בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִמָּהּ, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כב, יב): וַיִּקְרָא ה' אֱלֹהִים צְבָאוֹת בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לִבְכִי וּלְמִסְפֵּד. בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת עִמָּהּ, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה לג, ז): הֵן אֶרְאֶלָם צָעֲקוּ חֻצָה, אָמַר רַבִּי זְעֵירָא חִיצָה כְּתִיב, חִיצָה הִיא גַּבֵּיהּ דְּנַכְסִינֵיהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית טו, ה): וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה. בָּכֹה, בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ עִמָּהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יואל ב, י): שֶׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ קָדָרוּ. בָּכֹה, בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה הָרִים וּגְבָעוֹת עִמָּהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה ד, כד): רָאִיתִי אֶת הֶהָרִים וגו'. בָּכֹה בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה שִׁבְעִים אֻמּוֹת עִמָּהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס אוֹתָם שִׁבְעִים פָּרִים שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מַקְרִיבִין בֶּחָג, כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעִים אֻמּוֹת הֵם, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יֵצָדֶה הָעוֹלָם מֵהֶם. בָּכֹה, בּוֹכָה וּמְבַכָּה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמָּהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר יד, א): וַתִּשָֹּׂא כָּל הָעֵדָה וגו'. רַבִּי חוּנְיָא מַתְנֵי לֵיהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה וַתִּשָֹּׂא כְּתִיב, חוֹבֵי בִּישָׁא אוֹזְפִיתוּן לְדָרַיָּא, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים כד, י): כִּי תַשֶּׁה בְרֵעֲךָ.
“I remember my song in the night; I meditate with my heart, and my spirit searches” (Psalms 77:7). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Aivu.58The text of the midrash appears to be cut off. The statement of these Sages will be cited below.
The Rabbis say:59This is a continuation of Chapter 21. Because they sinned from alef through tav, they are consoled from alef through tav. Likewise, you find that for all the harsh prophecies that Jeremiah prophesied regarding Israel, Isaiah preceded him and brought a remedy for them. Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary”? (Lamentations 1:1). Isaiah said: “You will say in your heart: who bore me these.” (Isaiah 49:21).60This is what Israel will say when its children return and it will no longer sit solitary. The verse stated by Jeremiah begins with the word “how” [eikha], which starts with an alef. The verse stated by Isaiah foresees the time when Jeremiah’s verse will be undone. Jeremiah said: “She weeps [bakho] bitterly at night” (Lamentations 1:2).61This verse starts with the word bakho, which begins with a bet. Isaiah said: “You will weep no longer, He will show you grace…” (Isaiah 30:19). Jeremiah said: “Judah was exiled [galta] due to affliction” (Lamentations 1:3).62In Hebrew, the first word of this verse is galta, which begins with a gimmel. Isaiah said: “He will gather the dispersed of Israel…” (Isaiah 11:12). Jeremiah said: “The ways [darkhei] of Zion are in mourning” (Lamentations 1:4). Isaiah said: “A voice calls in the wilderness, clear the way of the Lord” (Isaiah 40:3). Jeremiah said: “Her adversaries have become [hayu] the head” (Lamentations 1:5). Isaiah said: “The sons of your tormentors will come to you, bowed” (Isaiah 60:14). Jeremiah said: “Gone [vayetze] from the daughter of Zion is all [her splendor] (Lamentations 1:6). Isaiah said: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). Jeremiah said: “Jerusalem remembered [zakhra] […all her delights]” (Lamentations 1:7). Isaiah said: “For, behold, I am creating new heavens and a new earth and the former will not be remembered and will not come to mind” (Isaiah 65:17). Jeremiah said: “Jerusalem has comitted a sin [ḥet]” (Lamentations 1:8). Isaiah said: “I have wiped away your transgressions like a cloud” (Isaiah 44:22). Jeremiah said: “Her impurity [tumatah] is on the edges of her skirts” (Lamentations 1:9). Isaiah said: “When the Lord will have washed the filth of the daughters of Zion” (Isaiah 4:4). Jeremiah said: “The adversary extended his hand [yado]” (Lamentations 1:10). Isaiah said: “The Lord will once again show His hand” (Isaiah 11:11). Jeremiah said: “All her [kol] people are sighing, [seeking bread]…” (Lamentations 1:11). Isaiah said: “They will not hunger and they will not thirst” (Isaiah 49:10). Jeremiah said: “May it not [lo] befall you, all wayfarers” (Lamentations 1:12) Isaiah said: “Until a spirit will be poured upon us from on high” (Isaiah 32:15).63Maharzu amends the text such that the verse cited here is Isaiah 57:15, whereas Isaiah 32:15 is cited below after Lamentations 1:13. Accordingly, the midrash is understood as follows: Lamentations states “Is there any pain like my pain” (Lamentations 1:12) while Isaiah speaks of healing, as it is stated: “to revive the spirit of the humble and revive the heart of the downtrodden” (Isaiah 57:15). Jeremiah said: “From on high [mimarom] He sent fire into my bones” (Lamentations 1:13). Isaiah said: “Exalted and holy I will rest, and the despondent…” (Isaiah 57:15).64According to the Maharzu,the verse cited here should be Isaiah 32:15, which more directly parallels Lamentations 1:13. Jeremiah said: “The yoke of my transgressions is preserved [niskad] in His hand” (Lamentations 1:14). Isaiah said: “Undo the restraints on your neck” (Isaiah 52:2). Jeremiah said: “[The Lord] trampled [sila] all my mighty” (Lamentations 1:15). Isaiah said: “Pave [solu] the highway, clear it of stones” (Isaiah 62:10). Jeremiah said: “For [al] these I weep; […my eye sheds water]” (Lamentations 1:16). Isaiah said: “With their eyes they will see [the Lord returning to Zion]” (Isaiah 52:8). Jeremiah said: “Zion spread [persa] her hands, [there was no comforter for her]” (Lamentations 1:17). Isaiah said: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12). Jeremiah said: “The Lord is righteous [tzadik]” (Lamentations 1:18). Isaiah said: “Your people they are all righteous” (Isaiah 60:21). Jeremiah said: “I called [karati] to my lovers; they deceived me” (Lamentations 1:19). Isaiah said: “You will call Your walls salvation” (Isaiah 60:18). Jeremiah said: “See [re’e], Lord, for I am in distress” (Lamentations 1:20). Isaiah said: “You will see and your heart will be gladdened” (Isaiah 66:14). Jeremiah said: “They heard [shamu] that I sigh” (Lamentations 1:21). Isaiah said: “Comfort, comfort My people” (Isaiah 40:1). Jeremiah said: “Let all their wickedness come [tavo] before You” (Lamentations 1:22) Isaiah said: “I will bring them to the mountain of My holiness” (Isaiah 56:7).
Another matter, “I remember my song [neginati] in the night” (Psalms 77:7). Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Aivu says: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘I remember how I was broken before You in the night of the kingdoms,65The times during which Israel suffered persecution at the hands of foreign nations is are referred to here as night. just as it says: “Blessed is God, the Most High, who broke [migen] your enemies into your hand”’ (Genesis 14:20). Rabbi Yehuda says: I remember the songs that I sang before You in the nights, just as it says: “[The Lord is to save me] and we will play my songs all the days of our lives” (Isaiah 38:20), this is the night of Pharaoh, as it is written: “It was at midnight” (Exodus 12:29). And the night of Gideon who smote the Midianite and Amalekite camp, as it is written: “It was on that night” (Judges 7:9). And the night of Sennacherib, in whose regard it is written: “It was on that night, and the angel of God emerged” (II Kings 19:35).66According to Rabbi Yehuda, the reference is to the songs Israel sang when they experienced salvation at night. Each of the three verses cited refers to an event in which an enemy of Israel was defeated at night.
“I meditate with my heart” (Psalms 77:7), I speak with my heart. “And my spirit searches” (Psalms 77:7), I examine my actions. And it says: “Will the Lord forsake forever? Will He never again appease?” (Psalms 77:8). God forbid, He has not abandoned and will not abandon, as it is written: “For the Lord will not forsake forever” (Lamentations 3:31).
“Will He never again appease [lirtzot]” or be appeased [leratzot]? In the past He would appease others. When Moses was angry, it says: “And he returned [veshav] to the camp” (Exodus 33:11). Read it as: And return [veshuv].67Despite Moses’s anger in the wake of the sin of the Golden Calf, God implores him to return to the camp. When Elijah was angry, it says: “Go, return on your way to the wilderness of Damascus” (I Kings 19:15); but now, He does not appease, and is not appeased.
“Has His kindness come to an end [he’afes] forever, [is His decision final for all generations]?” (Psalms 77:9). What is he’afes? Rabbi Reuven said: It is a Greek term, just as it says: “He will say none [afes]” (Amos 6:10).68The word afes is a Greek term meaning “let go,” similar to the usage of the term in Amos, where one is asked if there is anyone with him and he says “none,” meaning dismiss the thought from your mind. Thus, It is not God’s kindness that has ceased, but He has let go of it in the sense that He has ceased to implement His kindness in the world. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Ḥanina said: Has the matter that the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses, “I will favor whom I favor” (Exodus 33:19), concluded? Rabbi Simon says: It has already been concluded, and this was confirmed by means of Jeremiah: “For I have withdrawn My peace [and kindness and mercy from this people]” (Jeremiah 16:5).
“Has God forgotten to be gracious [ḥanot]” (Psalms 77:10), has God forgotten His encampment [ḥanoto] in the wilderness, “According to the word of God they would encamp” (Numbers 9: 20). Has He forgotten “God, merciful and gracious [veḥanun]”? (Exodus 34:6). “Has He closed in anger His mercy? Sela” (Psalms 77:10); even though He is angry, His mercy is near. Yet Zion said: ‘The Lord has forsaken me and my Lord has forgotten me,’ as it is written: “Zion said: The Lord has forsaken me [and the Lord has forgotten me]” (Isaiah 49:14).69However, God responds: “Yet I will not forget you” (Isaiah 49:15).
“Then I said: This is my weakness [ḥaloti], [the right hand of the Most High has changed]” (Psalms 77:11). Rabbi Alexandrai said: Because we did not entreat [ḥilinu] You in repentance, the right hand has changed.70The right hand signifies God’s support and giving. This has changed from supporting Israel to supporting its enemies (Etz Yosef). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: The oath that He made with us at Ḥorev71This is another name for Sinai. has been violated [nitḥalela], and so the right hand has changed.
Rabbi Simon said: Have you ever heard that the orb of the sun is ill and unable to rise and serve? For His servants there are no illnesses, but before Him there is illness?72The term ḥaloti is expounded to mean illnesses [ḥolayin], such that the verse reads “this is my illness.” As the midrash explains, it cannot be that God’s providence has changed due to His illness, as that is impossible. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: [This is analogous] to a mighty person who was there in a province, and all the residents of the province relied on him and would say: ‘No troops will come here. If troops came to the city, once he would emerge and show his face, they would flee immediately.’ One time the troops came, and he said to them: ‘My right hand hurts.’73Since he is not ready for battle, the enemies are no longer afraid of him. However, the Holy One blessed be He is not so, but rather, “Behold, the Lord’s hand is not too short to save…” (Isaiah 59:1).
“The right hand of the Most High has changed.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: If it is due to illnesses, there is hope, for one who is hurt will ultimately heal. But if it has changed, there is no hope.74In the case of the change to God’s right hand, as it were, there is hope, because the change is based on something akin to illness. The verse from Isaiah cited above is followed by the following: “But your iniquities have separated between you and your God” (Isaiah 59:2) (Matnot Kehuna). That is the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi <who said: “for you have despised us, [you were exceedingly angry at us]” (lamentations 5:22). if it is despising, there is no hope. if it is anger, there is hope, as one who is angry will ultimately be appeased.>
Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘You wept a gratuitous weeping; ultimately, you will weep a weeping of substance.’ Where did Israel weep a gratuitous weeping? “Moses heard the people weeping according to its families” (Numbers 11:10). “The entire congregation raised and sounded their voice [and the people wept that night]” (Numbers 14:1). Where did Israel weep a weeping of substance? Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Aivu said: Once in Rama and once in Babylon. In Rama, as it is written: “So said the Lord: A voice is heard in Rama, wailing, bitter weeping, [Rachel weeping for her children]” (Jeremiah 31:15). In Babylon, as it is written: “By the rivers of Babylon, [there we sat and also wept]” (Psalms 137:1). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: One in the “province of Judah” (Ezra 5:8) and one in Babylon. In the province of Judah, “she weeps bitterly at night” (Lamentations 1:2). In Babylon, “by the rivers of Babylon.”
Rabbi Aivu said: So said the Holy One blessed be He to Israel: ‘As a reward for that weeping, I will gather in your exiles.’ That is what is written: “So said the Lord, restrain your voice from weeping…there is hope for your future, the utterance of the Lord” (Jeremiah 31:16–17).
“She weeps bitterly [bakho tivkeh],” she will weep [bakho] due to one calf; she will weep [tivkeh] due to two calves.75The midrash expounds the doubled Hebrew expression bakho tivkeh (in which the root bet-kaf-heh is used twice consecutively) to refer to two sins: The sin of the Golden Calf in the wilderness and Jeroboam’s two golden calves in the Land of Israel (see I Kings 12:26–30). Another matter, over Judah, and over Zion and Jerusalem.76Zion and Jerusalem count as one. Alternatively, they are separate and there is a third source of weeping expressed in the verse in Lamentations, which continues: “her tears are on her cheeks” (Lamentations 1:2). Another matter, she will weep [bakho] over the exile of the Ten Tribes; she will weep [tivkeh] over the exile of Judah and Benjamin. Another matter, she weeps and causes others to weep with her, she weeps and causes the Holy One blessed be He to weep with her, as it is written: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation” (Isaiah 22:12). She weeps and causes the ministering angels to weep with her, as it is written: “Behold, their angels cry out outside [ḥutza], [the messengers of peace weep bitterly]” (Isaiah 33:7). Rabbi Ze’eira said: Ḥitza is written,77The word ḥutza is written without a vav, such that it can be read ḥitza. it is unnatural [ḥitza] for him to slaughter him.78Rabbi Ze’eira interprets this verse as pertaining to God’s command to Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. The angels responded that this was a command that violated human nature. Rabbi Berekhya said: Just as it says: “He took him outside [haḥutza] [and said: Look now toward the heavens]” (Genesis 15:5).79Rabbi Berekhya cites this verse to demonstrate that ḥutza refers to the heavens. Thus, he interprets the verse in Genesis to mean that God took Abraham outside and directed him to look toward the heavens, and he interprets the verse in Isaiah to mean that the angels cry in the heavens.
“She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the heavens and the earth to weep with her. That is what is written: “The sun and the moon darkened” (Joel 2:10). “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the mountains and the hills to weep with her. That is what is written: “I saw the mountains [they are quaking, and all the hills have disintegrated]” (Jeremiah 4:24). “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and causes the seventy nations to weep with her. Rabbi Pinḥas said: The seventy bulls that Israel would sacrifice on the festival of Sukkot correspond to the seventy nations, so that the world would not be vacant of them. “She will weep [bakho],” she weeps and casues the congregation of Israel to weep with her. That is what is written: “The entire congregation raised [vatisa]…[and the people wept that night]” (Numbers 14:1). Rabbi Ḥunya taught it in the name of Rabbi Neḥemya: Vatisa is written, they left a bad debt for the generations, just as it says: “When you lend [tasheh] to your neighbor” (Deuteronomy 24:10).
בַּלַּיְלָה, לָמָּה בַּלַּיְלָה, לְפִי שֶׁאֵין קוֹל הוֹלֵךְ אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר בַּלַּיְלָה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ לַיְלָה מוֹשֵׁךְ עִמָּהּ קִינָה. מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאִשָּׁה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה בִּשְׁכוּנָתוֹ שֶׁל רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, וְהָיָה לָהּ בֶּן תִּשְׁחֹרֶת וָמֵת, וְהָיְתָה בּוֹכָה עָלָיו בַּלַּיְלָה, וְהָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל שׁוֹמֵעַ אֶת קוֹלָהּ וְהָיָה נִזְכָּר חֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְהָיָה בּוֹכֶה עִמָּהּ עַד שֶׁנָּשְׁרוּ רִיסֵי עֵינָיו, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִרְגִּישׁוּ בּוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו, עָמְדוּ וּפִנּוּ אוֹתָהּ מִשְׁכוּנָתוֹ.
“At night,” why at night? Because sound travels only at night, that is why it is stated: “At night.” Rabbi Aivu said: Night draws lamentation with it.80When one cries at night, it has a greater impact on those who hear it, and they are moved to cry as well. There was an incident involving a certain woman who was in Rabban Gamliel’s neighborhood. She had a young son and he died. She would weep over him at night. Rabban Gamliel would hear her voice and recall the destruction of the Temple. He wept with her until his eyelashes fell out. When his disciples sensed it, they arose and evacuated her from his neighborhood.
וְדִמְעָתָהּ עַל לֶחֱיָהּ. עַל כֹּהֲנֶיהָ, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים יח, ג): וְנָתַן לַכֹּהֵן הַזְּרֹעַ וְהַלְחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל גִּבּוֹרֶיהָ, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שופטים טו, טו): וַיִּמְצָא לְחִי חֲמוֹר טְרִיָּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל שׁוֹפְטֶיהָ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (מיכה ד, יד): בַּשֵּׁבֶט יַכּוּ עַל הַלְּחִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל בַּחוּרֶיהָ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ שׂוֹנְאִים לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ תָּפְשׂוּ אֶת הַבַּחוּרִים וְכָפְתוּ יְדֵיהֶן לַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶן, וְהָיוּ בּוֹכִין וְהָיוּ הַדְּמָעוֹת יוֹרְדוֹת עַל לְחָיֵיהֶן וְלֹא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לְקַנְחָן, וְנוֹשְׁרוֹת עַל לְחָיֵיהֶם כְּצָרֶבֶת הַשְּׁחִין.
“And her tears are on her cheeks [leḥya],” over her priests, just as it says: “He shall give to the priest the foreleg, the jaw [haleḥayayim], and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). Alternatively, over her mighty, just as it says: “He found a fresh jawbone [leḥi] of a donkey [and he put forth his hand and took it and smote a thousand men with it]” (Judges 15:15). Alternatively, over her judges, just as you say: “They strike [the judge of Israel] on the cheek [haleḥi] with a rod” (Micah 4:14). Alternatively, over her lads; you find that when the enemies entered the Temple, they seized the lads and bound their hands behind them. They were weeping and the tears were flowing on their cheeks. They could not wipe them and they fell on their cheeks like the scar of a boil.81The tears seared their cheeks, similar to a wound, because they could not wipe them off.
אֵין לָהּ מְנַחֵם, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֵין הֲוָה לָהּ. (בראשית יא, ל): וַתְּהִי שָׂרַי עֲקָרָה אֵין לָהּ וָלָד, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כא, א): וַה' פָּקַד אֶת שָׂרָה. וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ (שמואל א א, ב): וּלְחַנָּה אֵין יְלָדִים, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב, כא): כִּי פָקַד ה' אֶת חַנָּה. וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ (ירמיה ל, יז): צִיּוֹן הִיא דֹּרֵשׁ אֵין לָהּ, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נט, כ): וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל, אַף כֵּן אַתְּ אוֹמֵר: אֵין לָהּ מְנַחֵם, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נא, יב): אָנֹכִי אָנֹכִי הוּא מְנַחֶמְכֶם.
“She has no comforter.” Rabbi Levi said: Any place that it is stated: “Has no [ein],” [ultimately] she will have. “Sarai was barren, she had no [ein] child” (Genesis 11:30), but [ultimately] she had, as it is stated: “The Lord remembered Sarah” (Genesis 21:1). Similarly, “Hannah had no [ein] children” (I Samuel 1:2), and [ultimately] she had, as it is stated: “For the Lord remembered Hannah” (I Samuel 2:21). Similarly, “She is Zion, she has no one [ein] seeking her” (Jeremiah 30:17), and [ultimately] she will have, as it is stated: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). So, too, it says: “She has no [ein] comforter,” and [ultimately] she will have, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12).
כָּל רֵעֶיהָ בָּגְדוּ בָהּ הָיוּ לָהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנָן, זֶה מִיכָאֵל וְגַבְרִיאֵל.
“All her allies have betrayed her, have become [her enemies].” Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan said: This is Mikhael and Gavriel.82Even these angels, who would defend Israel in the heavenly court, turned against it.
גָּלְתָה יְהוּדָה, אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֵינָן גּוֹלִים, אֶלָּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגּוֹלִים אֵין גָּלוּתָם גָּלוּת, אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם שֶׁאוֹכְלִים מִפִּתָּם וְשׁוֹתִים מִיֵּינָם, אֵין גָּלוּתָם גָּלוּת, אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין אוֹכְלִין מִפִּתָּם וְאֵין שׁוֹתִין מִיֵּינָם, גָּלוּתָם גָּלוּת. אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם שֶׁהֵן מְהַלְּכִים בְּאִסְקַפְטִיּוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם, אֵין גָּלוּתָם גָּלוּת, אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵן מְהַלְּכִין יְחֵפִין, גָּלוּתָם גָּלוּת. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: גָּלְתָה יְהוּדָה. כָּאן הוּא אוֹמֵר גָּלְתָה יְהוּדָה, וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ירמיה נב, כז): וַיִּגֶל יְהוּדָה מֵעַל אַדְמָתוֹ, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ תָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחָן כִּנְקֵבָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: גָּלְתָה יְהוּדָה. מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁאָכְלוּ חָמֵץ בַּפֶּסַח, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים טז, ג): לֹא תֹאכַל עָלָיו חָמֵץ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל עָלָיו מַצּוֹת לֶחֶם עֹנִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁחָבְלוּ מַשְׁכּוֹן עָנִי בְּתוֹךְ בָּתֵּיהֶם, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים כד, יב): וְאִם אִישׁ עָנִי הוּא לֹא תִשְׁכַּב בַּעֲבֹטוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁעָשְׁקוּ שְׂכַר שָׂכִיר, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים כד, יד): לֹא תַעֲשֹׁק שָׂכִיר עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁגָזְלוּ מַתְּנוֹת עָנִי, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ויקרא יט, י, כג, כב): לֶעָנִי וְלַגֵּר תַּעֲזֹב אֹתָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁאָכְלוּ מַעֲשֵׂר עָנִי. רַבִּי בֵּיבַי וְרַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַב הָאוֹכֵל טֶבֶל שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר עָנִי, חַיָּב מִיתָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מֵעֹנִי, עַל שֶׁעָבְדוּ עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות לב, יח): קוֹל עַנּוֹת אָנֹכִי שֹׁמֵעַ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא קוֹל קִלּוּס עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אָנֹכִי שׁוֹמֵעַ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר אֵין לְךָ דּוֹר וָדוֹר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל מֵחֶטְאוֹ שֶׁל עֵגֶל.
“Judah was exiled due to affliction and great enslavement. She settled among the nations, did not find rest; all her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits” (Lamentations 1:3).
“Judah was exiled.” Are the nations of the world not exiled? Rather, even though they are exiled, their exile is not exile. The nations of the world who eat of their bread and drink of their wine, their exile is not exile.83They assimilate into their new surroundings, symbolized by the fact that they consume the bread and wine of the people in their new surroundings. Consequently, they do not experience exile as acutely as Jews experience it. Israel, who do not eat of their bread and do not drink of their wine, their exile is exile. The nations of the world, who walk in their garments,84They adopt the mode of dress of their new surroundings. their exile is not exile, but Israel, who walk barefoot, their exile is exile. That is why it is stated: “Judah was exiled.” Here it is stated: “Judah was exiled [galeta],” and there it is stated: “Judah was exiled [vayegal] from upon its land” (Jeremiah 52:27),85The verse in Jeremiah uses the feminine form while the verse in Lamentations uses the masculine form. for once they were exiled, their power waned like a female. That is why it is stated: “Judah was exiled [galeta].”
“Due to affliction [me’oni],” it is because they ate leavened bread on Passover, just as it says: “You shall not eat with it leavened bread; seven days you shall eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction [oni]” (Deuteronomy 16:3). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they took the collateral of a poor man [ani] into their homes, just as it says: “If he is a poor man, you shall not sleep with his collateral” (Deuteronomy 24:12). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they withheld the wages of hired laborers, just as it says: “You shall not exploit a poor [ani] or indigent hired laborer” (Deuteronomy 24:14). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they stole the gifts of the poor, just as you say: “You shall leave them for the poor [ani] and the stranger” (Leviticus 19:10, 23:22). Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they ate the tithe of the poor; Rabbi Beivai and Rabbi Huna [said] in the name of Rav: One who eats produce from which the tithe of the poor was not taken is liable to receive the death penalty. Alternatively, “due to affliction [me’oni],” because they engaged in idol worship, just as it says: “It is a sound of crying [anot] that I hear” (Exodus 32:18).86Moses said this when he heard the sound of the people worshipping the Golden Calf. Rabbi Aḥa said: It is the sound of lauding idol worship that I hear.87This is Rabbi Aḥa’s explanation of the phrase from Exodus 32:18. Rabbi Yehuda says in the name of Rabbi Yosei: There is no generation that does not receive [punishment] due to the sin of the Calf.
וּמֵרֹב עֲבֹדָה, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא עַל שֶׁהָיוּ מִשְׁתַּעְבְּדִים בְּעֶבֶד עִבְרִי, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה לד, יד): מִקֵּץ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים תְּשַׁלְּחוּ. הִיא יָשְׁבָה בַגּוֹיִם לֹא מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ, רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר אִלּוּ מָצְאָה מָנוֹחַ לֹא הָיְתָה חוֹזֶרֶת, וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ (בראשית ח, ט): וְלֹא מָצְאָה הַיּוֹנָה מָנוֹחַ. וְדִכְוָּתָהּ (דברים כח, סה): וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה מָנוֹחַ לְכַף רַגְלֶךָ. כָּל רֹדְפֶיהָ הִשִֹּׂיגוּהָ בֵּין הַמְצָרִים, כְּהַהִיא דִּתְנַן דִּבְרֵי בֶּן נַנָּס בְּסִימָנָיו וּבְמֵצְרָנָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּל רֹדְפֶיהָ הִשִֹּׂיגוּהָ בֵּין הַמְצָרִים, בְּיוֹמִין דְּעָקָא, מִשִּׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז עַד תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב, שֶׁבָּהֶם קֶטֶב מְרִירִי מָצוּי, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים צא, ו): מִדֶּבֶר בָּאֹפֶל יַהֲלֹךְ מִקֶּטֶב יָשׁוּד צָהֳרָיִם. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא וְרַבִּי לֵוִי, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר דְּהוּא גָּזֵיז סוּגְיָא דְּטִיהֲרָה מֵרֵישֵׁהוֹן דְּשִׁית עַד סוֹפֵיהוֹן דִּתְשַׁע. וְרַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר דְּהוּא גָּזֵיז סוּגְיָא דְיוֹמָא מִסּוֹפֵיהוֹן דְּאַרְבַּע עַד רֵישֵׁיהוֹן דִּתְשַׁע, וְאֵינוֹ מְהַלֵּךְ לֹא בַּחַמָּה וְלֹא בַּצֵּל, אֶלָּא בַּצֵּל הַסָּמוּךְ לַחַמָּה. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר כֻּלּוֹ מָלֵא עֵינַיִם, קְלִפּוֹת קְלִפּוֹת, וּשְׂעָרוֹת שְׂעָרוֹת. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר עַיִן אַחַת נְתוּנָה עַל לִבּוֹ וְכָל מִי שֶׁרוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ נוֹפֵל וּמֵת. וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּחָסִיד אֶחָד שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתוֹ וְנָפַל עַל פָּנָיו וָמֵת, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי הָיָה. שְׁמוּאֵל חַמְתֵיה וְלָא נְפַל, אָמַר עֲכָן בַּיִת. רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ הֲוָה יָתֵיב וּמַתְנָא בַּהֲדָא כְּנִישְׁתָּא מִדּוּכְתָּא דְּקֵסָרִי, חֲמָא חַד בַּר נָשׁ דְּטָעֵין חֲדָא קְטִיתָא וַאֲזַל לְמִימְחֵי חַבְרֵיהּ, חֲמָא מַזִּיקָא קָאי בַּתְרֵיהּ דְּטָעֵין קְטֵיתָא דְפַרְזְלָא קָם וּצְרִיחַ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ בָּעֵי קְטֵיל חַבְרָיךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּהֲדָא בַּר נָשׁ קְטִיל חַבְרֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָא מַזִּיקָא קָאֵים בַּתְרֵיהּ דְּטָעֵין קְטֵיתָא דְפַרְזְלָא, אַתְּ מָחֵי לֵיהּ בַּהֲדָא וְהוּא מָחֵי לֵיהּ בְּהַהִיא וָמֵת. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הֲוָה מְפַקַּד לְסַפְרַיָיא וּמַתְנְנַיָּא דְּלָא לֶהֱווֹן טְעוּנִין עַרְקְתָא מִינוּקַיָּא בְּאִילֵין יוֹמֵי. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי הֲוָה מְפַקַּד לְסַפְרַיָּיא וּמַתְנְנַיָּא דְּיֶהֱווֹן מְפַטְּרִין רַב טְלָאֵי בְּאַרְבַּע שָׁעִין.
“And great enslavement,” Rabbi Aḥa said: Because they would keep the Hebrew slave in servitude, just as it says: “At the end of seven years [each of] you shall free [his Hebrew brother]” (Jeremiah 34:14).
“She settled among the nations, did not find rest,” Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Neḥemya said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish: Had she found rest, she would not have returned. Similarly, “the dove did not find rest” (Genesis 8:9). Similarly, “among these nations you will not be calm, and there will be no rest for your foot” (Deuteronomy 28:65).
“All her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits [hametzarim].” This is like what we learned, the statement of ben Nanas: By her demarcations and her borders [uvmetzranav].88Mishna, Bava Batra 7:3. The midrash cites this mishna to explain the Hebrew term employed in the verse in Lamentations. The word hametzarim, the straits, is understood to mean within her borders.
Another matter, “All her pursuers have overtaken her within the straits,” in days of distress, between the seventeenth of Tamuz and the ninth of Av,89The walls of Jerusalem were breached on the seventeenth of Tamuz and the Temple was ultimately destroyed on the ninth of Av (Mishna, Taanit 4:6). during which Ketev Meriri90This is the name of a destructive demon. See Pesaḥim 111b. is prevalent, just as it says: “Nor the pestilence that stalks in darkness, nor the destruction [ketev] that lays waste at noon” (Psalms 91:6). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Levi, Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: It passes through during the main time of sunlight,91The part of the day when the sun is strongest. from the beginning of the sixth hour until the end of the ninth.92These are halakhic hours. In this system, the daylight hours are divided into twelve equal parts. Rabbi Levi said: It passes through the main part of the day, from the end of the fourth hour until the beginning of the ninth. It does not pass through the sunlight or the shade, but rather through the shade adjacent to the sunlight.
Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is completely full of eyes, scales, and hair. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: One eye is situated on its heart, and anyone who sees it falls and dies. There was an incident involving a certain pious man who saw it and he fell on his face and died. Some say it was Yehuda ben Rabbi [Yehuda Hanasi]. Shmuel saw it and did not fall. He said: It is [just] a house snake.
Rabbi Abahu was sitting and studying in a synagogue in the area of Caesarea. He saw a certain person who was carrying a stick and going to strike another person. He saw a demon standing behind him carrying an iron rod. [Rabbi Abahu] stood and called out to him, saying to him: ‘Why do you seek to kill your counterpart?’ [The man] said to him: ‘Can a person kill another with this?’ He said to him: ‘There is a demon standing behind him that is carrying an iron rod. You strike him with this and it will strike him with that and he will die.’
Rabbi Yoḥanan would instruct the teachers of Bible and the teachers of Mishna not to raise a strap to the children during those days.93The days between the seventeenth of Tamuz and the ninth of Av. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani would instruct the teachers of Bible and the teachers of Mishna to dismiss the children during those four hours.94He did not want the teachers to instruct the children at all during the four hours when Ketev Meriri is active in the world, lest the teachers strike the students, which could lead to danger due to the demon.
דַּרְכֵי צִיּוֹן אֲבֵלוֹת, אָמַר רַב הוּנָא הַכֹּל מְבַקְּשִׁין תַּפְקִידָן, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּכַלְבָּא אַחַת כּוּפְרִית שֶׁעָלְתָה לְרֹאשׁ הַסֶּלַע וְשִׁמְשָׁה עִם זָכָר, רַבִּי אַמֵּי אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ אֲרָזִים מְבַקְּשִׁין תַּפְקִידָן, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ אֲרָזִים בְּבָבֶל, וּכְשֶׁעָלָה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר לְכָאן, תָּלַשׁ אֲרָזִים מִכָּאן וּשְׁתָלָן בְּבָבֶל, וּכְשֶׁמֵּת הָיוּ שְׂמֵחִים עַל מַפַּלְתּוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה יד, ח): גַּם בְּרוֹשִׁים שָׂמְחוּ לְךָ אַרְזֵי לְבָנוֹן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבְדִּימֵי דְּמִן חֵיפָה אֲפִלּוּ דְּרָכִים מְבַקְּשִׁין תַּפְקִידָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: דַּרְכֵי צִיּוֹן אֲבֵלוֹת מִבְּלִי בָּאֵי מוֹעֵד, מִבְּלִי בּוּרְגְּנִין מִבְּלִי בּוּלִיטִין, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא מִבְּלִי בָּאֵי מוֹעֵד. כָּל שְׁעָרֶיהָ שׁוֹמְמִין, שֶׁא הָיוּ נִכְנָסִין וְיוֹצְאִין בָּהֶן. כֹּהֲנֶיהָ נֶאֱנָחִים, שֶׁאֵין מִי יִתֵּן לָהֶם מַתְּנוֹת כְּהֻנָּה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים יח, ג): וְנָתַן לַכֹּהֵן הַזְּרֹעַ וְהַלְּחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה. בְּתוּלֹתֶיהָ נוּגוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אֵלּוּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁהָיוּ נָאִים כִּבְתוּלוֹת וְנַעֲשׂוּ כַּדּוֹנַג. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק אֵלּוּ הַבּוּלְיוּטִין שֶׁהֵן נָאִים כִּבְתוּלוֹת וְנַעֲשׂוּ כְּנוּגוֹת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בְּתוּלֹתֶיהָ נוּגוֹת, שֶׁהָיָה זֶה בָּא וּבוֹעֵל, וְהָיָה זֶה בָּא וּבוֹעֵל, עַד שֶׁהָגוּ אֶת מַכָּתָהּ. וְהִיא מַר לָהּ, מַר לָהּ לְעֶרְוָתָהּ.
“The ways of Zion are in mourning, without Festival pilgrims; all her gates are desolate; her priests sigh; her maidens are forlorn, and she is embittered” (Lamentations 1:4).
“The ways of Zion are in mourning.” Rav Huna said: Everything seeks to fulfill its role.95The reference here is to fulfilling its role by finding its mate (Matnot Kehuna). There was an incident involving a certain trained female dog that climbed to the top of a crag in order to mate with a male dog.96The trained dog would not generally climb in such a dangerous area, but it exposed itself to this danger in order to mate. Rabbi Ami said: Even cedars seek to fulfill their roles. Know [that this is so], for there were no cedars in Babylon, but when Nebuchadnezzar ascended to here, he uprooted cedars from here and replanted them in Babylon. When he died they rejoiced over his downfall. That is what is written: “Cypresses, too, rejoice over you, the cedars of Lebanon, [since you have been laid down, the woodcutter does not come against us]” (Isaiah 14:8).97The cedars wanted to propagate in their native land rather than be cut down and transported elsewhere. Rabbi Avdimi of Haifa said: Even the roads seek to fulfill their role. That is what is written: “The ways of Zion are in mourning, without Festival pilgrims.” Without wooden huts and without dignitaries is not written here, but rather, “without Festival pilgrims.”
“All her gates are desolate,” as there was no one entering or exiting through them. “Her priests sigh,” as there was no one to give them the priestly gifts, just as it says: “He shall give to the priest the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Rabbi Simon said: “Her maidens are forlorn [nugot],” these are the Torah scholars, who were as beautiful as maidens and they became like wax [kadonag].98Just as wax melts away, their hearts melted in their sorrow (Matnot Kehuna). Rabbi Shmuel said that Rabbi Yitzḥak said: These are the dignitaries who were as beautiful as maidens and became like forlorn young women [nugot].
Alternatively, “her maidens are forlorn,” as this one would come and violate her and that one would come and violate her until they greatly aggravated her wound. “And she is embittered,” she is embittered due to her nakedness.
הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ, אָמַר רַבִּי הִלֵּל בְּרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה כָּל מִי שֶׁבָּא לְהָצֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל נַעֲשָׂה רֹאשׁ, מַה טַּעַם הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא עַד שֶׁלֹא חָרְבָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם לֹא הָיְתָה מְדִינָה חֲשׁוּבָה כְּלוּם, מִשֶּׁחָרְבָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם נַעֲשָׂה קֵסָרִין מַטְרִיפּוֹלִין וְתָנוֹפִּילִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ, זֶה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. אֹיְבֶיהָ שָׁלוּ, זֶה נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ, זֶה אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס. אֹיְבֶיהָ שָׁלוּ, זֶה טִיטוּס, שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים וּמֶחֱצָה הִקִּיף אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס אֶת יְרוּשָׁלָיִם, וְהָיוּ עִמּוֹ אַרְבָּעָה דֻכָּסִין, דֻּכָּס דַּעֲרַבְיָא, דֻּכָּס דְּאַפְרִיקָא, דֻּכָּס דַּאֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִיָא, דֻּכָּס דְּפַלַסְטִינִי. דֻּכָּס דַּעֲרַבְיָא תְּרֵין אֳמוֹרִין, חַד אֲמַר קִילוּס שְׁמֵיהּ, וְחַד אֲמַר פַּנְגַּר שְׁמֵיהּ. וַהֲווֹן בִּירוּשָׁלַם אַרְבָּעָה בּוּלִיטִין, בֶּן צִיצִית, וּבֶן גּוּרְיוֹן, וּבֶן נַקְדִימוֹן, וּבֶן כַּלְבָּא שָׂבוּעַ. וְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד יָכוֹל לְסַפֵּק מְזוֹנוֹת שֶׁל מְדִינָה עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, וְהָיָה שָׁם בֶּן בָּטִיחַ בֶּן אֲחוֹתוֹ שֶׁל רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הָאוֹצָרוֹת, וְאוֹקֵיד כָּל אוֹצְרַיָּא, שָׁמַע רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי אֲמַר וַי, אָזְלִין אֲמַרוּן לְבֶן בָּטִיחַ אֲמַר חֲבִיבָךְ וַי. שְׁלַח וְאַתְיֵהּ, אֲמַר לוֹ לְמָה אֲמַרְתְּ וַי, אָמַר לוֹ לֹא אָמַרְתִּי וַי, אֶלָּא וַהּ אֲמַרִי. אָמַר לוֹ וַהּ אָמַרְתָּ, וְלָמָּה אָמַרְתָּ וַהּ. אָמַר לֵיהּ דְּאוֹקַדְתָּ כָּל אוֹצְרַיָּא, וְאָמַרְתִּי דְּכָל זְמַן דְּאוֹצְרַיָּא קַיָּמִין לָא יְהִיבִין גִּשְׁמֵיהוֹן לְמֶעְבַּד קְרָבָא. בֵּין וַי לְוַהּ נִמְלַט רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, וְקָרָא עָלָיו (קהלת ז, יב): וְיִתְרוֹן דַעַת הַחָכְמָה תְּחַיֶּה בְעָלֶיהָ. לְאַחַר שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים יָצָא רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי לְטַיֵּל בַּשּׁוּק, וְרָאָה אוֹתָם שֶׁשּׁוֹלְקִין תֶּבֶן וְשׁוֹתִין מֵימָיו, אָמַר בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁשּׁוֹלְקִין תֶּבֶן וְשׁוֹתִין מֵימָיו יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בַּחֲיָילוֹתָיו שֶׁל אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס, אֲמַר כָּל סַמָּא דְמִילְתָא נִיפּוֹק לִי מֵהָכָא, שְׁלַח וַאֲמַר לְבֶן בָּטִיחַ אַפְּקוּנִי מֵהָכָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ עָבְדִינַן בֵּינֵינַן דְּלָא יִפּוֹק בַּר נָשׁ מֵהָכָא אֶלָּא דְמִית. אֲמַר אַפְּקוּנִי בִּדְמוּת דְּמִית. טְעַן רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּרֵישֵׁיהּ, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּרַגְלֵיהּ, וּבֶן בָּטִיחַ מְהַלֵּךְ קוֹמוֹי. מִן דְּמָטוּן בָּעוּן מוֹדְקְרִינֵיהּ, אֲמַר לְהוֹ בֶּן בָּטִיחַ כָּךְ אַתֶּם רוֹצִים, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ אוֹמְרִין מֵת רַבָּן וּדְקָרוּהוּ. כֵּיוָן דַּאֲמַר לְהוֹ כָּךְ שְׁבַקּוּנֵיהּ. מִן דְּנָפְקִין מִן פִּילֵי, טַעֲנוּנֵיהּ וִיהָבוּנֵיהּ בְּחַד בֵּית עוֹלָם וְחָזְרוּ לַמְּדִינָה. נְפַק רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי לְטַיֵּיל בַּחֲיָילוֹתָיו שֶׁל אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס, אָמַר לוֹן אָן הוּא מַלְכָּא, אָזְלוּן וְאָמְרוּ לְאַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס, חַד יְהוּדִי בָּעֵי לְמִישְׁאַל בִּשְׁלָמָךְ, אֲמַר לְהוֹן יֵיתֵי, מִן דַּאֲתָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּבִיבָא מָארִי אַפְּלָטוֹר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁאִילָא דְּמֶלֶךְ שְׁאֵילְתְּ בִּי וַאֲנָא לֵית אֲנָא מָלֵיךְ, וְכַדּוּ שְׁמַע מַלְכָּא וְקָטֵיל לְהַהוּא גַבְרָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִם לֵית אַתְּ מֶלֶךְ סוֹף אַתְּ מָלֵיךְ, דְּלֵית הָדֵין בֵּיתָא חָרֵיב אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה י, לד): וְהַלְּבָנוֹן בְּאַדִּיר יִפּוֹל. נְסָבוּנֵיהּ וִיהָבוּנֵיהּ לְגָיו מִן שִׁבְעָה קַנְקַלִּין, וַהֲווֹן שְׁאִילִין לֵיהּ כַּמָּה שָׁעִין בְּלֵילְיָא וַאֲמַר לְהוֹן, כַּמָּה שָׁעִין בִּימָמָא וַאֲמַר לְהוֹן. מְנָן הֲוָה יָדַע רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, מִפְּשׁוּטֵיהּ. לְבָתַר תְּלָתָא יוֹמִין אֲזַל אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס מַסְחֵי בַּהֲדָא גַפְנָא, מִן דִּסְחָא וּלְבַשׁ חַד מְסָן דִּידֵיהּ אֲתַת בְּשׂוֹרָה וּבִשְֹּׂרוּהוּ מִית נִירוֹן וְאַמְלִיכוּנֵיהּ בְּנֵי רוֹמִי, בְּעֵי לְמִלְבַּשׁ חַד מְסָן חוֹרָן וְלָא עָלֵיל. שְׁלַח וְאַתְיוּהָ לְרַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית אַתְּ אָמַר לִי כָּל אִילֵין יוֹמַיָא הֲוֵינָא לָבֵישׁ תְּרֵין מְסָאנֵי וַהֲווֹן עָלְלִין בִּי, וְכַדּוּ חַד עָלֵיל וְחַד לָא עָלֵיל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּשׂוֹרְתָא טָבְתָא אִיתְבַּשַֹּׂרְתְּ, דִּכְתִיב (משלי טו, ל): וּשְׁמוּעָה טוֹבָה תְּדַשֵּׁן עָצֶם, אָמַר לוֹ מַה נַּעֲבֵיד דְּאֵיעִיל, אָמַר לוֹ מִי אִית לָךְ בַּר נָשׁ דְּסָנְאִית לֵיהּ אוֹ דְּחָב לָךְ, יַעְבְּרוּנֵיהּ קַמָּךְ וּבְשָׂרָךְ שָׁחֵי, דִּכְתִיב (משלי יז, כב): וְרוּחַ נְכֵאָה תְּיַבֶּשׁ גָּרֶם. הִתְחִילוּ מוֹשְׁלִין לְפָנָיו מְשָׁלוֹת, חָבִית שֶׁקִּנֵּן נָחָשׁ בְּתוֹכָהּ כֵּיצַד עוֹשִׂין לוֹ, אָמַר לָהֶם מְבִיאִין חוֹבֵר וְחוֹבְרִין אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ וּמַנִּיחִין אֶת הֶחָבִית. אָמַר פַּנְגַּר הוֹרְגִין אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ וְשׁוֹבְרִין אֶת הֶחָבִית. מִגְדָּל שֶׁקִּנֵּן בּוֹ נָחָשׁ כֵּיצַד עוֹשִׂין, אָמַר לָהֶם מְבִיאִין חוֹבֵר וְחוֹבְרִין אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ וּמַנִּיחִין אֶת הַמִּגְדָּל, אָמַר פַּנְגַּר הוֹרְגִין אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ וְשׂוֹרְפִין אֶת הַמִּגְדָּל. אָמַר לוֹ רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי לְפַנְגַּר כָּל מְגִירַיָא דְּעָבְדִין בִּישָׁא לִמְגִירֵיהוֹן עָבְדִין, עַד דְּלֵית אַתְּ מְלִיף סַנֵּיגוֹרְיָא אַתְּ מְלִיף עֲלָן קָטֵיגוֹרְיָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְטִיבוּתְכוֹן אֲנָא בָּעֵי, דְּכָל זְמַן דְּהָדֵין בֵּיתָא קַיָּים מַלְכְּוָותָא מִתְגָּרִין בְּכוֹן, אִין אִיחֲרוּב הָדֵין בֵּיתָא לֵית מַלְכְּוָּותָא מִתְגָּרִין בְּכוֹן, אָמַר לוֹ רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן הַלֵּב יוֹדֵעַ אִם לַעֲקָל אִם לַעֲקַלְקַלּוֹת. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס לְרַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי שְׁאַל לִי שְׁאֵלָה וַאֲנָא עָבֵיד, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲנָא בָּעֵי דְּתִירְפֵּי הֲדָא מְדִינְתָּא וְתֵיזֵיל לָךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ כְּלוּם אַמְלִיכוּנִי בְּנֵי רוֹמִי דְּנִרְפֵּי לַהֲדָא מְדִינְתָּא. שְׁאַל לִי שְׁאֵלְתָּא וַאֲנָא עָבֵיד. אֲמַר לוֹ בָּעֵי אֲנָא דְּתִרְפֵּי לְפִילֵי מַעַרְבָאָה דְּהִיא אָזְלָא לְלוּד, דְּכָל בַּר דְּנָפֵיק עַד אַרְבָּעָה שָׁעִין יְהֵא לְשֵׁיזָבָא. מִן דִּכְבָשַׁהּ אֲמַר לוֹ אִי אִית לָךְ דִּרְחֵים לָךְ, אוֹ בַּר נָשׁ דְּאַתְּ קָרֵיב לֵיהּ, שְׁלַח וְאַיְתֵיהּ עַד דְּלָא יֵיעֲלוּן אֻכְלוּסַיָא. שָׁלַח לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וּלְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לַאֲפוּקֵי לְרַבִּי צָדוֹק, אָזְלִין וְאַשְׁכְּחוּנֵיהּ בְּבָבָא דִּמְדִינָה, מִן דַּאֲתָא קָם מִן קוֹמוֹי רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס מִן קֳדָם הָדֵין סָבָא צוּתְרָא אַתְּ קָאֵים. אֲמַר לָךְ חַיֶּיךָ אִי הֲוָה חַד דִּכְוָותֵיהּ וַהֲוָה עִמָּךְ אֻכְלוּסִין בְּכִיפְלָא לָא הֲוֵית יָכֵיל כָּבֵישׁ. אֲמַר לוֹ מָה חַיְילֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ דְּאָכֵיל חַד גַּמְזוּז וּפָשֵׁיט עֲלוֹהִי מְאָה פִּרְקִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְמָה חֲשִׁיךְ כֵּן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן חֵילֵיהוֹן דְּצוֹמַיָּיא וְתַעֲנִיתַיָּא. שְׁלַח וְאַיְיתֵי אַסְוָותָא וַהֲווֹ מוֹכְלִין לֵיהּ צִיבְחַר צִיבְחַר, וּמַשְׁקִין לֵיהּ צִיבְחַר צִיבְחַר, עַד דַּהֲדַר גּוּפֵיהּ עֲלוֹי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֶלְעָזָר בְּרֵיהּ, אַבָּא הַב לְהוֹ אַגְרַיְיהוּ בְּעָלְמָא הָדֵין, דְּלָא תֶיהֱוֵי לְהוֹ זְכוּתָא עִמָּךְ בְּעָלְמָא דַּאֲתֵי, וִיהַב לְהוֹ הָדֵין חוּשְׁבְּנָא דְּאֶצְבַּע, וְהָדֵין קַרְצְטָיוֹנָא. מִן דִּכְבָשַׁהּ פָּלֵיג אַרְבַּע טִכְּסַיָּיא לְאַרְבָּעָה דּוּכְסַיָּיא, וְסָלֵיק פִּילֵי מַעַרְבָאָה לְפַנְגַּר, וְגָזְרוּ מִן שְׁמַיָא דְּלָא יִחְרַב לְעוֹלָם, לָמָּה שֶׁשְּׁכִינָה בַּמַּעֲרָב. אִינוּן אַחֲרוּבוּ דִּידְהוֹן הוּא לָא אַחֲרִיב דִּידֵיהּ, שְׁלַח וְאַתְיֵיהּ, אֲמַר לוֹ לָמָּה לָא אַחֲרַבְתְּ דִּידָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַיֶּיךָ לְשִׁבְחָא דְמַלְכוּתָא עֲבָדִית, דְּאִלּוּ חֲרַבְתֵּיהּ לָא הֲוַת יָדְעַת בְּרִיָּה מָה חֲרַבְתְּ, וְכַדּוּ יֶחְזְיָן בְּרִיָּאתָא, אָמְרִין חֲזוּ חֵילֵיהּ דְּאַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס מָה אַחֲרַב. אֲמַר לוֹ דַּיָּיךְ דְּטַבְאוּת אֲמַרְתְּ, אֶלָּא מִן בְּגִין דַּעֲבַרְתְּ עַל קַלְוָונִין דִּידִי, יִסַּק הַהוּא גַבְרָא לְרֵישֵׁיהּ דְּאִיגְרָה וְיִטְרֹף גַּרְמֵיהּ, אִי חָיֵי חָיֵי וְאִי מוּת יְמוּת, סְלִיק וּטְרַף גַרְמֵיהּ וּמִית, וּפָגְעָה בּוֹ קְלָלָה שֶׁל רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי.
“Her adversaries have become the head, her enemies are tranquil, for the Lord has tormented her for her abundant transgressions; her infants are led into captivity before the adversary (Lamentations 1:5).
“Her adversaries have become the head.” Rabbi Hillel ben Rabbi Berekhya said: Anyone who comes to oppress Israel becomes a leader. What is the source? “Her adversaries have become the head.” You find that until Jerusalem was destroyed, there was no province that was at all significant.99No city inhabited by non-Jews in the Land of Israel was significant. When Jerusalem was destroyed, Caesarea became a metropolis and a fortified city.
Another matter, “Her adversaries have become the head,” this is Nebuchadnezzar. “Her enemies are tranquil,” this is Nevuzaradan. Alternatively, “Her adversaries have become the head,” this is Vespasian. “Her enemies are tranquil,” this is Titus. For three-and-a-half years, Vespasian surrounded Jerusalem. There were four governors with him: The governor of Arabia, the governor of Africa, the governor of Alexandria, and the governor of Palestine. Regarding the governor of Arabia, there are two amora’im, one says that his name was Kilus and one said that his name was Pangar. There were four noblemen in Jerusalem: Ben Tzitzit, ben Guryon, ben Nakdimon, and ben Kalba Savua. Each and every one was capable of providing sustenance for the city for ten years. There was also ben Batiaḥ,100Ben Batiaḥ was the leader of the zealots. the son of the sister of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai, who was appointed over the storehouses, and he burned all the storehouses.101The zealots wanted to confront the Romans militarily, and burned the storehouses so that the people would be so desperate that they would have to fight. Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai heard and said ‘woe [vai].’ They went and told ben Batiaḥ: ‘Your uncle said woe.’ He sent and had him brought and said to him: ‘Why did you say woe?’ He said to him: ‘I did not say woe. Rather, I said va.’102This is an exclamation of joy. He said to him: ‘You said va; why did you say va?’ He said: ‘Because you burned all the storehouses, and I said: As long as the storehouses are intact, they will not risk their lives to engage in battle.’ Between vai and va Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai escaped.103He would have been killed if he had been known to have criticized the zealots. They applied to him the verse: “The advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of its possessors” (Ecclesiastes 7:12).
Three days later, Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai went out to walk in the marketplace. He saw that they were boiling straw and drinking its broth. He said: ‘Are people who boil straw and drink its broth capable of standing against Vespasian’s troops?’ He said: ‘The priority is to get me out of here.’ He sent [a message] to ben Batiaḥ saying: ‘Get me out of here.’ [Ben Batiaḥ] said to him: ‘We have agreed among us that no person may emerge from here unless he is dead.’ He said: ‘Get me out in the guise of one who died.’ Rabbi Eliezer carried his [bier] from the head and Rabbi Yehoshua from the feet, and ben Batiaḥ walked before them. When they arrived they sought to stab him.104When they arrived at the gate of the city, the zealots standing guard sought to stab him to ensure that he was, in fact, dead. Ben Batiaḥ said to them: ‘Is that what you want, that they will say that their rabbi died and they stabbed him?’ When he said that to them, they let him go. When they went out of the gate of the wall, they carried him and placed him in a certain tomb and they returned to the city. Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai went to walk among Vespasian’s troops. He said to them: ‘Where is the king?’ They went and said to Vespasian: ‘A certain Jew wishes to inquire after your wellbeing.’ He said to them: ‘Let him come.’ When he came he said: ‘Long live my lord, the emperor.’ He said to him: ‘You greeted me with the greeting of a king, but I do not reign [as king], and if the king will hear of it, he will kill me.’105Literally, “he will kill that man.” Vespasian was referring to himself, as it was considered an act of rebellion to allow oneself to be treated as a king. [Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai] said to him: ‘If you are not [yet] the king, ultimately you will reign, as this Temple will be destroyed only by a king, as it is stated: “The Lebanon will fall by a mighty one”’ (Isaiah 10:34). They took him and placed him behind seven partitions.106They placed him in detention in a place where there was no daylight. They would ask him: ‘What hour of the night is it?’ He would tell them. ‘What hour of the day is it?’ He would tell them. How did Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai know? It was from his studies.107Based on the amount of material that he covered, he was able to calculate the time that elapsed (Etz Yosef).
Three days later, Vespasian went to bathe in the Gafna spring. After he bathed and put on one of his shoes, tidings reached him informing him that Nero had died and that the citizens of Rome had crowned him king. He sought to put on his other shoe, but it did not fit. He sent and had Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai brought and he said to him: ‘Are you not able to tell me? All these days I would wear two shoes and they would fit me, now one fits and one does not fit.’ He said to him: ‘You received good tidings, as it is written: “Good tidings fatten the bone”’ (Proverbs 15:30). He said to him: ‘What shall I do so it will fit?’ He said to him: ‘Is there a person whom you hate or who wronged you? Let him pass before you and your flesh will recede, as it is written: “A depressed spirit dries bones”’ (Proverbs 17:22).
They began telling parables before him: ‘What should one do to a barrel in which a snake has nested?’108Their point was to trap him into admitting that he should have fought against the zealots of Jerusalem. He said to them: ‘One brings a snake charmer, charms the snake, and leaves the barrel intact.’ Pangar said: ‘One kills the snake and breaks the barrel.’ ‘What should one do to a cabinet in which a snake has nested?’ He said to them: ‘One brings a snake charmer, charms the snake, and leaves the cabinet intact.’ Pangar said: ‘One kills the snake and burns the cabinet.’ Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai said to Pangar: ‘All neighbors who perform evil perform it in their own neighborhood. Not only do you fail to plea in our favor, you speak to our detriment.’109Pangar was the governor of Arabia, which is near the Land of Israel. By inciting Vespasian to deal harshly with the Jews, Pangar made it more likely that Vespasian would also deal harshly with Arabia. He said to him: ‘I want only what is best for you. As long as that Temple is intact, the kingdoms will confront you; if that Temple is destroyed, the kingdoms will not confront you.’ Rabban Yoḥanan said to him: ‘The heart knows whether it is constructive [laakal]110Literally, a woven basket. A play on words; literally, for a basket. or crooked [laakalkalot].’111This phrase literally means “whether it is for a woven basket [laakal] or crooked [laakalkalot].” This was a common expression based on the play of words, and simply means the heart knows its real intent.
Vespasian said to Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai: ‘Make a request and I will grant it.’ He said to him: ‘I request that you leave this city and go on your way.’ He said to him: ‘Did the citizens of Rome crown me so I would leave this city? Make a [different] request and I will grant it.’ He said to him: ‘I request that you leave the gate of the western gate, which points toward Lod, so that anyone who emerges for four hours will be saved.’ After [Vespasian] conquered it, he said to him: ‘If you have someone who is beloved to you or someone with whom you are close, send and bring him before the soldiers enter.’ He sent to Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua to take out Rabbi Tzadok. They went and found him at the city gate. When he came, Rabban Yoḥanan stood before him. Vespasian said to him: ‘You stand before this repulsive old man?’ He said to him: ‘By your life, if there was another like him, and you had double the [number of your] soldiers, you would not be able to conquer [the city.’ He said to him: ‘What is his strength?’ He said to him: ‘He eats one gamzuz112A fruit similar to a fig (Arukh). and from it studies one hundred chapters.’ He said to him: ‘Why is he so emaciated?’ He said to him: ‘It is due to the effects of fasts and abstinences.’ [Vespasian] sent and brought physicians and they would feed him a little at a time and would give him to drink a little at a time, until his body was restored [to good health]. Elazar, his son,113The son of Rabbi Tzadok. said to him: ‘Father, give them their reward in this world, so that they will have no merit with you in the World to Come.’ He gave them [a method for] mathematical calculations with fingers114This was a method of using the fingers to aid in easy computations of multiplication tables from six to nine (Yefei Anaf). and scales.115He introduced to them a new type of scale for weighing.
After he conquered it, he distributed the four sides to the four governors. The western gate was in the portion of Pangar. It was decreed from Heaven that it would never be destroyed. Why? Because the Divine Presence is in the west. They destroyed theirs, he did not destroy his. [Vespasian] sent and had him brought and said to him: ‘Why did you not destroy yours?’ He said to him: ‘By your life, I did so for the glory of the kingdom. Had I destroyed it, people would not know what you destroyed. When the people will see [the remaining wall], they will say: Look at the power of Vespasian, what he destroyed.’ He said to him: ‘By your life, you have spoken well; however, because you violated my command, that man116The reference is to Pangar himself. will ascend to the roof and cast himself from it. If he lives, he lives; if he dies, he dies.’ He ascended, cast himself, and died. The curse of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai came upon him.117Rabban Yoḥanan had implied that if Pangar’s intentions were malicious toward the Jews, he should be cursed.
כִּי ה' הוֹגָה עַל רֹב פְּשָׁעֶיהָ, יָכוֹל עַל מַגָּן, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר עַל רֹב פְּשָׁעֶיהָ. עוֹלָלֶיהָ הָלְכוּ שְׁבִי לִפְנֵי צָר, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֹּאוּ רְאוּ כַּמָּה חֲבִיבִין תִּינוֹקוֹת [נ"א לפני הקדוש ברוך הוא], גָּלְתָה סַנְהֶדְּרִין וְלֹא גָלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, גָּלוּ מִשְׁמָרוֹת, וְלֹא גָּלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ תִּינוֹקוֹת גָּלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: עוֹלָלֶיהָ הָלְכוּ שְׁבִי לִפְנֵי צָר, מִיָּד.
“For the Lord has tormented her for her abundant transgressions.” Is it, perhaps, for nothing? The verse states: “For her abundant transgressions.” “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary,” Rabbi Yehuda said: Come and see how dear children are <before the holy one blessed be he>. The Sanhedrin was exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. The priestly watches were exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. When the children were exiled, the Divine Presence was exiled with them. That is what is written: “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary.” Immediately,118This is meant to be read together with the next section.
וַיֵּצֵא מִבַּת צִיּוֹן, מִן בַּת כְּתִיב, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא יֵשׁ לָנוּ מָנָה אַחַת יָפָה, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (תהלים טז, ה): ה' מְנָת חֶלְקִי וְכוֹסִי. כָּל הֲדָרָהּ, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קד, א): הוֹד וְהָדָר לָבָשְׁתָּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּל הֲדָרָהּ, זוֹ סַנְהֶדְרִין, דִּכְתִיב (משלי לא, כה): עֹז וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּל הֲדָרָהּ, אֵלּוּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא יט, לב): מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּל הֲדָרָהּ, אֵלּוּ הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת, דִּכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב כ, כא): וּמְהַלְּלִים לְהַדְרַת קֹדֶשׁ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּל הֲדָרָהּ, אֵלּוּ הַתִּינוֹקוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֹּא וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה חֲבִיבִין תִּינוֹקוֹת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, גָּלְתָה סַנְהֶדְרִין וְלֹא גָּלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, גָּלוּ מִשְׁמָרוֹת וְלֹא גָּלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ תִּינוֹקוֹת גָּלְתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: עוֹלָלֶיהָ הָלְכוּ שְׁבִי לִפְנֵי צָר. מִיָּד וַיֵּצֵא מִבַּת צִיּוֹן כָּל הֲדָרָהּ. הָיוּ שָׂרֶיהָ כְּאַיָּלִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה כְּשֶׁהֵן רַכִּים מְשׁוּלִים כִּכְבָשִׂים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ה, יז): וְרָעוּ כְבָשִׂים כְּדָבְרָם. וּכְשֶׁהֵן קָשִׁים מְשׁוּלִין כְּאַיָּלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הָיוּ שָׂרֶיהָ כְּאַיָּלִים. רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מָה אַיָּלִים הַלָּלוּ בִּשְׁעַת שָׁרָב הוֹפְכִין פְּנֵיהֶם אֵלּוּ תַּחַת אֵלּוּ, כָּךְ הָיוּ גְּדוֹלֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל רוֹאִין דְּבַר עֲבֵרָה וְהוֹפְכִין פְּנֵיהֶם מִמֶּנּוּ, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תָּבֹא שָׁעָה וַאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לָכֶם כֵּן. וַיֵּלְכוּ בְלֹא כֹחַ לִפְנֵי רוֹדֵף, רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר בִּזְּמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם מוֹסִיפִין כֹּחַ בִּגְּבוּרָה שֶׁל מַעְלָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים ס, יד): בֵּאלֹהִים נַעֲשֶׂה חָיִל. וּבִזְּמַן שֶׁאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם, כִּבְיָכוֹל מַתִּישִׁין כֹּחַ גָּדוֹל שֶׁל מַעְלָן, דִּכְתִיב (דברים לב, יח): צוּר יְלָדְךָ תֶּשִּׁי. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּרַבִּי טַרְפוֹן בִּזְּמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מוֹסִיפִין כֹּחַ בִּגְּבוּרָה שֶׁל מַעְלָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (במדבר יד, יז): וְעַתָּה יִגְדַל נָא כֹּחַ ה'. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כִּבְיָכוֹל, מַתִּישִׁין כֹּחַ גָּדוֹל שֶׁל מַעְלָן, וְהוֹלְכִין גַּם הֵם בְלֹא כֹחַ לִפְנֵי רוֹדֵף. רַבִּי הוּנָא וְרַבִּי אַחָא וְרַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ, וְרַבָּנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, הָיָה אָדָם אוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, הַקְרֵנִי דַּף אֶחָד, וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ אֵין בִּי כֹחַ. הַשְׁנֵנִי פֶּרֶק אֶחָד, אוֹמֵר לוֹ אֵין בִּי כֹּחַ. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תָּבוֹא לָכֶם שָׁעָה וַאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לָכֶם כָּךְ, וַיֵּלְכוּ בְלֹא כֹחַ לִפְנֵי רוֹדֵף. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁלֹא גָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא בְּרוֹדֵף מָלֵא, כָּךְ אֵינָן נִגְאָלִין אֶלָּא בְּגוֹאֵל מָלֵא, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נט, כ): וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל מָלֵא כְּתִיב.
“Gone from the daughter of Zion is all her splendor. Her princes are like deer that have not found pasture; they went powerless before the pursuer” (Lamentations 1:6)
“Gone from the daughter [mibat] of Zion.” Min bat is written. Rabbi Aḥa said: We have one fine portion; that is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is written in His regard: “The Lord is my lot [menat ḥelki] and my portion” (Psalms 16:5). “All its splendor,” this is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “You are clothed in glory and splendor” (Psalms 104:1).119Thus, when the children were exiled (Lamentations 1:5), God was exiled too, as it were, as implied in Lamentations 1:6. Alternatively, “all its splendor,” this is the Sanhedrin, as it is written: “Might and splendor are her garments” (Proverbs 31:25).120This is stated regarding the Torah. Since it is the Sanhedrin who interpret the Torah and translates it into practical terms, they are the ones who clothe Torah in glory and splendor. The term splendor in Lamentations can therefore also be interpreted as referring to the Sanhedrin. Alternatively, “all its splendor [hadarah],” these are Torah scholars, as it is written: “You shall rise before the aged and honor [vehadarta] the presence of a sage” (Leviticus 19:32). Alternatively, “all its splendor,” these are the priestly watches, as it is written: “Praising with the splendor of holiness” (II Chronicles 20:21).
Alternatively, “all its splendor,” these are the children. Rabbi Yehuda said: Come and see how dear children are before the Holy One blessed be He. The Sanhedrin was exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. The priestly watches were exiled, but the Divine Presence was not exiled with them. When the children were exiled, the Divine Presence was exiled with them. That is what is written: “Her infants are led into captivity before the adversary.” Immediately, “gone from the daughter of Zion is all her splendor.”
“Her princes are like deer [that have not found pasture].”121Pasture is typically associated with sheep, not deer. Rabbi Yehuda said: When they are soft they are likened to sheep, as it is stated: “The sheep will graze as in their pasture” (Isaiah 5:17). When they are rigid they are likened to deer, as it is stated: “Her princes are like deer.”
Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Abba and Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua [said]: Just as these deer turn their faces away from one another during a heat wave,122They race directly to a water source with no consideration for any other deer. so too the prominent among Israel would see a matter of transgression and would turn their faces away from it. The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘A time will come when I will do so to you.’
“They went powerless before the pursuer.” Rabbi Azarya said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon: When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, they add strength to the power on high, just as it says: “With God we will triumph” (Psalms 60:14). When Israel does not perform the will of the Omnipresent, they, as it were, exhaust the great power on high, as it is written: “You abandoned the Rock that begot you” (Deuteronomy 32:18). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Rabbi Tarfon: When Israel performs the will of the Holy One blessed be He, they add strength to the power on high, just as it says: “Now, please, let the power of the Lord be great” (Numbers 14:17). When Israel does not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, they, as it were, exhaust the great power on high, and they, too, go “powerless before the pursuer.”
Rabbi Huna, Rabbi Aḥa, and Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, and the Rabbis in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: A person would say to his counterpart in Jerusalem: ‘Read one Bible column to me,’ and he would say to him: ‘I do not have the strength.’ ‘Teach me one chapter of Mishna,” and he would say to him: ‘I do not have the strength.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘A time will come and I will do so to you.’
“They went powerless before the pursuer [rodef].” Rabbi Aḥa said: Just as Israel was exiled only by a full-fledged pursuer, so, they will be redeemed only with a full-fledged redeemer, as it is written: “A redeemer [goel] will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20), it is written full.123The Hebrew word is written with a vav, just as the word rodef in the verse in Lamentations is written with a vav, despite the fact that both could have been written without the vav.
זָכְרָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם יְמֵי עָנְיָהּ וּמְרוּדֶיהָ, בִּימֵי עֲנִיּוּתָהּ זָכְרָה מְרָדִין שֶׁמָּרְדָה בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. כֹּל מַחֲמֻדֶיהָ, אֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים יט, יא): הַנֶּחֱמָדִים מִזָּהָב וּמִפַּז רָב. בִּנְפֹל עַמָּהּ בְּיַד צָר, רַבָּנָן דְּהָתָם אָמְרִין נְפִיל תּוֹרָא סַגִּין טַבָּחוֹי. וְרַבָּנָן דְּהָכָא אָמְרִין נְפַל תּוֹרָא תְּחַדְּדָן סַכִּינוֹהִי. וְאֵין עוֹזֵר לָהּ. רַבָּנָן דְּהָתָם אָמְרִין כַּד תִּסְפּוּן כַּלָּה מִדְכְּרָא שִׁבְעָה יוֹמִין דְּמִשְׁתּוֹתָא. וְרַבָּנָן דְּהָכָא אָמְרִין כַּד יְחוּפֶה בְּרָא מִדְכַּר שַׁלְוָתָא דְּבֵיתֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּי. רָאוּהָ צָרִים שָׂחֲקוּ עַל מִשְׁבַּתֶּהָ, עַל שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות כ, ח): זָכוֹר אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל מִשְׁבַּתֶּהָ, עַל שְׁמִטּוֹתֶיהָ, כְּמָה דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (ויקרא כה, ד): וּבַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל מִשְׁבַּתֶּהָ, זֶה רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי שֶׁשָּׁבַת מִתּוֹכָהּ.
“Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and her wretchedness, all her delights that she had from the days of old; with the fall of her people into the hand of the adversary, with no one helping her, the adversaries saw her, mocked her over her deficiencies” (Lamentations 1:7).
“Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and her wretchedness.” In the days of her affliction, she remembered the rebellions that she rebelled against the Holy One blessed be He. “All her delights [maḥamudeha],” these are words of Torah, just as it says: “They are more desirable [haneḥemadim] than gold, than much fine gold” (Psalms 19:11).
“With the fall of her people into the hand of the adversary,” the Rabbis there124In Babylon. say: When a bull falls its slaughterers are many. The Rabbis here125In Israel. say: When a bull falls, sharpen the knives.126These are expressions that were common in Babylon or the Land of Israel. The point is that when one is weak and vulnerable, it is much more common for people to rush to take advantage of that weakness than to provide protection.
“With no one helping her.” The Rabbis there say: When you insult a bride, she remembers the seven days of rejoicing. The Rabbis here say: When a son goes barefoot, he remembers the tranquility of his father’s home.127Similarly, when the residents of Jerusalem were suffering, they thought back to the comforts of earlier times.
“The adversaries saw her, mocked her over he deficiencies [mishbateha],” over her Shabbatot, just as it says: “Remember the Shabbat day to sanctify it” (Exodus 20:8).128The midrash interprets the verse as saying that the gentiles mocked the Jews for the fact that they observed Shabbat, and attempted to coerce them to violate Shabbat (Etz Yosef). Alternatively, “over her deficiencies [mishbateha],” over her Sabbatical years [shemitoteha], just as it says: “In the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest [for the land]” (Leviticus 25:4). Alternatively, “over her deficiencies [mishbateha],” this is Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai, who ceased [sheshavat] to be in her.129The midrash interprets the phrase “mocked [saḥaku] it over its deficiencies [mishbateha]” to mean that they rejoiced [saḥaku] over he who ceased [sheshavat] to be in it. When they saw that Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakai left the city, they knew that it would be conquered (Etz Yosef).
חֵטְא חָטְאָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם, אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֵינָן חוֹטְאִים, אֶלָּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחוֹטְאִין אֵינָן כְּלוּם, אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל חָטְאוּ וְלָקוּ, עַל כֵּן לְנִידָה הָיָתָה, לְטִלְטוּל הָיָתָה. כָּל מְכַבְּדֶיהָ הִזִּילוּהָ כִּי רָאוּ עֶרְוָתָהּ גַּם הִיא נֶאֶנְחָה וַתָּשָׁב אָחוֹר, אָחוֹר מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה, אָחוֹר מִן הַמַּלְכוּת.
“Jerusalem has committed a sin, therefore she has become a pariah. All who honored her demean her because they have seen her nakedness. She, too, sighed and turned back” (Lamentations 1:8).
“Jerusalem has committed a sin.” Do the nations of the world not sin? Rather, even though they sin, it is nothing.130They are not held to account as severely as Israel. This is due to Israel’s elevated status and its covenant with God. However, Israel sinned and was punished. “Therefore she has become a pariah [lenida],” she has become itinerant.131Nad, means wandering, itinerant. “All who honored her demean her because they have seen her nakedness. She, too, sighed and turned back,” back from the priesthood, back from kingship.
טֻמְאָתָהּ בְּשׁוּלֶיהָ, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא, כָּל אוֹתָם הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁשִּׁמְשׁוּ בִּימֵי צִדְקִיָה עֲרֵלִים הָיוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל מד, ז): בַּהֲבִיאֲכֶם בְּנֵי נֵכָר עַרְלֵי לֵב וְעַרְלֵי בָשָׂר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טֻמְאָתָהּ בְּשׁוּלֶיהָ, בְּשִׁפּוּלֶיהָ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות כח, לד): עַל שׁוּלֵי הַמְּעִיל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טֻמְאָתָהּ בְּשׁוּלֶיהָ, כְּהַהוּא דִּתְנַן מָקוֹם הָיָה לְמַטָּה מִירוּשָׁלַיִם תֹּפֶת שְׁמוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר עַל שׁוּם תָּפְתֶּה דַּהֲוָה בֵּיהּ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר חֲלִיתָא דְּבַר הִינוֹם. צֶלֶם חָלוּל הָיָה שָׁם נָתוּן לִפְנִים מִשִּׁבְעָה קַנְקַלִּים, וְטַס שֶׁל נְחשֶׁת בְּיָדוֹ, וְכִירָה הָיְתָה נְתוּנָה עַל גַּבּוֹי, וְכָל מִי שֶׁהָיָה מַקְרִיב סֹלֶת פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ אֶחָד. תּוֹרִין וּבְנֵי יוֹנָה, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ שְׁנַיִם. כֶּבֶשׂ, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ שְׁלשָׁה. אַיִל, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ אַרְבָּעָה. עֵגֶל, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה. שׁוֹר, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ שִׁשָּׁה. וְכָל מִי שֶׁהָיָה מַקְרִיב בְּנוֹ, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ שִׁבְעָה. וְנוֹתְנִין אוֹתוֹ לְתוֹךְ טַס שֶׁל נְחשֶׁת, וּמַסִּיקִין אֶת הַכִּירָה תַּחְתָּיו, וְהָיוּ מְקַלְּסִין לְפָנָיו וְאוֹמְרִין לוֹ יֶעֱרַב לָךְ וִיבֻסַּם לָךְ, וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ נַהֲמַת בְּנֵיהֶם וְיַחְזְרוּ בָּהֶן. הֲוָה כּוּמְרָא אָתֵי לְגַבֵּי בַּר נָּשׁ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן בְּגִין דַּאֲמַר לִי צֶלֶם פְּלַן, מִכָּל בְּנַיָא דְּאִית לָךְ לֵית אַתְּ בָּעֵי לְקָרָבָא חַד מִנַּיְיהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְכִי בִּרְשׁוּתִי אִינוּן, חַד בִּדְהַב, חַד בְּכֶסֶף, חַד בְּעָנָא, חַד בִּבְקָרוּתָא. אָמַר לוֹ הַמְתֵּן לִי, רָאִיתָ לִי חַד זְעֵיר בְּבֵית סִפְרָא, כַּד אָתֵי אֲנָא יָהֵיב לֵיהּ לָךְ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רְעִיעַ, מִכָּל בְּנִין דְּאִית לָךְ, לָא הֲוָה לָךְ לְהַפִּילוֹ לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אֶלָּא זֶה שֶׁמְּקֻדָּשׁ לִשְׁמִי. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּרַבִּי סִמוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי בֶּן פְּרָטָא לְמַטְרוֹנָה שֶׁאָמַר לָהּ אוֹהֲבָהּ עֲשִׂי לִי חַמִּין, וְנָטְלָה לוּרְטִיָּא שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ וְעָשְׂתָה לוֹ חַמִּין. אָמַר לָהּ הַמֶּלֶךְ מִכָּל עֵצִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִיךְ בְּבַיִת זֶה לֹא הָיָה לִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת חַמִּין לְאוֹהֲבֵךְ אֶלָּא בְּלוּרְטִיָּא שֶׁלִּי, כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע, מִכָּל בָּנִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְךָ לֹא הָיָה לְךָ לְהַפִּילוֹ לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אֶלָּא זֶה שֶׁמְּקֻדָּשׁ לִשְׁמִי. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל טז, כ): וַתִּקְחִי אֶת בָּנַיִךְ וגו', אַף עַל פִּי כֵן וַתֵּרֶד פְּלָאִים, נָחֲתָה לָהּ לְנִסְיוֹנִין.
“Her impurity is on her hems, she had not considered her end; she has declined extraordinarily, there is no one to comfort her. See, Lord, my affliction, for the enemy has expanded” (Lamentations 1:9).
“Her impurity is on her hems.” Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Kahana: All the priests who served during the reign of Zedekiah were uncircumcised.132This is the impurity to which the verse alludes. That is what is written: “As you brought strangers uncircumcised of heart and uncircumcised of flesh” (Ezekiel 44:7).
Another matter, “Her impurity is on her hems [beshuleha],” in her lower reaches [shipuleha], just as it says: “At the hems of the robe” (Exodus 28:34). Alternatively, “her impurity is on her hems,” like what we learned: There was a place below Jerusalem, Tofet was its name. Rabbi Yehuda says: It is so named due to the inferno that was in it. Rabbi Yosei said: The Valley of ben Hinom. There was a hollow idol there that was placed behind seven partitions. There was a bronze tray in its hand and there was a stove placed upon it. For anyone who would sacrifice fine flour, they would open one [partition] for him; pigeons and turtledoves, they would open two for him; a sheep, they would open three for him; a ram, they would open four for him; a calf, they would open five for him; a bull, they would open six for him; and for anyone who would sacrifice his son, they would open seven for him. They would place him into the bronze tray and ignite the stove beneath him. They would laud before him and say to him: ‘May it be pleasant for you and sweet for you.’ Why to that extent?133Why did they loudly sing the praises of the idol? So they would not hear the moaning of their sons and change their minds.
The priest came to a man and said to him: ‘[I have come] because such and such idol said to me: With all the sons that you have, do you not wish to sacrifice one of them?’ [The man] said to him: ‘Are there in my control? One is working in gold, one in silver, one in flocks, and one in cattle.’ He [then] said to him: ‘Wait, did you see that I have a small son, in school? When he comes I will give him to you.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Wicked one, of all the sons that you have, did you need to cast to the idol the one who is devoted to My name?’134The young son was studying Torah in school.
Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Perata: [This is analogous] to a noblewoman whose lover said to her: ‘Prepare hot water for me.’ She took the king’s wreath135A wreath given by the king as a sign of honor. She used this to fuel the fire to heat the water. and prepared hot water for him. The king said to her: ‘Of all the wood that you have in this house, did you need to heat water for your lover only in my tub?’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said to that wicked one: ‘Of all the sons that you have, did you need to cast to the idol the one who is devoted to My name?’ That is what is written: “You took your sons…[and these you slaughtered for them to devour]” (Ezekiel 16:20). “She has declined extraordinarily,” she descended to ordeals.
כַּד דְּמַךְ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מִמִּלְחַיָא סְלִיק רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ לִגְמִילוּת חִסְדָּא וּסְלִיק עִמְהוֹן רַבִּי יִצְחָק פְּסָאקָא, וַהֲוָה תַּמָּן חַד סַב בָּעֵי לְמֵיעַל וּמִיפְתַּח עֲלוֹי וְלָא שַׁבְקוּנֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יִצְחָק פְּסָאקָא קֳדָם אִילֵין אַרְיְוָתָא דְאוֹרָיְיתָא אַתְּ פְּתַח פּוּמָךְ, אֲמַר לְהוֹ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן שַׁבְקוּנֵיהּ דְּהוּא גְּבַר סָב, יֵיעוּל וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח בְּאַתְרֵיהּ. עָאל וּפְתַח וַאֲמַר מָצִינוּ שֶׁסִּלּוּקָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יוֹתֵר מִמֵּאָה תּוֹכָחוֹת חָסֵר שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁבְּמִשְׁנֶה תּוֹרָה, וּמֵחֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. בַּתּוֹכָחוֹת כְּתִיב (דברים כח, נט): וְהִפְלָא ה' אֶת מַכֹּתְךָ. וּבְחֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּתִיב: וַתֵּרֶד פְּלָאִים. אֲבָל בְּסִילוּקָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים כְּתִיב (ישעיה כט, יד): לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר ה' הִנְנִי יוֹסִף לְהַפְלִיא אֶת הָעָם הַזֶּה הַפְלֵא וָפֶלֶא. וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה (ישעיה כט, יד): וְאָבְדָה חָכְמַת חֲכָמָיו וּבִינַת נְבֹנָיו תִּסְתַּתָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק פְּסָאקָא יֶהֱוֵי דֵין גַּבְרָא בְּרִיךְ פּוּמֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אִלּוּ לָא שְׁבַקְתּוּנֵיהּ מְנָן הֲוֵינָן שָׁמְעִין דָּא מַרְגָּלִיתָא. וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: רְאֵה ה' אֶת עָנְיִי כִּי הִגְדִּיל אוֹיֵב. (תהלים קיט, פה): כָּרוּ לִי זֵדִים שִׁיחוֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר תַּרְתֵּי כְּתִיב (דברים כב, ו): לֹא תִקַּח הָאֵם עַל הַבָּנִים, וְכָאן (הושע י, יד): אֵם עַל בָּנִים רֻטָּשָׁה, הֱוֵי: אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אֲמַר אֲחוֹרֵי, כְּתִיב (ירמיה ט, כ): לְהַכְרִית עוֹלָל מִחוּץ, וְלֹא מִבָּתֵּי כְנֵסִיּוֹת. בַּחוּרִים מֵרְחֹבוֹת, וְלֹא מִבָּתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת. וְכָאן אַף אֱלֹהִים עָלָה בָהֶם וגו', הֱוֵי: אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אֲמַר תַּרְתֵּי כְּתִיב (ויקרא כב, כח): וְשׁוֹר אוֹ שֶׂה אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ לֹא תִשְׁחֲטוּ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, וְכָאן נֶהֶרְגוּ בֵּן וְאֵם בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע י, יד): אֵם עַל בָּנִים רֻטָּשָׁה. הֱוֵי: אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אֲמַר אֲחוֹרֵי, כְּתִיב (ויקרא יז, יג): אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד צֵיד חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף וְכִסָּהוּ בֶּעָפָר, וְכָאן (תהלים עט, ג): שָׁפְכוּ דָּמָם כַּמַּיִם סְבִיבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וְאֵין קוֹבֵר, הֱוֵי: אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם לַחֲמוֹרִים נָתַתָּ קְבוּרָה, וּלְבָנֶיךָ לֹא נָתַתָּ קְבוּרָה. לַחֲמוֹרִים נָתַתָּ קְבוּרָה, אֵלּוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל כג, כ): אֲשֶׁר בְּשַׂר חֲמוֹרִים בְּשָׂרָם. וְאָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה הַיָּם זוֹרְקָן לַיַּבָּשָׁה, וְיַבָּשָׁה זוֹרְקָן לַיָּם, יָם אוֹמֵר לַיַּבָּשָׁה קַבְּלִי אֻכְלוּסַיִךְ, וְיַבָּשָׁה אוֹמֶרֶת לַיָּם קַבְּלִי אֻכְלוּסַיִךְ, אָמְרָה יַבָּשָׁה וּמָה אִם בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁלֹא קִבַּלְתִּי אֶלָּא דָּמוֹ שֶׁל הֶבֶל נֶאֱמַר בִּי (בראשית ג, יז): אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה, הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי יְכוֹלָה לְקַבֵּל דַּם כָּל הֶהָמוֹן הַזֶּה, עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַעֲמִידָהּ בַּדִּין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות טו, יב): נָטִיתָ יְמִינְךָ תִּבְלָעֵמוֹ אָרֶץ, וְאֵין יָמִין אֶלָּא שְׁבוּעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סב, ח): נִשְׁבַּע ה' בִּימִינוֹ. וּלְעַמְּךָ לֹא נָתַתָּ קְבוּרָה, הֱוֵי: אֲשֶׁר לֹא כְתוֹרָתֶךָ.
When Rabbi Yosei of Milḥaya died, Rabbi Yoḥanan and Reish Lakish went up to perform an act of kindness136They went to participate in the funeral. and Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka went up with them. There was a certain elder there who sought to ascend and begin eulogizing him, but they did not allow him to do so. Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka said to him: ‘Before these lions of Torah you open your mouth?’ Rabbi Yoḥanan said to them: ‘Leave him, as he is an elder. Let him ascend and be honored in his place.’137Since he is an elder and a local, let him deliver the first eulogy. He ascended, began, and said: ‘We find that the departure of the righteous is more difficult before the Holy One blessed be He than the ninety-eight rebukes in Mishne Torah138This is a reference to the book of Deuteronomy. The reference is to the warnings of punishment in Deuteronomy 28:15–68. and the destruction of the Temple. In the rebukes it is written: “The Lord will render your blows extraordinary [vehifla]” (Deuteronomy 28:59).139The Lord will strike you with extraordinary blows. Regarding the destruction of the Temple it is written: “She has declined extraordinarily [pela’im].” However, regarding the departure of the righteous it is written: “Therefore, behold, I will continue to bewilder [lehafli] this people, bewilderment [hafleh] upon bewilderment [vafeleh]” (Isaiah 29:14). Why to that extent? “The wisdom of her wise will be lost and the understanding of her men of understanding will be concealed” (Isaiah 29:14).’ Rabbi Yitzḥak Pesaka said: ‘May the mouth of this man be blessed.’ Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: ‘Had we not allowed him, from where would we have heard this pearl?’
The Divine Spirit was shouting and saying: “See, Lord, my affliction, for the enemy has expanded.”140The midrash has returned to explicating the verse in Lamentations 1:8. The point is that the first part of the verse is a description of what has happened, whereas the phrase “see, Lord…” is the prophet, influenced by the Divine Spirit, calling out to God. “Evildoers dig pits for me that do not accord with Your Torah” (Psalms 119:85). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said two [examples]: It is written: “Do not take the mother with the young” (Deuteronomy 22:6), and here: “A mother was torn apart with her children” (Hosea 10:14);141The Torah prohibits trapping the mother bird while she is with her young, but the enemies attacked mothers in the presence of their children. that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said another: It is written: “To eradicate an infant from the street” (Jeremiah 9:20), but not from the synagogues; “young men from the squares” (Jeremiah 9:20), but not from the study halls. But here, “the wrath of the Lord arose against them…[He struck down the young warriors among them]” (Psalms 78:31);142The “young warriors” refers to those involved in the study of Torah. At times the debate of matters of halakha in the course of study is compared to war (see, e.g., Megilla 15b). Alternatively, some suggest that the correct version of the text is as cited in Yalkut Shimoni, Tehillim 877, which provides a different prooftext: “Who slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary” (II Chronicles 36:17) (Rabbi David Luria; Etz Yosef). that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said two [examples]: It is written: “An ox or a sheep, it and its offspring you shall not slaughter on one day” (Leviticus 22:28), but here, child and mother were killed on one day, as it is stated: “A mother was torn apart with her children” (Hosea 10:14); that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said another: It is written: “Who will hunt game of a beast…he shall [pour out its blood and] cover it with dirt” (Leviticus 17:13). But here, “They spilled their blood like water around Jerusalem, and there was no one to bury them” (Psalms 79:3); that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
Rabbi Berekhya said: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, You afforded burial to donkeys, but to Your children You did not afford burial.’ You afforded burial to donkeys, these are the Egyptians. That is what is written: “Whose flesh is the flesh of donkeys” (Ezekiel 23:20). And Rabbi Berekhya said: Because the sea would cast them to the dry land and the dry land cast them to the sea. The sea said to the dry land: ‘Accept your people,’ and the dry land said to the sea: ‘Accept your people.’ The dry land said: ‘If when I accepted only Abel’s blood, it is stated in my regard: “Cursed is the land” (Genesis 3:17), how can I accept the blood of this entire multitude?’ [This continued] until the Holy One blessed be He took an oath to it that He would not place it on trial. That is what is written: “You extended Your right hand; the earth swallowed them” (Exodus 15:12). The right hand is nothing other than an oath, as it is stated: “The Lord took an oath by His right hand” (Isaiah 62:8). But to your people, you did not afford burial, that is, “that do not accord with Your Torah.”
יָדוֹ פָּרַשׂ צָר, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ שׂוֹנְאִים לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִכְנְסוּ עַמּוֹנִים וּמוֹאָבִים עִמָּהֶם, וְהָיוּ הַכֹּל רָצִין לָבֹז כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב, וְעַמּוֹנִים וּמוֹאָבִים רָצִין לָבֹז אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, כְּדֵי לַעֲקֹר (דברים כג, ד): לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל ה'. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי בַּר פְּרָטָא לִדְלֵיקָה שֶׁנָּפְלָה לְתוֹךְ פָּלָטִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, וְהָיוּ הַכֹּל רָצִין לָבֹז כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב, וְעֶבֶד רָץ לָבֹז אֶת אוֹנִיתוֹ. כָּךְ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ שׂוֹנְאִים לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִכְנְסוּ עַמּוֹנִים וּמוֹאָבִים עִמָּהֶם, וְהָיוּ הַכֹּל רָצִין לָבֹז כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב, וְעַמּוֹנִים וּמוֹאָבִים רָצִין לָבֹז אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, כְּדֵי לַעֲקֹר לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל ה'. אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים טוֹבִים הֵיטִיב אַבְרָהָם לְלוֹט, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יב, ד): וַיֵּלֶךְ אַבְרָם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֵלָיו ה' וַיֵּלֶךְ אִתּוֹ לוֹט. וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית יג, ה): וְגַם לְלוֹט הַהֹלֵךְ אֶת אַבְרָם וגו'. וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית יד, טז): וַיָּשֶׁב אֵת כָּל הָרְכֻשׁ וגו'. וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית יט, כט): וַיְהִי בְּשַׁחֵת אֱלֹהִים אֶת עָרֵי הַכִּכָּר וגו'. וְכָךְ הָיוּ צְרִיכִין לִפְרֹעַ לָהֶם טוֹבוֹת, אֶלָּא שֶׁעָשׂוּ לָהֶם רָעוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר כב, ה): וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים אֶל בִּלְעָם וגו'. (במדבר כב, ה): וְעַתָּה לְכָה נָא אָרָה לִי וגו'. וַיֵּלְכוּ זִקְנֵי מוֹאָב וְזִקְנֵי מִדְיָן וגו'. (שופטים ג, יג): וַיֶּאֱסֹף אֵלָיו אֶת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן וגו'. (דברי הימים ב כ, א): וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי כֵן בָּאוּ בְנֵי מוֹאָב וּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן וְעִמָּהֶם מֵהָעַמּוֹנִים עַל יְהוֹשָׁפָט. וְהָדֵין יָדוֹ פָּרַשׂ צָר וגו'. וּכְנֶגְדָן נִכְתְּבָה חַטָּיָא שֶׁלָּהֶם בְּאַרְבָּעָה מְקוֹמוֹת (דברים כג, ד ה): לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי וגו'. עַל דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם וגו'. (מיכה ו, ה): עַמִּי זְכָר נָא מַה יָּעַץ בָּלָק וגו'. (נחמיה יג, ב): כִּי לֹא קִדְמוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמָּיִם וַיִּשְכֹּר עָלָיו אֶת בִּלְעָם לְקַלְּלוֹ. (יהושע כד, ט): וַיִּשְׁלַח וַיִּקְרָא לְבִלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר לְקַלֵּל אֶתְכֶם. וּכְנֶגְדָן עָמְדוּ אַרְבָּעָה נְבִיאִים וְחָתְמוּ עֲלֵיהֶם גְּזַר דִּינָם, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: יְשַׁעְיָה, יִרְמְיָה, יְחֶזְקֵאל וּצְפַנְיָה. יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה טו, א): מַשָֹּׂא מוֹאָב כִּי בְּלֵיל שֻׁדַּד עָר מוֹאָב נִדְמָה כִּי בְּלֵיל שֻׁדַּד קִיר מוֹאָב נִדְמָה. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר (ירמיה מט, ב): הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים נְאֻם ה' וְהִשְׁמַעְתִּי אֶל רַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן תְּרוּעַת מִלְחָמָה וְהָיְתָה לְתֵל שְׁמָמָה וּבְנֹתֶיהָ בָּאֵשׁ תִּצַתְנָה וְיָרַשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת יֹרְשָׁיו אָמַר ה'. יְחֶזְקֵאל אָמַר (יחזקאל כה, י): לִבְנֵי קֶדֶם עַל בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן וּנְתַתִּיהָ לְמוֹרָשָׁה לְמַעַן לֹא תִזָּכֵר בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן בַּגּוֹיִם. וּכְתִיב (יחזקאל כה, י): וּבְמוֹאָב אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפָטִים וְיֵדְעוּ כִּי אֲנִי ה'. צְפַנְיָה אָמַר (צפניה ב, ט): לָכֵן חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' צְבָאוֹת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מוֹאָב כִּסְדֹם תִּהְיֶה וּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן כַּעֲמֹרָה מִמְשַׁק חָרוּל וּמִכְרֵה מֶלַח וּשְׁמָמָה עַד עוֹלָם שְׁאֵרִית עַמִּי יְבָזּוּם וְיֶתֶר גּוֹיִ יִנְחָלוּם.
“The adversary extended his hand over all her delights; for she saw the nations entering her Sanctuary, whom You had commanded that they should not enter Your assembly” (Lamentations 1:10).
“The adversary extended his hand.” You find that when the enemies entered the Temple, Amonites and Moavites entered with them. Everyone was running to plunder silver and gold, and the Amonites and Moavites were running to plunder the Torah, in order to remove “An Amonite and Moavite shall not enter the assembly of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:4). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi ben Perata: This is analogous to a conflagration that was ignited in a king’s palace. Everyone was running to plunder the silver and the gold while a slave ran to plunder his writ of servitude. So too, when the enemies entered the Temple, Amonites and Moavites entered with them. Everyone was running to plunder silver and gold, and the Amonites and Moavites were running to plunder the Torah, in order to remove “An Amonite and Moavite shall not enter the assembly of the Lord.”
Abraham bestowed four good things upon Lot. That is what is written: “Abram went, as the Lord had spoken to him, and Lot went with him” (Genesis 12:4). And it says: “Lot, too, who was going with Abram [had sheep, cattle and tents]” (Genesis 13:5). And it says: “He returned all the property, [and also his brother Lot and his property he returned]” (Genesis 14:16). And it says: “It was when God destroyed the cities of the plain [God remembered Abraham, and He sent Lot from the midst of the upheaval]” (Genesis 19:29). Correspondingly, they should have repaid them with goodness;143Lot’s descendants, the nations of Amon and Moav, should have been kind to Abraham’s descendants. however, they performed acts of wickedness. That is what is written: “He sent messengers to Bilam…now, please go and curse for me…. The elders of Moav and the elders of Midian went…” (Numbers 22:5–7). “He gathered to him the children of Amon and Amalek, [and he went and smote Israel]” (Judges 3:13).144The verse is stated regarding Eglon, king of Moav. “It was thereafter, the children of Moav, and the children of Amon, and with them some Amonites, came against Yehoshafat” (II Chronicles 20:1). And this: “The adversary extended his hand...”
Correspondingly, their sins are written in four places. “An Amonite and Moavite [shall not enter the assembly of the Lord]…because they did not greet you with bread and with water…” (Deuteronomy 23:4–5). “My people, remember now what Balak king of Moav devised…” (Micah 6:5). “Because they did not greet the children of Israel with bread and with water, and hired Bilam against them, to curse them” (Nehemiah 13:2). “He sent and summoned Bilam son of Beor to curse you” (Joshua 24:9).
Correspondingly, four prophets stood and sealed their sentence, and they were: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Zephaniah. Isaiah said: “A prophecy of Moav: For on the night that Ar of Moav is plundered, it is ruined; for on the night that Kir of Moav is plundered, it is ruined” (Isaiah 15:1). Jeremiah said: “Behold, days are coming, the utterance of the Lord, and I will sound to Raba of the children of Amon an alarm of war, and it will become a mound of desolation, and its environs will be burned in fire, and Israel will inherit its inheritors, said the Lord” (Jeremiah 49:2). Ezekiel said: “To the children of the east, against the children of Amon, and I will give it as a heritage, so that the children of Amon will not be remembered among the nations. I will administer punishments to Moav, and they will know that I am the Lord” (Ezekiel 25:10–11). Zephaniah said: “Therefore, as I live, the utterance of the Lord of hosts, God of Israel, Moav will be like Sodom and the children of Amon like Gomorrah, a rustling thornbush, a salt mine, a desolate wasteland forever. The remnant of My people will plunder them and the rest of My nation will inherit them” (Zephaniah 2:9).
כָּל עַמָּהּ נֶאֱנָחִים, כְּתִיב (ירמיה נב, ו): בְּתִשְׁעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ וַיֶּחֱזַק הָרָעָב בָּעִיר וגו', לְעַם הָאָרֶץ לֹא הָיָה לֶחֶם לִבְנֵי יְהוּדָה הָיָה לֶחֶם, אֵלּוּ בְּחֻרְבָּן רִאשׁוֹן, אֲבָל בְּחֻרְבָּן שֵׁנִי, כָּל עַמָּהּ נֶאֱנָחִים מְבַקְּשִׁים לֶחֶם וגו', בַּתְּחִלָּה הָיוּ מְשַׁלְשְׁלִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל זָהָב וְנוֹתְנִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל חִטִּין. חוֹזְרִין וּמְשַׁלְשְׁלִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל זָהָב וְנוֹתְנִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל שְׂעוֹרִים. חוֹזְרִין וּמְשַׁלְשְׁלִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל זָהָב, וְנוֹתְנִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל תֶּבֶן. מָה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין הָיוּ שׁוֹלְקִין אוֹתוֹ וְשׁוֹתִין מֵימָיו. חוֹזְרִין וּמְשַׁלְשְׁלִין לָהֶם קֻפָּה שֶׁל זָהָב וְאֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהֶם כְּלוּם. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן סִיגְנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר אִם מִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן וְלֹא לָקַח הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים טו, י): נָתוֹן תִּתֵּן לוֹ, מִי שֶׁלּוֹקֵחַ וְאֵינוֹ נוֹתֵן עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. לְהָשִׁיב נָפֶשׁ, עַד כַּמָּה מִתְיַשֶּׁבֶת נָפֶשׁ, רַבִּי אוֹמֵר כְּכוֹתֶבֶת, רַבִּי חֲנַנְיָה אָמַר כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת. רְאֵה ה' וְהַבִּיטָה, אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס עוֹבָדָא הֲוָה בְּתַרְתֵּין נָשִׁין זַנְיָין בְּאַשְׁקְלוֹן, דְּהַוְיָין מִתְכַּתְּשָׁן דָּא עִם דָּא, אֲמָרָה חָדָא לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ כַּד הַוְיָין מִתְכַּתְּשָׁן דָּא עִם דָּא, לֵית אַתְּ אָזְלָא מֵהָכָא דְּחַזְיָין אַפֵּיךְ כִּיהוּדִיָּאתָא. לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אִתְרַצֵּית דָּא לְדָא, אֲמָרָה לָהּ עַל כּוֹלָא שָׁרֵי וְשָׁבֵיק לִיךְ, אֶלָּא עַל דַּאֲמַרְתְּ לִי חַזְיָין אַפֵּיךְ כִּיהוּדִיָּאתָא, לָא שָׁרֵי וְלָא שָׁבֵיק לִיךְ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: רְאֵה ה' וְהַבִּיטָה כִּי הָיִיתִי זוֹלֵלָה.
“All its people are sighing, seeking bread; they have given their delights for food to restore life. See, Lord, and look, for I have become abject” (Lamentations 1:11).
“All its people are sighing.” It is written: “In the fourth month, on the ninth of the month, the famine intensified in the city [and there was no bread for the people of the land]” (Jeremiah 52:6). “For the people of the land” there was no bread, but for the residents of Judah there was bread.145This is a reference to the aristocracy, who still had stores of bread. That was in the first destruction. However, in the second destruction: “All its people are sighing, seeking bread…” Initially, they would lower them a basket of gold and they would give them a basket of wheat.146The wealthy residents of Jerusalem would lower baskets of gold over the wall and enemy soldiers would give them baskets of wheat in exchange. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket of gold and they would give them a basket of barley. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket and they would give them a basket of straw. What would they do? They would boil it and drink its broth. Subsequently, they would lower them a basket of gold, and they would give them nothing. Rabbi Yehuda ben Sigena said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: If, regarding one who could give but did not take, it says: “You shall give him” (Deuteronomy 15:10), one who takes and does not give, all the more so.147The verse cited requires one to give charity to the needy, and follows a verse that states that if one fails to do so, it is considered a sin (Deuteronomy 15:9). How much more so, one who takes from the needy and does not even give anything in return (Rabbi David Luria).
“To restore life,” with how much is life restored? Rabbi says: A date-bulk. Rabbi Ḥananya said: A dried fig-bulk.
“See, Lord, and look.” Rabbi Pinḥas said: There was an incident involving two women, prostitutes, who were fighting with one another. One said to her counterpart while they were fighting with one another: ‘Won’t you go away from here, as your face appears like that of a Jewess.’ Some time later they reconciled. She said to her: ‘I pardon and forgive you for everything, but for the fact that you said to me: Your face appears like that of a Jewess, I will not pardon and I will not forgive you.’ That is why it is stated: “For I have become abject.”
לוֹא אֲלֵיכֶם, כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמֶרֶת לְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, לָא יֵיתֵי עֲלֵיכוֹן דַּאֲתָא עָלַי, לָא יִמְטֵי עֲלֵיכוֹן דִּמְטָא עָלַי. כָּל עֹבְרֵי דֶּרֶךְ, כָּל עוֹבְרֵי דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. הַבִּיטוּ וּרְאוּ, תַּמָּן תְּנֵינַן (משנה עדיות ב-י): מִשְׁפַּט דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, מִשְׁפַּט מִצְרִיִּים שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, מִשְׁפַּט אִיּוֹב שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, מִשְׁפַּט גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, מִשְׁפַּט רְשָׁעִים בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים וּמֶחֱצָה, אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים וּמֶחֱצָה. הַבִּיטוּ וּרְאוּ אִם יֵשׁ מַכְאוֹב כְּמַכְאֹבִי אֲשֶׁר עוֹלַל לִי, שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק עִמִּי וְקָטַף עוֹלַלְתִּי, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים כד, כא): כִּי תִבְצֹר כַּרְמְךָ וגו'. אֲשֶׁר הוֹגָה ה' בְּיוֹם חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲחָא יוֹם אֶחָד הָיָה חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִלּוּ עָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל תְּשׁוּבָה פָּשְׁרוּ.
“May it not befall you, all wayfarers. Look and see: Is there any pain like my pain, which has been done to me, with which the Lord has tormented me on the day of His enflamed wrath?” (Lamentations 1:12).
“May it not befall you,” the congregation of Israel says to the nations of the world: Let what befell us not befall you. Let what happened to me not happen to you; “all wayfarers [overei derekh],” all violators of [overei] the way [derekh] of Torah. “Look and see.” We learned there: The sentence of the generation of the Flood lasted twelve months, the sentence of the Egyptians lasted twelve months, the sentence of Job lasted twelve months, the sentence of Gog and Magog lasts twelve months, the sentence of the wicked in Gehenna lasts twelve months.148Mishna Eduyot 2:10. Nebuchadnezzar was three and a half years. Sennacherib was over three and a half years. Vespasian was three and a half years.149The respective sieges of Nebuchadnezzar, leading to the destruction of the first Temple, and Vespasian, leading to the destruction of the second Temple, lasted three and a half years each. This demonstrates how the suffering of the Jews during that time was unparalleled.
“Look and see: Is there any pain like my pain, which has been done [olal] to me.” He was exacting with me and plucked my gleanings [olalti], just as it says: “When you harvest your vineyard [you shall not glean [teolel] behind you]” (Deuteronomy 24:21).150It is forbidden to pluck the grapes in clusters that are not fully formed, which must be left for the poor. However, the enemies of Jerusalem killed everyone and destroyed everything. “With which the Lord has tormented me on the day of His enflamed wrath.” Rabbi Aḥa said: The enflamed wrath of the Holy One blessed be He was one day. Had Israel repented, they would have cooled it.
מִמָּרוֹם שָׁלַח אֵשׁ בְּעַצְמֹתַי, רַבִּי אַמֵּי שָׁאַל אֶת רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר לוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתִּי עָלֶיךָ שֶׁאַתָּה בַּעַל אַגָּדָה מַהוּ זֶה שֶׁכָּתוּב (תהלים עא, יט): וְצִדְקָתְךָ אֱלֹהִים עַד מָרוֹם, אָמַר לוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים צְרִיכִין לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ, כָּךְ עֶלְיוֹנִים צְרִיכִין לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיֹּאמֶר וַיֹּאמֶר, לֹא נֶאֱמַר אֶלָּא לְהִדָּרֵשׁ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל י, ב): וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל הָאִישׁ לְבֻשׁ הַבַּדִּים וַיֹּאמֶר בֹּא אֶל בֵּינוֹת לַגַּלְגַּל. מַהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לַמַּלְאָךְ, וּמַלְאָךְ אָמַר לִכְרוּב, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגָּזַר עָלַי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִקַּח הַגֶּחָלִים אֵינִי יָכוֹל לִכָּנֵס לִפְנִים מִמְּחִיצָתְךָ, אֶלָּא עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי צְדָקָה וְתֵן לִי שְׁתֵּי גֶחָלִים מִשֶּׁלְּךָ שֶׁלֹא אִכָּוֶה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל י, ז): וַיִּשָֹּׂא וַיִּתֵּן אֶל חָפְנֵי לְבֻשׁ הַבַּדִּים, מַהוּ וַיִּשָֹּׂא וַיִּתֵּן, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק הִפְשִׁירָן וּנְתָנָן בְּכַפּוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים הָיוּ הַגֶּחָלִים עֲמוּמוֹת בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁל גַּבְרִיאֵל, סָבוּר שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין תְּשׁוּבָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹא עָשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה בִּקֵּשׁ לְזָרְקָן עֲלֵיהֶם בְּחֵמָה, קָרָא לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר לוֹ גַּבְרִיאֵל גַבְרִיאֵל לְהוֹנְךָ לְהוֹנְךָ, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם בַּעֲלֵי צְדָקוֹת אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל י, ח): וַיֵּרָא לַכְּרֻבִים תַּבְנִית יַד אָדָם תַּחַת כַּנְפֵיהֶם. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי מִי מַעֲמִיד הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים צְדָקָה שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין בַּיָּד, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים עא, יט): וְצִדְקָתְךָ אֱלֹהִים עַד מָרוֹם. וְדִכְוָותֵהּ (מלכים א כ, כח): וַיִּגַּשׁ אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה אָמַר ה', מַהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אֶלָּא בָּאֲמִירָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אָמַר לוֹ אִם יָבֹא בֶּן הֲדַד תַּחַת יָדְךָ אַל תָּחוֹס עָלָיו, וּבַאֲמִירָה הַשְּׁנִיָּה אָמַר לוֹ כַּמָּה מְצוּדוֹת עָשִׂיתִי כַמָּה רְמִיזוֹת עָשִׂיתִי כַּמָּה רְפָשִׁים עָשִׂיתִי עַד שֶׁרְפַשְׁתִּיו בְּיָדֶיךָ וְעַכְשָׁיו הוֹצֵאתוֹ בְּשָׁלוֹם, לָכֵן (מלכים א כ, מב): וְהָיְתָה נַפְשְׁךָ תַּחַת נַפְשׁוֹ וְעַמְּךָ תַּחַת עַמּוֹ. וְדִכְוָותֵהּ (אסתר ז, ה): וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ וַיֹּאמֶר לְאֶסְתֵּר הַמַּלְכָּה, מַהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אָמַר רַב בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר עַד שֶׁלֹא הִרְגִּישׁ שֶׁהִיא יְהוּדִית הָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִמָּהּ בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִרְגִּישׁ בָּהּ שֶׁהִיא יְהוּדִית וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לַמְתֻרְגְּמָן, וַיֹּאמֶר הַמְתֻרְגְּמָן לְאֶסְתֵּר הַמַּלְכָּה. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (ויקרא כא, א): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה אֱמֹר אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן וְאָמַרְתָּ, שְׁתֵּי אֲמִירוֹת הַלָּלוּ לָמָּה לִי, אֶלָּא בָּאֲמִירָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אָמַר לוֹ לְנֶפֶשׁ לֹא יִטַּמָּא בְּעַמָּיו. וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה אָמַר לוֹ אִם בָּא מֵת מִצְוָה עַל יָדְךָ הִטַּמֵּא לוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה אַתֶּם מִטַּמְּאִין לְמֵת מִצְוָה, לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא אֵין אַתֶּם מִטַּמְּאִין לְמֵת כָּל עִקָּר, שֶׁאֵין מִיתָה לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה כה, ח): בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת לָנֶצַח. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְצִדְקָתְךָ אֱלֹהִים עַד מָרוֹם, אֵלּוּ שְׁנֵי הַמְּאוֹרוֹת. אֱלֹהִים מִי כָמוֹךָ, שֶׁאַתָּה כּוֹבֵשׁ עַל מִדַּת הַדִּין. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה קָפְצָה קָטֵיגוֹרְיָא לִפְנֵי כִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד אָמְרָה לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, כָּךְ יְהֵא רָשָׁע זֶה מִתְגָּאֶה וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי חָרַבְתִּי בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל אֱלֹהִים וְשָׂרַפְתִּי מִקְדָּשׁוֹ, אִם כֵּן הוּא תֵּרֵד אֵשׁ מִלְּמַעְלָה וְתִשְֹּׂרֹף, מִיָּד, מַה כְּתִיב: מִמָּרוֹם שָׁלַח אֵשׁ בְּעַצְמֹתַי. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הוּא שֶׁהַנָּבִיא מְקַנְתְּרָהּ וְאָמַר לָהּ (ישעיה מז, ב): קְחִי רֵחַיִם וְטַחֲנִי קָמַח, הָא כָּל עַמָּא טָחֲנִין חִטִּין וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר וְטַחֲנִי קֶמַח, אֶלָּא אָמְרָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם לְבַת בָּבֶל, אִלּוּ מִמָּרוֹם לֹא עָשׂוּ בִי מִלְחָמָה אַתְּ הָיִית יְכוֹלָה לְהִלָּחֵם בִּי, אִלּוּ מִמָּרוֹם לֹא שָׁלְחוּ בִי אֵשׁ אַתְּ הָיִית יְכוֹלָה לִי, אֶלָּא אַרְיָא קְטִילָא קְטַלְתְּ, קִמְחָא טְחִינָא טְחַנְתְּ, קַרְתָּא יָקִידְתָּא אוֹקִידְתָּא, לְכָךְ אָמַר: מִמָּרוֹם שָׁלַח אֵשׁ בְּעַצְמֹתַי וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, מַהוּ וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, נִסְּחָא, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שופטים יד, ט): וַיִּרְדֵּהוּ אֶל כַּפָּיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, נִצְּחָהּ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים עב, ח): וְיֵרְדְּ מִיָּם עַד יָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, שָׁלְטַהּ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, רִדְיָא, כִּדְתַנְיָא חָרַשׁ רוֹפֵשׁ אֶת הַהֵיכָל. רַבִּי בֵּיבָא מֵרַנְגַּיָּא אָמַר: וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה, רָאָה שֶׁמִּדַּת הַדִּין פּוֹגַעַת בָּהּ. פָּרַשׂ רֶשֶׁת לְרַגְלַי. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא, אִם רָאִיתָ סַפְסָלִין מְלֵאִים בַּבְלִיִּים מֻנָּחֵי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, צַפֵּה לְרַגְלָיו שֶׁל מָשִׁיחַ, מַה טַּעַם, פָּרַשׂ רֶשֶׁת לְרַגְלַי. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אִם רָאִיתָ סוּס פַּרְסִי קָשׁוּר בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, צַפֵּה לְרַגְלָיו שֶׁל מָשִׁיחַ, מַה טַּעַם (מיכה ה, ד): וְהָיָה זֶה שָׁלוֹם אַשּׁוּר וגו'. הֱשִׁיבַנִּי אָחוֹר, אָחוֹר מִן הַכְּהֻנָה וּמִן הַמַּלְכוּת. נְתָנַנִי שֹׁמֵמָה, לְצָדוּ. כָּל הַיּוֹם דָּוָה, לְגַרְדּוֹם.
“From on high He sent fire into my bones, and He crushed them; He spread a net for my feet, He turned me back. He rendered me desolate, suffering all day” (Lamentations 1:13).
“From on high He sent fire into my bones.” Rabbi Ami asked Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani, he said to him: ‘Because I heard about you, that you are a master of aggada, what is [the meaning of] that which is written: “For Your righteousness [vetzikatekha], God, reaches on high”?’ (Psalms 71:19). He said to him: ‘Just as those below are required to perform charity [tzedaka] with one another, so those on high are required to perform charity with one another.’
Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: Any place where it is stated: “He said, he said,”151Wherever the term “he said” appears twice in the introduction to a single statement. it is stated only to be expounded. That is what is written: “He said to the man clothed in linen, and He said: Come to between the galgal [beneath the cherub, and fill your hands with smoldering coals from between the cherubs, and cast them upon the city]” (Ezekiel 10:2). What is “He said,” “He said,” twice? It is that the Holy One blessed be He spoke to the angel, and the angel [then] said to the cherub: ‘Even though the Holy One blessed be He decreed upon me to take the coals, I am not allowed to enter behind your partition. Rather, perform an act of kindness and give me two of your coals so I will not be burned.’ That is what is written: “He carried it and placed it into the cupped hands of the one clothed in linen” (Ezekiel 10:7). What is “he carried it and he placed it”? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: He cooled them and placed them in his hand.
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi: For six years the coals were dimly smoldering in Gabriel’s hand, and he believed that Israel would repent. When they did not repent, he sought to cast them upon them in rage. The Holy One blessed be He summoned him and said to him: ‘Gabriel, Gabriel! Slowly, slowly, for there are among them those who perform charity with one another.’ That is what is written: “On the cherubs the form of a man’s hand was seen beneath their wings” (Ezekiel 10:8).152The hand represents the Holy One blessed be He preventing Gabriel from casting the coals on them.
Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: What holds up the supernal and the earthly? It is the charity that Israel performs with the hand. That is what is written: “For Your righteousness, God, reaches on high” (Psalms 71:19).153The verse is interpreted to mean that the merit of the charity that God commanded Israel to perform “reaches on high,” in that it supports even the heavens.
Similarly, “The man of God approached and said to the king of Israel, and said: So said the Lord: [Because Aram said: The Lord is a God of mountains and not a God of lowlands, I will deliver all this great multitude into your hand, and you will know that I am the Lord]” (I Kings 20:28). What is “and said” twice? It is that in the first statement he said to him: ‘If ben Hadad comes under your control, have no pity on him.’ In the second statement, he said to him: ‘How many traps have I laid, how many signals have I sent, how many conquests did I perform before I subdued him before you, and now you have freed him in peace?’ Therefore, “your life shall be in place of his life, and your people instead of his people” (I Kings 20:42).
Similarly, “King Aḥashverosh said and he said to Queen Esther” (Esther 7:5). What is “he said,” “he said,” twice? Rav said in the name of Rabbi Elazar: Before he sensed that she was Jewish, he would speak to her directly. Once he sensed that she was Jewish, King Aḥashverosh spoke to the translator and the translator spoke to Queen Esther.
Similarly, “The Lord said to Moses: Speak to the priests, sons of Aaron, and say to them” (Leviticus 21:1). Why do I need these two sayings? It is that in the first saying, He said to him: “He shall not become impure from a corpse among his people” (Leviticus 21:1). In the second, He said to him: ‘If you come upon a corpse that it is a mitzva to bury, impurify yourself for it.’154Although a priest is forbidden from becoming impure from a corpse, if there is a corpse that has no one to bury it, it is a mitzva for anyone, even a priest, to see to the burial. Since in this world you impurify yourself for a corpse that it is a mitzva to bury, in the future you will not become impure from any corpse, for there will be no death in the future, as it is stated: “He will eliminate death forever” (Isaiah 25:8).
Alternatively, “for Your righteousness, God, reaches on high, [for the great deeds You have done]” these are the two luminaries.155This refers to the sun and the moon. “God, who is comparable to You” (Psalms 71:19), in that You suppress the attribute of justice. At that moment, the accuser leapt before the Throne of Glory and said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, will this wicked one arrogantly say: I destroyed the house of the Lord and burned His Temple? If it is so,156If the Temple must be destroyed. let fire descend from on high and burn it.’ Immediately, what is written: “From on high He sent fire into my bones.” Rabbi Yehoshua said: That is why the prophet rebukes Babylon and says to it: “Take a millstone and grind flour” (Isaiah 47:2). Everyone grinds wheat, yet it says “grind flour”? Rather, Jerusalem said to the daughter of Babylon: Had war not been waged against me from on high, could you have waged war against me? Had fire not been sent against me from on high, could you have overcome me? Rather, you killed a dead lion. You ground already ground flour. You set fire to a burned city. That is why it says: “From on high He sent fire into my bones and He crushed them [vayirdena].” What is “and He crushed them [vayirdena]”? Moved them, just as you say: “He scooped [vayirdehu] it into his hands” (Judges 14:9).157The midrash is interpreting the word vayirdena to mean “he moved them” rather than “He crushed them.” Thus, the verse is interpreted to mean that God sent fire from on high against the Temple, and the enemy merely moved the burned bones.
Alternatively, vayirdena [means] ruled, just as it says: “He will rule [veyerd] from sea to sea” (Psalms 72:8). Alternatively, vayirdena [means] subjugated, just as it says: “For he subjugated [rodeh] the entire region beyond the River” (I Kings 5:4). Alternatively, vayirdena [means] plowing [radya], as it is taught: Rufus plowed the Sanctuary. Rabbi Beiva of Rangaya said: Vayirdena, he saw [vayar] the attribute of justice [din] harming it.
“He spread a net for my feet.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: If you see benches filled with Babylonians situated in the Land of Israel, anticipate the footsteps of the Messiah. What is the source? “He spread [paras] a net for my feet.”158This is expounded as a reference to Persia [paras]. When the Persians, whose empire included Babylon, spread their net in the Land of Israel, it will be a harbinger of the Messiah. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: If you see a Persian horse tied in the Land of Israel, anticipate the footsteps of the Messiah. What is the source? “This will be peace: When Assyria [will come into our land and when it will tread in our palaces, we will raise against it seven shepherds, and eight princes of men]” (Micah 5:4). “He turned me back,” away from the priesthood, away from the kingdom. “He rendered me desolate,” set for destruction; “suffering all day,” [sent] to the gallows.
נִשְׂקַד עֹל פְּשָׁעַי בְּיָדוֹ, שְׂקוּדָה הָיִיתִי מֵעֲוֹנוֹתַי, סְבוּרָה הָיִיתִי שֶׁיִּמְחֹל לִי עַל כָּל עֲוֹנוֹתַי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתִּי שֶׁאֲנוֹלוֹגִין שֶׁלִּי נִקְרַע מִלְּמַעְלָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִשְׂקַד, שִׁי"ן כְּתִיב, שָׁקַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵיךְ לְהָבִיא עָלַי אֶת הָרָעָה, אָמַר אִם אֲנִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָן בִּתְקוּפוֹת טֵבֵת, הֲרֵי הֵן לוֹקִין בְּצִנָּה וּמֵתִין, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָן בִּתְקוּפַת תַּמּוּז שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ הֵן יְשֵׁנִין בַּדְּרָכִים וּבָרְחוֹבוֹת, אֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶם נִזּוֹק. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִשְׂקַד, שָׁקַד אֵיךְ לְהָבִיא עָלַי אֶת הָרָעָה, אָמַר אִם אֲנִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָם בִּתְקוּפַת טֵבֵת, אֵין עֲנָבִים בַּגֶּפֶן וְאֵין תְּאֵנִים בַּתְּאֵנָה, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָם בִּתְקוּפַת תַּמּוּז, שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֲנָבִים בַּגֶּפֶן וְיֵשׁ תְּאֵנִים בַּתְּאֵנָה, וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵין הֶעָלֶה נָבֵל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִשְׂקַד, שָׁקַד אֵיךְ לְהָבִיא עָלַי אֶת הָרָעָה, אָמַר אִם אֲנִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָם דֶּרֶךְ מִדְבָּר, הֵם מֵתִים בָּרָעָב, אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מַגְלֶה אוֹתָם דֶּרֶךְ אַרְמֶנְיָא, שֶׁהֵם כְּרַכִּין וּמְחוֹזוֹת וּמַאֲכָל וּמִשְׁתֶּה מָצוּי לָהֶם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִשְׂקַד, שְׁקוּדָה הָיִיתִי מֵעֲוֹנוֹתַי וּסְבוּרָה הָיִיתִי שֶׁיִּמְחֹל לִי עַל כָּל עֲוֹנוֹתַי, אֶלָּא יִשְׂתָּרְגוּ, עֲשָׂאָן עָלַי סְרִיגוֹת סְרִיגוֹת, הֵבִיא אוֹתָן עָלַי מְכֻפָּלוֹת, בָּבֶל וְכַשְׂדִים, מָדַי וּפָרָס, וְיָוָן וּמוֹקְדוֹן, אֱדוֹם וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל. עֲשָׂאָן עָלַי סְרִיגוֹת, בָּבֶל קָשָׁה וּמָדַי מְתוּנָה, יָוָן קָשָׁה וֶאֱדוֹם מְתוּנָה, כַּשְׂדִים קָשָׁה וּפָרַס מְתוּנָה, מוֹקְדוֹן קָשָׁה וְיִשְמָעֵאל מְתוּנָה. וְכֵן (דניאל ב, מב): מִן קְצָת מַלְכוּתָא תֶּהֱוֵה תַקִּיפָה וּמִנַּהּ תֶּהֱוֵא תְבִירָה, וּבְכָל אִלֵּין לָא כְפָרִית בֶּאֱלָהִי, אֶלָּא עָלוּ עַל צַוָּארִי, וּמְיַחֶדֶת שְׁמוֹ בְּכָל יוֹם פַּעֲמַיִם, וְאוֹמֶרֶת (דברים ו, ד): שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ ה' אֶחָד.
“The yoke of my transgressions is preserved in His hand, becoming entangled, coming upon my neck, sapping my strength. The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand” (Lamentations 1:14).
“The yoke of my transgressions is preserved [niskad] in His hand,” I was calm [seduka] regarding my iniquities. I believed that He would pardon me for all my iniquities when I heard that my promissory note was ripped on high.159When God said to Moses that He pardoned the people for the sin of the Golden Calf, they thought they were entirely pardoned, but in fact God had merely agreed not to annihilate them completely, but rather to punish them incrementally.
Another matter, niskad is written with a shin.160The word niskad is written with a sin rather than a samech. A sin can also be read as a shin when it is not vocalized, as it is the same letter. Thus, the word can be read nishkad. The Holy One blessed be He strove [shakad] to find how to bring the calamity upon me. He said: If I exile them during the season of Tevet,161Winter. they will suffer from cold and die. Rather, I will exile them during the season of Tamuz,162Summer. as even if they sleep in the streets and squares, not one of them will be harmed.
Another matter, niskad, He strove [shakad] to find how to bring the calamity upon me. He said: If I exile them during the season of Tevet, there are no grapes on the vine and no figs on the fig tree. Rather, I will exile them during the season of Tamuz, when there are grapes on the vine, figs on the fig tree, and even the leaves do not wither.
Another matter, niskad, He strove [shakad] to find how to bring evil upon me. He said: If I exile them through the wilderness, they will die of starvation. Rather, I will exile them through Armenis, where there are cities and districts, and food and drink are found there.
Another matter, niskad, I was calm [sekuda] regarding my iniquities. I believed that He would pardon me for all my iniquities. However, “becoming entangled [yistargu],” He brought alternating [serigot] rulers upon me]. He brought them upon me in pairs: Babylon and the Chaldeans, Media and Persia, Greece and Macedonia, Edom and Ishmael. He brought them upon me, alternating: Babylon was harsh, Media was moderate; Greece was harsh, Edom was moderate; the Chaldeans were harsh, Persia was moderate; Macedonia was harsh, and Ishmael was moderate. Likewise, “some of the kingdom will be strong, and some of it will be brittle” (Daniel 2:42). Despite all these I did not deny my God; rather, “coming [alu] upon my neck.”163This is expounded as though it were written ulo, His yoke, such that the verse would read: “His yoke is upon my neck.” And [Israel] declares the unity of His name twice daily and says: “Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4).
הִכְשִׁיל כֹּחִי, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בְּרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים מַתִּישִׁין כֹּחוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: הַתַּעֲנִית, וְהַדֶּרֶךְ, עָוֹן, וּמַלְכוּת בָּבֶל. תַּעֲנִית, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קט, כד): בִּרְכַּי כָּשְׁלוּ מִצּוֹם. הַדֶּרֶךְ, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קב, כד): עִנָּה בַדֶּרֶךְ כֹּחִי. עָוֹן, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים לא, יא): כָּשַׁל בַּעֲוֹנִי כֹּחִי. מַלְכוּת, דִּכְתִיב (נחמיה ד, ד): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוּדָה כָּשַׁל כֹּחַ הַסַּבָּל וְהֶעָפָר הַרְבֵּה וַאֲנַחְנוּ לֹא נוּכַל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹמָה. נְתָנַנִּי ה' בִּידֵי לֹא אוּכַל קוּם, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי זוֹ אִשָּׁה רָעָה וּכְתֻבָּתָהּ מְרֻבָּה. רַב הוּנָא אָמַר (בראשית ב, ז): וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, עֲשָׂאוֹ עֶבֶד מְכֻדָּן בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, דְּאִי לָא לָעֵי לָא אָכֵיל, הִיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא נְתָנַנִי ה' בִּידֵי לֹא אוּכַל קוּם, בִּידֵי לֹא אוּכַל קוּם, אִי לָא לָעֵי בִּימָמָא בְּלֵילְיָא לֹא אוּכַל קוּם.
“Sapping my strength,” Rabbi Tanḥum ben Rabbi Yirmeya said: There are four matters that exhaust a person’s strength, and they are: Fasting, the road, iniquity, and the kingdom of Babylon. Fasting, as it is written: “My knees are weak from fasting” (Psalms 109:24). The road, as it is written: “Along the way He has weakened my strength” (Psalms 102:24). Iniquity, as it is written: “In my iniquity, my strength has failed” (Psalms 31:11). Kingdom, as it is written: “Judah said: The strength of the bearer is failing, and the dirt is abundant; we cannot build the wall” (Nehemiah 4:4).164They could not rebuild the walls of Jerusalem due to their enemies. The kingdom of Babylon is representative of oppressive enemies.
“The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand.” The Rabbis say: This is a bad wife who has a costly marriage contract.
Rav Huna said: “The man became a living soul” (Genesis 2:7). He rendered him a slave bound to himself. If he does not exert himself, he does not eat. That is the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina, as Rabbi Ḥanina said: “The Lord delivered me into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand.” “Into the hands of those against whom I cannot stand”—if I do not exert myself during the day, at night, “I cannot stand.”
סִלָּה כָל אַבִּירַי ה', עָבְדֵי סָאתֵי קוֹמֵיהוֹן, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּבַר גַּמְזָא צָוְוחִין לְסָאתָא סָרָקֵי. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בַּעֲרַבְיָא צָוְוחִין לְמַסְרוֹקָה מְסַלְסְלָה. קָרָא עָלַי מוֹעֵד לִשְׁבֹּר בַּחוּרָי, מָצִינוּ שֶׁסִּילוּקָן שֶׁל בַּחוּרִים קָשֶׁה כְּחֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, דִּכְתִיב: גַּת דָּרַךְ ה' לִבְתוּלַת בַּת יְהוּדָה. כָּךְ, קָרָא עָלַי מוֹעֵד לִשְׁבֹּר בַּחוּרָי.
“The Lord trampled all my mighty in my midst; He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men; the Lord has trodden the maiden daughter of Judah in a winepress” (Lamentations 1:15).
“The Lord trampled [sila] all my mighty,” they were made to be bowed, like a stalk of grain before [the enemies]. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: In bar Gamza they call a stalk of grain, comb [sarakei]. Rabbi Levi said: In Arabia they call a comb, curler [mesalsela].165Thus, the word sila in the verse implies something that is curled or bent over. “He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men.” We find that the expulsion of the young men is as calamitous as the destruction of the Temple, as it is written: “the Lord has trodden the maiden daughter of Judah in a winepress.”166The midrash interprets this phrase as a reference to the destruction of the Temple; see, similarly, Sanhedrin 96b. Likewise, He proclaimed a festival against me to break my young men.”
עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה, אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס מִלֵּא שָׁלשׁ סְפִינוֹת מִגְּדוֹלֵי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם לְהוֹשִׁיבָן בְּקָלוֹן שֶׁל רוֹמִי, עָמְדוּ וְאָמְרוּ לֹא דַיֵּינוּ שֶׁהִכְעַסְנוּהוּ בְּמִקְדָּשׁוֹ אֶלָּא אַף בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. אָמְרוּ לַנָּשִׁים, מְבַקְּשׁוֹת אַתּוּן לְכָךְ, אָמְרוּ לָהֶם, לָאו. אָמְרוּ מַה שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לְכָךְ אֵינָן רוֹצוֹת, אָנוּ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. תֹּאמְרוּ אִם מַשְׁלִיכִים אָנוּ עַצְמֵנוּ לַיָּם אָנוּ בָּאִים לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, מִיָּד הֵאִיר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת עֵינֵיהֶם בַּפָּסוּק הַזֶּה (תהלים סח, כג): אָמַר ה' מִבָּשָׁן אָשִׁיב אָשִׁיב מִמְצֻלוֹת יָם, מִבָּשָׁן אָשִׁיב, מִבֵּין שִׁנֵּי אֲרָיוֹת, אָשִׁיב מִמְּצֻלוֹת יָם, כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ. עָמְדָה כַּת רִאשׁוֹנָה וְאָמְרָה (תהלים מד, כא): אִם שָׁכַחְנוּ שֵׁם אֱלֹהֵינוּ וַנִּפְרֹשׂ כַּפֵּינוּ לְאֵל זָר, וְהִשְׁלִיכוּ עַצְמָן לַיָּם. עָמְדָה כַּת שְׁנִיָּה וְאָמְרָה (תהלים מד, כג): כִּי עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ כָל הַיּוֹם, וְהִשְׁלִיכוּ עַצְמָן לַיָּם. עָמְדָה כַּת שְׁלִישִׁית וְאָמְרָה (תהלים מד, כב): הֲלֹא אֱלֹהִים יַחְקָר זֹאת כִּי הוּא יֹדֵעַ תַּעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב, וְהִשְׁלִיכוּ עַצְמָן לַיָּם, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה. אַדְרִיָּאנוּס שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת, הוֹשִׁיב שָׁלשׁ מִשְׁמָרוֹת, חֲדָא בְּחַמְתָא, וַחֲדָא בִּכְפַר לְקִיטַיָּא, וַחֲדָא בְּבֵית אֵל דִּיהוּד, אֲמַר דַּעֲרוֹק מִן הָכָא, יִתְּצַד מִן הָכָא, וְדַעֲרוֹק מִן הָכָא, יִתְּצַד מִן הָכָא. וַהֲוָה מַפִּיק כָּרוֹזִין וּמַכְרִיזִין וְאוֹמְרִים: אָן דְּאִית יְהוּדָאֵי יֵיתֵי, דְּמַלְכָּא בְּעוֹ לְמִתַּן לֵיהּ מִילָּא, וַהֲווֹן כָּרוֹזִין מַשְׁמִיעִין יַתְהוֹן וְצָדִין יְהוּדָאִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (הושע ז, יא): וַיְהִי אֶפְרַיִם כְּיוֹנָה פּוֹתָה אֵין לֵב וגו'. שָׁאֵיל מַחְזְרָה אַיְיתִין צַלּוּ שֶׁלָּא תִּינָסְבִין, אִילֵין דִּבְחַיִּין, דְּאִתְבּוֹנְנוּ, לָא נָפְקוּ, וְאִילֵין דְּלָא אִתְבּוֹנְנוּ נִכְנְסוּ כּוּלְּהוֹן לְבִקְעַת בֵּית רִמּוֹן, אָמַר לְשַׂר צָבָא שֶׁלּוֹ עַד שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹכֵל קֶרֶן גְּלוּסְקָאן זוֹ, וְיֶרֶךְ דְּתַרְנְגוֹל זֶה, אֲבַקֵּשׁ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְלֹא אֶמְצָא, מִיָּד הִקִּיפָם לִגְיוֹנוֹתָיו וַהֲרָגוּם, וְהָיָה הַדָּם בּוֹקֵעַ וְהוֹלֵךְ עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְקִיפְרוֹס נָהָר, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָה. אִילֵין דַּהֲוֵי חֲבוּשִׁין, מִנְהוֹן אָכְלִין בְּשַׂר קַטִּילְהוֹן, בְּכָל יוֹם הֲוָה מַנְפֵּיק חַד מִינַיְיהוּ וּמַיְיתֵי לְהוֹן וְאִינוּן אָכְלִין, יוֹמָא חַד אֲמַר יֵיזֵיל בַּר נָשׁ מִינָּן אִי מַשְׁכַּח כְּלוּם מַיְתֵי וַאֲנַן אָכְלִין, מִן דִּנְפַק אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לַאֲבוּהָ דִּקְטֵיל, נְסַבֵּיהּ וְטַמְרֵיהּ וִיהַב סִימַן עֲלוֹי, עָאל וַאֲתָא אֲמַר לְהוֹ לָא אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ כְּלוּם, אֲמָרֵי יֵיזֵיל בַּר נָשׁ חוֹרָן אִי מַשְׁכַּח כְּלוּם מַיְיתֵי וַאֲנַן אָכְלִין, מִן דִּנְפַק הַהוּא בַּר נָשׁ הָלַךְ לְרֵיחֵיהּ חִפֵּשׂ וְאַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לְהַהוּא דִּקְטִיל, אַיְיתֵיהּ וַאֲכָלוּנֵיהּ, מִן דַּאֲכָלוּן אֲמַר לוֹ מְנָן אַיְיתֵית דֵּין קַטְלָא, אֲמַר לְהוֹ מִן זָוִית פְּלָנִית, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמַה סִּימָן יְהֵיב עֲלוֹי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ סִימָן פְּלַן, עָנֵי הוּא בְּרֵיהּ וַאֲמַר וַוי לֵיהּ לְהַהוּא גַבְרָא דְּמִן בִּשְׂרָא דַּאֲבוּי אָכֵיל, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל ה, י): לָכֵן אָבוֹת יֹאכְלוּ בָנִים בְּתוֹכֵךְ וגו'. טַרְכִּינוּס שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת יָלְדָה אִשְׁתּוֹ בְּלֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב, וְהָיוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲבֵלִים, נִשְׁתַּתֵּק הַוְּלַד בַּחֲנֻכָּה אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל נַדְלִיק אוֹ לֹא נַדְלִיק, אָמְרוּ נַדְלִיק וְכָל מַה דְּבָעֵי, לִימְטֵי עֲלָן יִמְטֵי, אַדְלִיקוּ, אֲזָלוּן וַאֲמָרוּן לִישָׁן בִּישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל טַרְכִּינוּס, אִילֵּין יְהוּדָאִין כַּד יְלֵידַת הֲווֹן מִתְאַבְּלִין, וְכַד מַיְיתֵי וַלְדָּא אַדְלִיקוּ בּוֹצִינַיָיא. שָׁלְחָה וְכָתְבָה לְבַעְלָהּ, עַד דְּאַתְּ מַכְבַּשׁ בַּרְבָּרָיִין בּוֹא וּכְבשׁ אִילֵּין יְהוּדָאֵי דְּמָרְדוּ בָךְ. סְלֵיק לְאִילְפָא וַחֲשִׁיב לְמֵיתֵי בַּעֲשָׂרָה יוֹמִין וְאַיְיתִיתֵיהּ רוּחַיָא בַּחֲמִשָּׁה יוֹמִין, אֲתָא וְאַשְׁכְּחִינוּן דַּהֲווֹ עֲסִיקִין בַּהֲדֵין פְּסוּקָא (דברים כח, מט): יִשָֹּׂא ה' עָלֶיךָ גּוֹי מֵרָחֹק מִקְצֵה הָאָרֶץ כַּאֲשֶׁר יִדְאֶה הַנָּשֶׁר, אֲמַר לְהוֹ אֲנָא הוּא נִשְׁרָא, דַּחֲשֵׁיבִית לְמֵיתֵי בַּעֲשָׂרָה יוֹמִין וְאַיְיתִיתַנִי רוּחָא בַּחֲמִשָּׁה יוֹמִין, הִקִּיפָן לִגְיוֹנוֹתָיו וַהֲרָגָם, אָמַר לַנָּשִׁים הִשָּׁמְעוּ לְלִגְיוֹנוֹתַי וְאִם לָאו אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לָכֶם כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעָשִׂיתִי לָאֲנָשִׁים, אָמְרוּ לוֹ עֲבֵיד בְּאַרְעָאֵי מַה דַּעֲבַדְּתְּ בְּעִילָּאֵי, מִיָּד הִקִּיפָן לִגְיוֹנוֹתָיו וַהֲרָגָן, וְנִתְעָרְבוּ דָּמִים שֶׁל אֵלּוּ בְּדָמִים שֶׁל אֵלּוּ וְהָיָה הַדָּם בּוֹקֵעַ וְהוֹלֵךְ עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְקִיפְרוֹס נָהָר, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה.
“For these I weep, my eye, my eye sheds water; for a comforter, restorer of my soul, has grown distant from me; my children have become desolate, because the enemy has prevailed” (Lamentations 1:16).
“For these I weep.” Vespasian filled three ships with the prominent ones of Jerusalem, in order to place them in the brothels of Rome. They stood and said: ‘Is it not enough that we angered Him in His Temple, that [we shall do so] even outside of Israel?’ They said to the women: ‘Do you consent to this?’167The Jewish men, who were being brought to Rome for Roman men to engage with them in homosexual relations, asked the Jewish women, who were being transported to Rome for Roman men to engage with them in heterosexual relations. They said to them: ‘No.’ They said: ‘If those for whom it is the natural way are unwilling, for us, all the more so. Would you say that if we cast ourselves into the sea, we will come to life in the World to Come?’ Immediately, the Holy One blessed be He enlightened their eyes to this verse: “The Lord said: I will return them from Bashan; I will return them from the depths of the sea” (Psalms 68:23). “I will return them from Bashan,” from between the teeth of lions.168Bashan is a portmanteau of bein shinei—between the teeth. “I will return them from the depths of the sea,” in its plain sense.
The first group stood and said: “Had we forgotten the name of our God and stretched out our palms to a strange god” (Psalms 44:21), and they cast themselves into the sea. The second group stood and said: “For we are killed all day long for You” (Psalms 44:23), and they cast themselves into the sea. The third group stood and said: “Would not God have discovered it, as He knows the secrets of the heart” (Psalms 44:22), and they cast themselves into the sea. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
Hadrian, may his bones be crushed, deployed three garrisons, one in Ḥamat, one in Kefar Lekitaya, and one in Beit El of Judah. He said: ‘One who flees from here will be apprehended there, and one who flees from there will be apprehended here.’ He would dispatch heralds who would proclaim and say: ‘Wherever there are Jews, let them come, as the king wishes to give them his word.’ The heralds would announce it to them and they would capture the Jews. That is what is written: “Ephraim was like a foolish dove, without understanding…” (Hosea 7:11). To one who questioned, they would respond: ‘Come and request that you not be taken.’169The heralds told the Jews to request of Hadrian that they be allowed to stay in the Land of Israel and not be taken into captivity (Matnot Kehuna). Those who were discerning and observed, did not go out. And those who did not observe, they all entered into the Beit Rimon Valley. He said to the captain of his guard: ‘Until I eat the edge of this loaf and this thigh of a rooster, I will seek one of them and will not find.’170He commanded his officer to immediately kill them all. Immediately, he surrounded them with his legions and killed them, and their blood was bursting forth like a river until it reached Cypress. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
Those who remained in hiding, some of them would eat the flesh of those who had been slain. Each day, one of them would go out and bring [a corpse] to them and they would eat. One day, one said: ‘Let one of the people from among us go. If he finds something, he will bring it and we will eat.’ When he went out he found his father, who had been slain. He took him, concealed him, and placed a marker over him. He came back and said to them: ‘I did not find anything.’ They said: ‘Let another person go, if he finds something, he will bring it and we will eat.’ When that person went out, he followed the odor and found the one who was slain. He brought him and they ate him. Once they ate, [the first man] said to him: ‘From where did you bring this slain person?’ He said to him: ‘From such and such corner.’ He said to him: ‘And what marker was placed upon it?’ He said to him: ‘Such and such marker.’ His son responded and said: ‘Woe is it for this man, who ate of the flesh of his father,’ to realize what is stated: “Therefore, fathers will eat sons in your midst, [and sons will eat their fathers]” (Ezekiel 5:10).
The wife of Trajan, may his bones be crushed, gave birth on the night of the Ninth of Av and all Israel was mourning. The baby died on Hanukkah. The Israelites said: ‘Shall we kindle or shall we not kindle?’ They said: ‘We shall kindle, and anything that he seeks to inflict upon us, let him inflict.’ They kindled.
[People] went and slandered them to Trajan’s wife: ‘These Jews, when you gave birth they were mourning, and when the baby died they kindled lights.’ She sent a letter to her husband: ‘Instead of subduing the barbarians, come and subdue these Jews who have rebelled against you.’ He boarded the ship and calculated that he would arrive in ten days, but the wind brought him in five days. He arrived and found them, that they were engaged in this verse: “The Lord will bring a nation against you from afar, from the end of the earth, as the eagle will swoop” (Deuteronomy 28:49). He said to them: ‘I am the eagle, as I calculated that I would arrive in ten days and the wind brought me in five days.’ His legions surrounded them and killed them.
He said to the women: ‘Submit to my legions, and if not, I will do to you just what I did to the men.’171He threatened to have them killed if they would not submit to intercourse with his legions. They said to him: ‘Do to the inferiors what you did to the superiors.’172Do to us what you did to the men. Immediately, his legions surrounded them and killed them and the blood of these and the blood of those intermingled, and their blood was bursting forth like a river until it reached Cyprus. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
מַעֲשֶׂה בִּשְׁנֵי בְּנֵי צָדוֹק הַכֹּהֵן שֶׁנִּשְׁבּוּ, אֶחָד זָכָר וְאַחַת נְקֵבָה, נָפַל זֶה לְסַרְדְּיוֹט אֶחָד וְזוֹ לְסַרְדְּיוֹט אֶחָד, הָלַךְ זֶה אֵצֶל הַזּוֹנָה וְנָתַן לָהּ הַזָּכָר, וְהָלַךְ זֶה אֵצֶל חֶנְוָנִי וְנָתַן לוֹ הַנְּקֵבָה בְּעַד יַיִן, לְקַיֵם קְרָא דִּכְתִיב (יואל ד, ג): וַיִּתְּנוּ הַיֶּלֶד בַּזּוֹנָה וְהַיַּלְדָּה מָכְרוּ בַיַּיִן וַיִּשְׁתּוּ. לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אַיְיתֵית הַהִיא זוֹנִיתָא לְהַהוּא טַלְיָא לַחֶנְוָנִי, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ מִן בְּגִין דְּאִית לִי טְלָאי דְּדָמֵי לְהַהִיא טַלְיוּתָא לֵית אַתְּ בָּעֵי דְּנָסֵיב חַד לְחַד וּמַה דְּאַיְיתֵי מִנַיְיהוּ יֶהֱוֵי לָאֶמְצַע, אֲמַר לָהּ אִין, מִיָּד נְסַבוּנוּן וִיהֲבוּנוּן בְּחַד בֵּיתָא, שָׁרְיָיה וּבָכְיָיה הַהִיא טַלְיוּתָא, אֲמַר לָהּ טַלְיָא, לְמָה אַתְּ בָּכֵית, אָמְרָה לוֹ וְלֹא אֶבְכֶּה דִּבְרַתֵּיהּ דְּכַהֲנָא רַבָּה אָזְלָה לְאִיתְנַסָּבָא לְעַבְדָא. אֲמַר לָהּ בְּרַתֵּיהּ דְּמַאן אַתְּ, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ בְּרַתֵּיהּ דְּצָדוֹק כַּהֲנָא. אֲמַר לָהּ וְהֵיכָן אַתּוּן שָׁרְיָין, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ בְּשׁוּקָא עִילָּאָה. אֲמַר לָהּ וּמַה סִּימָן הֲוָה בְּדָרַתְכוֹן, אָמְרָה לוֹ סִימָן פְּלַן. אֲמַר לָהּ הֲוָה לִיךְ אָח אוֹ אָחוֹת, אָמְרָה הֲוָה לִי חַד אָח וַהֲוָה לֵיהּ חַד שׁוּמָא בְּכִתְפֵיהּ, וְכַד הֲוָה אָתֵי מִבֵּי סִפְרָא אֲנָא גַּלְיָיא לֵיהּ וּמְנַשְׁקָה לֵיהּ, אֲמַר לָהּ אִין חֲמִיתֵּיהּ חֲכַמְתְּ יָתֵיהּ, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אִין, גָּלֵי גַרְמֵיהּ וַחֲכִים דֵּין לְדֵין וַהֲווֹ מְגַפְּפִין דֵּין לְדֵין וּמְנַשְּׁקִין דֵּין לְדֵין עַד דְּנָפְקָא נִשְׁמַתְהוֹן, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה.
There was an incident involving the two children of Tzadok the priest, who were taken captive, one male and one female. This one fell to a certain officer and that one fell to a certain officer. This one went to a prostitute and gave her the male, and this one went to a storekeeper and gave him the female in exchange for wine, to realize what is written: “They gave the boy for the prostitute and sold the girl for wine, and drank” (Joel 4:3).
Days later, that prostitute brought that lad to the storekeeper. She said to him: ‘Since I have a lad who resembles that young woman, do you not wish to marry one to the other and what emerges from them will be divided between us?’ He said to her: ‘Yes.’ Immediately, they took them and placed them in a room. The young woman began weeping. He said to her: ‘Young woman, why are you weeping?’ She said to him: ‘How shall I not weep, when the daughter of the High Priest is going to marry a slave?’ He said to her: ‘Whose daughter are you?’ She said to him: ‘I am the daughter of Tzadok the priest.’ He said to her: ‘Where are you residing?’ She said to him: ‘In the upper marketplace.’ He said to her: ‘What mark is there on your residence?’ She said to him: ‘Such and such mark.’ He said to her: ‘Do you have a brother or a sister?’ She said: ‘I have one brother and he has a certain mole on his shoulder. When he would come from school, I would bare it and kiss it.’ He said to her: ‘If you would see him would you be able to identify him?’ She said to him: ‘Yes.’ He revealed himself and they recognized each other. They were hugging each other and kissing each other until their souls departed. The Divine Presence was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּמִרְיָם בַּת בַּיְתוּס שֶׁקִּדְּשָׁהּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן גַּמְלָא, וּמִנָּהוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְנִכְנְסָה פַּעַם אַחַת לִרְאוֹת, וְאָמְרָה אֵלֵךְ וְאֶרְאֶה אוֹתוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא קוֹרֵא בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְהוֹצִיאוּ לָהּ טַפֵּטִיּוֹת מִפֶּתַח בֵּיתָהּ עַד פֶּתַח בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִתְיַחֲפוּ רַגְלֶיהָ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן נִתְיַחֲפוּ רַגְלֶיהָ, וּכְשֶׁמֵּת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּעְלָהּ פָּסְקוּ לָהּ חֲכָמִים סָאתַיִם יַיִן בְּכָל יוֹם, וְהָא תַנְיָא אֵין פּוֹסְקִין יַיִן לָאִשָּׁה, רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר לְשׁוּם זְנוּת, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (הושע ד, יא): זְנוּת וְיַיִן וְתִירוֹשׁ יִקַּח לֵב. רַבִּי יְחִזְקְיָה וְרַבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמְרוּ לְתַבְשִׁילֶיהָ. וְעוֹד תְּנַן אִם הָיְתָה מְנִיקָה פּוֹחֲתִין לָהּ מִמַּעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיהָ וּמוֹסִיפִים לָהּ עַל מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ. וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מַאי מוֹסִיף, יַיִן, שֶׁהַיַּיִן מַרְבֶּה אֶת הֶחָלָב. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי צָדוֹק אֶרְאֶה בְּנֶחָמָה אִם לֹא רְאִיתִיהָ שֶׁקָּשְׁרוּ שַׂעֲרוֹתֶיהָ בְּזַנְבֵי סוּסֵיהֶם שֶׁל עַרְבִיִּים, וְהָיוּ מְרִיצִין לָהּ מִירוּשָׁלַיִם וְעַד לוּד, וְקָרָאתִי עָלֶיהָ הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה (דברים כח, נו): הָרַכָּה בְךָ וְהָעֲנֻגָּה וגו'.
There was an incident involving Miriam bat Baitus, whom Yehoshua ben Gamla betrothed [to him], and the king appointed him to be the High Priest.173He was appointed to this position because his wealthy wife paid an exorbitant sum to bribe the king to make the appointment. One time, she entered [the Temple] to observe, saying: ‘I will go and see him when he reads the Torah on Yom Kippur in the Temple.’ [Her servants] laid out carpets for her from the entrance of her house to the entrance of the Temple so that her feet would not become irritated. Nevertheless, her feet became irritated. When Yehoshua, her husband, died, the Sages alloted two se’a of wine each day for her.174This was part of her allotment from her husband’s estate. But did we not learn: One does not apportion wine to a woman? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: [Because] it leads to licentiousness, just as it says: “Licentiousness, wine, and new wine will have captured the heart” (Hosea 4:11). Rabbi Yeḥizkiya and Rabbi Abahu said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: For her cooked dishes.175It is permitted to allot wine for cooking, it is prohibited for drinking. They allotted this significant amount of wine daily for the cooked dishes of her household, which demonstrates her immense wealth. Moreover, we learned: If she was nursing, one diminishes her handiwork and adds to her sustenance. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: What does one add? Wine, because wine increases the milk.176This is another reason it is permitted to allot wine to a woman, and may have been the reason Miriam bat Baitus was allotted wine. Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Tzadok said: I will see the consolation,177This was an expression of an oath, short for ‘may I not see the consolation of Jerusalem if I did not see such-and-such.’ if I did not see that they tied her hair to the tails of Arabian horses, and they had them pull her from Jerusalem to Lod. I read in her regard: “The tender and delicate woman among you…” (Deuteronomy 28:56).
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּמִרְיָם בִּתּוֹ שֶׁל נַקְדִימוֹן, שֶׁפָּסְקוּ לָהּ חֲכָמִים חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת דִּינָרֵי זָהָב לְקֻפַּת בְּשָׂמִים בְּכָל יוֹם, אַף הִיא עָמְדָה וְקִלְּלָה אוֹתָם, וְאָמְרָה לָהֶם: כָּךְ תִּפְסְקוּ לִבְנוֹתֵיכֶם, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא אַף אָנוּ עָנִינוּ אַחֲרֶיהָ אָמֵן, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אֶרְאֶה בְּנֶחָמָה אִם לֹא רְאִיתִיהָ שֶׁהָיְתָה מְלַקֶּטֶת שְׂעוֹרִים מִתַּחַת טַלְפֵי סוּסִים בְּעַכּוֹ, וְקָרָאתִי עָלֶיהָ הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה (שיר השירים א, ח): אִם לֹא תֵדְעִי לָךְ הַיָּפָה בַּנָּשִׁים צְאִי לָךְ בְּעִקְּבֵי הַצֹּאן וּרְעִי אֶת גְּדִיֹּתַיִךְ, אַל תִּקְרֵי גְּדִיֹּתַיִךְ אֶלָּא גְּוִיּוֹתַיִךְ.
There was an incident involving Miriam daughter of Nakdimon for whom the Sages alloted five hundred gold dinars for a basket of perfume each day. She nonetheless stood and cursed them and said to them: ‘Allot that to your daughters!’178She viewed this huge sum as insufficient. Rabbi Aḥa said: ‘We, too, answered amen after her.’179From the perspective of the Sages it was a huge sum. Rabbi Elazar said: I will see the consolation if I did not see her gathering barley under the hooves of horses in Akko. I read in her regard this verse: “If you do not know, the fairest among women, go you out in the footsteps of the sheep and herd your kids [gediyotayikh]” (Song of Songs 1:8). Do not read gediyotayikh, but rather, your corpses [geviyotayikh].
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּמִרְיָם בַּת בַּיְתוֹס נַחְתּוֹם שֶׁנִּשְׁבֵּית וּפְּדָאוּהָ בְּעַכּוֹ, זָבִין לָהּ חָלוּק אֶחָד אָזְלַת לְמִישְׁטְפֵיהּ בְּיַמָּא אֲתָא גַּלָּא וְנַסְבֵיהּ. זְבַנִּין לָהּ אוֹחֲרָן, אָזְלַת לְמִישְׁטְפֵיהּ בְּיַמָּא וַאֲתָא גַּלָּא וְנַסְבֵיהּ, בְּעוֹן עוֹד לְמִזְבַּן לָהּ אוֹחֲרִין, אָמְרָה לְהוֹן הַנִּיחוּ לוֹ לַגַּבָּאי שֶׁיִּגְבֶּה אֶת חוֹבוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁצִּדְּקָה עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַדִּין רָמַז הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַיָּם וְהוֹצִיא לָהּ כֵּלֶיהָ.
There was an incident involving Miriam bat Baitus, the baker, who was taken captive and redeemed in Akko. They purchased a mantle for her.180The local Jewish community ransomed her from captivity and bought her a garment. She went to wash it in the sea and a wave came and swept it away. They purchased her another. She went to wash it in the sea and a wave came and swept it away. They sought to purchase her another. She said to them: ‘Allow the Collector to collect His debt.’ Since she accepted her judgment, the Holy One blessed be He motioned to the sea and it produced her garments for her.
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּמִרְיָם בַּת נַחְתּוֹם שֶׁנִּשְׁבֵּית הִיא וְשִׁבְעָה בָנֶיהָ, נְטָלָן קֵיסָר וּנְתָנָן לְגָיו מִן שִׁבְעָה קַנְקַלִּין, הֵבִיא אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵנוּ (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, מִיָּד הוֹצִיאוֹ וַהֲרָגוֹ. הוֹצִיא הַשֵּׁנִי וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, אָחִי לֹא הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וַאֲנִי אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, אָמַר לוֹ שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות ב, ג): לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, [אמר לו שכתוב בתורה] (שמות לד, יד): כִּי לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְאֵל אַחֵר, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הָרְבִיעִי וְאָמַר פְּסוּקֵיהּ (שמות כב, יט): זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם, גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַחֲמִישִׁי וְאָמַר גַּם הוּא פְּסוּקֵיהּ (דברים ו, ד): שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ ה' אֶחָד, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְאָמַר גַּם הוּא פְּסוּקֵיהּ (דברים ז, כא): כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּקִרְבֶּךָ אֵל גָּדוֹל וְנוֹרָא, גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְהוּא הָיָה קָטָן שֶׁבְּכֻלָּן, אָמַר, בְּנִי הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, אָמַר לוֹ שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵינוּ (דברים ד, לט): וְיָדַעְתָּ הַיּוֹם וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ אֶל לְבָבֶךָ כִּי ה' הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל וְעַל הָאָרֶץ מִתָּחַת אֵין עוֹד, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּעְנוּ לֵאלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ מְמִירִין אוֹתוֹ בְּאֵל אַחֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כו, יז): אֶת ה' הֶאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּעְנוּ לוֹ כָּךְ נִשְׁבַּע לָנוּ שֶׁאֵין מְמִירֵנוּ בְּאֻמָּה אַחֶרֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כו, יח): וַה' הֶאֱמִירְךָ הַיּוֹם. אָמַר לוֹ קֵיסָר אַחֶיךָ שָׂבְעוּ יָמִים וְשָׂבְעוּ חַיִּים וְרָאוּ טוֹבָה, וְאַתָּה קָטָן לֹא שָׂבַעְתָּ יָמִים וְלֹא שָׂבַעְתָּ חַיִּים וְלֹא רָאִיתָ טוֹב בָּעוֹלָם, הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם וְאֶעֱשֶׂה בְךָ טוֹבוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵנוּ (שמות טו, יח): ה' יִמְלֹךְ לְעֹלָם וָעֶד, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים י, טז): ה' מֶלֶךְ עוֹלָם וָעֶד אָבְדוּ גוֹיִם מֵאַרְצוֹ, וְאַתֶּם בְּטֵלִים וְאוֹיְבָיו בְּטֵלִים. בָּשָׂר וָדָם הַיּוֹם חַי וּלְמָחָר מֵת, הַיּוֹם עָשִׁיר וּלְמָחָר עָנִי, אֲבָל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חַי וְקַיָם לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים. אָמַר לוֹ קֵיסָר, רְאֵה אַחֶיךָ הֲרוּגִים לְפָנֶיךָ, וַהֲרֵינִי מַשְׁלִיךְ טַבַּעְתִּי לָאָרֶץ לִפְנֵי הַצֶּלֶם וְהַגְבִּיהָהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ הַכֹּל שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ לְקוֹלִי. אָמַר לוֹ חֲבָל עֲלָיךְ קֵיסָר, מָה אִם אַתָּה מִתְיָרֵא מִבְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁכְּמוֹתְךָ, אֲנִי לֹא אֶתְיָירֵא מִמֶּלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֱלֹהֵי עוֹלָם. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אֱלוֹהַּ לָעוֹלָם, אָמַר לוֹ אַלְלַי עָלֶיךָ קֵיסָר, וְכִי עוֹלָם שֶׁל הֶפְקֵר רָאִיתָ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ פֶּה לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ה): פֶּה לָהֶם וְלֹא יְדַבֵּרוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (תהלים לג, ו): בִּדְבַר ה' שָׁמַיִם נַעֲשׂוּ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ עֵינַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ה): עֵינַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִרְאוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (זכריה ד, י): עֵינֵי ה' הֵמָּה מְשׁוֹטְטִים בְּכָל הָאָרֶץ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אָזְנַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ו): אָזְנַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִשְׁמָעוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (מלאכי ג, טז): וַיַּקְשֵׁב ה' וַיִּשְׁמָע. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אַף לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ו): אַף לָהֶם וְלֹא יְרִיחוּן, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (בראשית ח, כא): וַיָּרַח ה' אֶת רֵיחַ הַנִּיחֹחַ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ יָדַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): יְדֵיהֶם וְלֹא יְמִישׁוּן, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (ישעיה מח, יג): אַף יָדִי יָסְדָה אֶרֶץ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ רַגְלַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): רַגְלֵיהֶם וְלֹא יְהַלֵּכוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (זכריה יד, ד): וְעָמְדוּ רַגְלָיו בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא עַל הַר הַזֵּיתִים. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ גָּרוֹן לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): לֹא יֶהְגּוּ בִּגְרוֹנָם, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (איוב לז, ב): וְהֶגֶה מִפִּיו יֵצֵא. אָמַר לוֹ אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ כָּל הַמִּדּוֹת הַלָּלוּ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם מִפְּנֵי מָה אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיָּדִי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִצִּיל לַחֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה מִיַּד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. אָמַר לוֹ חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה כְּשֵׁרִים הָיוּ וּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר מֶלֶךְ הָגוּן הָיָה לֵעָשׂוֹת נֵס עַל יָדוֹ, אֲבָל אַתָּה אֵינְךָ הָגוּן וְאָנוּ נִתְחַיַּבְנוּ מִיתָה לַשָּׁמַיִם, אִם אֵין אַתָּה הוֹרְגֵנוּ הַרְבֵּה הוֹרְגִים יֵשׁ לַמָּקוֹם, הַרְבֵּה דֻּבִּים הַרְבֵּה זְאֵבִים וַאֲרָיוֹת וּנְחָשִׁים וּנְמֵרִים וְעַקְרַבִּים שֶׁיִּפְגְּעוּ בָּנוּ וְיַהַרְגוּנוּ, אֶלָּא לַסּוֹף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עָתִיד לִפָּרַע מִמְּךָ אֶת דָּמֵינוּ, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו לְהוֹרְגוֹ. אָמְרָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ בְּחַיֵּי רֹאשְׁךָ קֵיסָר תְּנָה אֶת בְּנִי וַאֲחַבְּקֵהוּ וַאֲנַשְׁקֵהוּ. נְתָנוּהוּ לָהּ וְהוֹצִיאָה לוֹ דַּדֶּיהָ וֶהֱנִיקַתּוּ חָלָב, אָמְרָה לוֹ בְּחַיֵּי רֹאשְׁךָ קֵיסָר הָרְגֵנִי תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ הָרְגֵהוּ, אָמַר לָהּ קֵיסָר אֵינִי שׁוֹמֵעַ לִיךְ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַתְכֶם (ויקרא כב, כח): וְשׁוֹר אוֹ שֶׂה אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ לֹא תִשְׁחֲטוּ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, אָמְרָה לוֹ שׁוֹטֶה שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם כְּבָר קִיַּמְתָּ כָּל הַמִּצְווֹת וְלֹא נִשְׁאָר לְךָ אֶלָּא זוֹ בִּלְבָד, מִיָּד צִוָּה עָלָיו לְהָרְגוֹ. נָפְלָה אִמּוֹ עָלָיו וְהָיְתָה מְחַבַּקְתּוּ וּמְנַשַׁקְתּוּ וְאָמְרָה לוֹ בְּנִי, לֵךְ אֵצֶל אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם וֶאֱמָר לוֹ כָּךְ אָמְרָה אִמִּי אַל תָּזוּחַ דַּעְתְּךָ עָלֶיךָ וְתֹאמַר בָּנִיתִי מִזְבֵּחַ וְהֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶת יִצְחָק בְּנִי, הֲרֵי אִמֵּנוּ בָּנְתָה שִׁבְעָה מִזְבְּחוֹת וְהֶעֶלְתָה שִׁבְעָה בָנִים בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, אַתָּה נִסָּיוֹן וַאֲנִי מַעֲשֶׂה, עַד שֶׁהָיְתָה מְנַשַּׁקְתּוּ וּמְחַבַּקְתּוּ גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ עָלֶיהָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג שִׁעֲרוּ חֲכָמִים שְׁנוֹתָיו שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק וְנִמְצָא בֶּן שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים וְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה צָעֲקוּ כָּל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם וְאָמְרוּ מָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם שֶׁל אֵלּוּ עוֹשֶׂה לָהֶם שֶׁכָּךְ נֶהֱרָגִין עָלָיו בְּכָל שָׁעָה, וַעֲלֵיהֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים מד, כג): כִּי עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ כָל הַיּוֹם. לְאַחַר יָמִים נִשְׁתַּטֵּית אוֹתָהּ הָאִשָּׁה וְנָפְלָה מִן הַגַּג וּמֵתָה, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה טו, ט): אֻמְלְלָה יֹלֶדֶת הַשִּׁבְעָה, וּבַת קוֹל יוֹצֵאת וְאוֹמֶרֶת (תהלים קיג, ט): אֵם הַבָּנִים שְׂמֵחָה, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה.
There was an incident involving Miriam daughter of the baker, who was taken captive with her seven sons. The emperor took them and placed them behind seven partitions. He brought the first and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, I will not prostrate myself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ [He responded:] ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “I am the Lord your God”’ (Exodus 20:2). Immediately, he took him out and executed him.
He took out the second and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, my brother did not prostrate himself and I will not prostrate myself.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “You shall have no other gods before Me”’ (Exodus 20:3). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the third and said to him: ‘Prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘I will not prostrate myself.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “For you shall not prostrate yourself to another god”’ (Exodus 34:14). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the fourth and [the son] recited his verse: “One who sacrifices to gods shall be destroyed” (Exodus 22:19). He issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the fifth and he, too, recited his verse: “Hear Israel, the Lord is our God the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him. He took out the sixth and he, too, recited his verse: “For the Lord your God is in your midst, a God great and awesome” (Deuteronomy 7:21). Immediately, he issued a decree against him and they executed him.
He took out the seventh, who was the youngest of them all. He said: ‘My son, prostrate yourself to the idol.’ He said to him: ‘God forbid.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘Because so it is written in our Torah: “You shall know this day, and restore to your heart, that the Lord, He is the God in the heavens above and upon the earth below, there is no other” (Deuteronomy 4:39). Moreover, we took an oath to our God that we will not exchange Him for another God, as it is stated: “You have exalted the Lord today [to be your God]” (Deuteronomy 26:17). And just as we took an oath to Him, so He took an oath that He would not exchange us for a different nation, as it is stated: “The Lord has exalted you today [to be a people of distinction for Him]”’ (Deuteronomy 26:18).
The emperor said to him: ‘Your brothers had full days, full lives, and experienced goodness, but you are young, you have not had full days, you have not had a full life, and you have never experienced goodness. Prostrate yourself to the idol and I will do good things for you.’ He said to him: ‘It is written in our Torah: “The Lord will reign forever” (Exodus 15:18). And it says: “The Lord is king forever, nations have been eliminated from His land” (Psalms 10:16). You will cease and His enemies will cease. Flesh and blood lives today and dies tomorrow, is wealthy today and poor tomorrow; but the Holy One blessed be He lives and persists forever and for all time.’ The emperor said to him: ‘See your brothers slain before you. I am casting my ring to the ground before the idol, lift it so everyone will know that you heeded my voice.’ He said to him: ‘It is a shame for you, emperor; if you fear people, who are your equivalent, will I not fear the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, the eternal God?’ He said to him: ‘Is there a God in the world?’ He said to him: ‘Woe are you, emperor, have you seen a world without a master?’
He said to him: ‘Does your God have a mouth?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have a mouth but cannot speak” (Psalms 115:5). Regarding our God it is written: “By the word of the Lord the heavens were made; [by the breath of His mouth, all their hosts]”’ (Psalms 33:6).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have eyes?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have eyes but cannot see” (Psalms 115:5). Regarding our God it is written: “They are the eyes of the Lord ranging throughout the land”’ (Zechariah 4:10).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have ears?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have ears but cannot hear” (Psalms 115:6). Regarding our God it is written: “The Lord listened and heard”’ (Malachi 3:16).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have a nose?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have a nose but cannot smell” (Psalms 115:6). Regarding our God it is written: “The Lord smelled the pleasing aroma”’ (Genesis 8:21).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have hands?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have hands but cannot feel” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “My hand, too, laid the foundation”’ (Isaiah 48:13).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have feet?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They have feet but cannot walk” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “His feet will stand that day on the Mount of Olives”’ (Zechariah 14:4).
He said to him: ‘Does your God have a throat?’ He said to him: ‘Regarding your gods it is written: “They cannot produce sound with their throats” (Psalms 115:7). Regarding our God it is written: “Sound emerges from His mouth”’ (Job 37:2).
He said to him: ‘If there are all these attributes in your God, why does He not rescue you from my hand, like He rescued Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya from the hand of Nebuchadnezzar?’ He said to him: ‘Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya were upright, and Nebuchadnezzar was a king worthy of having a miracle performed through him. But you are not worthy, and we have been condemned to death at the hand of Heaven. If you do not execute us, there are many executioners for the Omnipresent, many wolves, lions, snakes, leopards, and scorpions to attack us and kill us. But ultimately, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to exact retribution from you for our blood.’ Immediately, he issued a decree against him to execute him.
His mother said to him: ‘By the life of your head, emperor, give me my son and I will hug him and kiss him.’ He gave him to her, and she bared her breasts and nursed him with her milk. She said to him: ‘By the life of your head, emperor, execute me first and then execute him.’ The emperor said to her: ‘I will not heed you because it is written in your Torah: “An ox or a sheep, it and its offspring you shall not slaughter on one day”’ (Leviticus 22:28). She said to him: ‘You absolute fool, have you already fulfilled all the mitzvot and only this one remains?’ Immediately, he commanded to execute [the son]. His mother fell upon him and was hugging him and kissing him. She said to him: ‘My son, go to Abraham your patriarch and say to him: So said my mother: Do not be overly impressed with yourself and say: I built an altar and sacrificed Isaac, my son. My mother built seven altars and sacrificed seven sons on one day. Yours was an ordeal, mine was an action.’181Your was a test to see if you were willing to sacrifice your son, but you did not actually sacrifice him. My sons were actually killed. While she was hugging him and kissing him, he issued a decree against him and they executed him upon her. When he was executed, the Sages calculated the age of that child and it was discovered that he was two years, six months, and six and one half hours. At that moment, all the nations of the world screamed out and said: ‘What is the God of these people doing to them that they are killed on His behalf all the time?’ In their regard it is written: “For we are killed all day long for You” (Psalms 44:23).
Sometime later, that woman went mad and she fell from the roof and died, to realize what is stated: “She who bore seven is miserable” (Jeremiah 15:9). A Divine Voice was calling out, saying: “The mother of the children is joyful” (Psalms 113:9). The Divine Spirit was crying out and saying: “For these I weep.”
מַעֲשֶׂה בְּדוֹאֵג בֶּן יוֹסֵף שֶׁמֵּת וְהִנִּיחַ בֵּן קָטָן לְאִמּוֹ, וְהָיְתָה מְמַדֶּדֶת אוֹתוֹ בִּטְפָחִים וְנוֹתֶנֶת מִשְׁקָלוֹ זָהָב לַשָּׁמַיִם בְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהֵקִיפָה מְצוּדָה בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, טְבָחַתּוּ אִמּוֹ בְּיָדֶיהָ וַאֲכָלַתּוּ, וְהָיָה יִרְמְיָה מְקוֹנֵן לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם וְאוֹמֵר (איכה ב, כ): לְמִי עוֹלַלְתָּ כֹּה אִם תֹּאכַלְנָה נָשִׁים פִּרְיָם עֹלְלֵי טִפֻּחִים. וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְשִׁיבַתּוּ (איכה ב, כ): אִם יֵהָרֵג בְּמִקְדַּשׁ ה' כֹּהֵן וְנָבִיא, זֶה זְכַרְיָה בֶּן יְהוֹיָדָע. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר עַל סִלּוּק דַּעַת וְעַל סִלּוּק שְׁכִינָה. אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה צִדְקִיָה רוֹאֶה אֲחֵרִים שֶׁהָיוּ מְנַקְּרִין אֶת עֵינָיו וְלֹא הָיָה לוֹ דַּעַת לְהַטִּיחַ אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ בַּכֹּתֶל עַד שֶׁיָּצָאת נִשְׁמָתוֹ, אֶלָּא גָּרַם לְבָנָיו שֶׁיֵּהָרְגוּ לְפָנָיו. אֶלָּא עַל אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נֶאֱמַר (ירמיה ד, ט): יֹאבַד לֵב הַמֶּלֶךְ וְלֵב הַשָֹּׂרִים וגו'. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר עַל בִּטּוּל כְּהֻנָּה וּמַלְכוּת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (זכריה ד, יד): אֵלֶּה שְׁנֵי בְנֵי הַיִּצְהָר הָעֹמְדִים עַל אֲדוֹן כָּל הָאָרֶץ, אֵלּוּ אַהֲרֹן וְדָוִד, אַהֲרֹן תּוֹבֵעַ עַל כְּהֻנָּתוֹ, וְדָוִד תּוֹבֵעַ עַל מַלְכוּתוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר עַל בִּטּוּל תּוֹרָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים יב, א): אֵלֶּה הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר עַל עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות לב, ד): אֵלֶּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל. זַבְדִּי בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר עַל בִּטּוּל קָרְבָּנוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר כט, לט): אֵלֶּה תַּעֲשׂוּ לַה' בְּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי עַל בִּטּוּל מִשְׁמָרוֹת, וּמָה הֲנָאָה יֵשׁ לָעוֹלָם מִן הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת, אֶלָּא בַּשֵּׁנִי הָיוּ מִתְעַנִּין עַל פּוֹרְשֵׂי יַמִּים. בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי הָיוּ מִתְעַנִּין עַל הוֹלְכֵי דְרָכִים. בָּרְבִיעִי הָיוּ מִתְעַנִּין עַל הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁלֹא יַעֲלֶה אַסְכָּרָה בְּפִיהֶם וְיָמוּתוּ. בַּחֲמִישִׁי הָיוּ מִתְעַנִּין עַל הַמְעֻבָּרוֹת שֶׁלֹא יַפִּילוּ וְעַל הַמְּנִיקוֹת שֶׁלֹא יָמוּתוּ בְּנֵיהֶם. וַהֲלֹא אֵין מִתְעַנִּין עַל שְׁנֵי דְבָרִים כְּאֶחָד, כְּדִכְתִיב (עזרא ח, כג): וַנָּצוּמָה וַנְּבַקְּשָׁה מֵאֱלֹהֵינוּ עַל זֹאת. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר בְּדָנִיֵּאל (דניאל ב, יח): וְרַחֲמִין לְמִבְעֵא מִן קֳדָם אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָא עַל רָזָא דְּנָה, וְלָא עַל תְּרֵין. אֶלָּא כְּהַהִיא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא עַל עֲצִירַת גְּשָׁמִים וְגָלוּת מִתְעַנִּין עֲלֵיהֶן בְּבַת אַחַת. אֲבָל אֵין מִתְעַנִּין לֹא בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת וְלֹא בְּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי כְבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. עֵינִי עֵינִי יֹרְדָה מַיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשָׁל לְרוֹפֵא שֶׁחָשַׁשׁ עֵינוֹ אַחַת, אָמַר עֵינִי תִּבְכֶּה עַל עֵינִי. כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִקְרְאוּ עֵינוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (זכריה ט, א): כִּי לַה' עֵין אָדָם וְכֹל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, כִּבְיָכוֹל אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֵינִי תִבְכֶּה עַל עֵינִי. כִּי רָחַק מִמֶּנִי מְנַחֵם מֵשִׁיב נַפְשִׁי, מַה שְּׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר ה' שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה כג, ו): וְזֶה שְׁמוֹ אֲשֶׁר יִקְרְאוֹ ה' צִדְקֵנוּ. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי טָבָא לִמְדִינְתָּא דִּשְׁמָהּ כְּשֵׁם מַלְכָּהּ וְשֵׁם מַלְכָּהּ כְּשֵׁם אֱלֹהֶיהָ. טָבָא לִמְדִינְתָּא דִּשְׁמָהּ כְּשֵׁם מַלְכָּהּ, דִּכְתִיב (יחזקאל מח, לה): וְשֵׁם הָעִיר מִיּוֹם ה' שָׁמָּה. וְשֵׁם מַלְכָּהּ כְּשֵׁם אֱלֹהֶיהָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְזֶה שְׁמוֹ אֲשֶׁר יִקְרְאוֹ ה' צִדְקֵנוּ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר צֶמַח שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה ו, יב): הִנֵּה אִישׁ צֶמַח שְׁמוֹ וּמִתַּחְתָּיו יִצְמָח. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר מְנַחֵם שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי רָחַק מִמֶּנִּי מְנַחֵם. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא וְלֹא פְּלִיגֵי חוּשְׁבְּנָא דְּדֵין כְּחוּשְׁבְּנָא דְּדֵין, הוּא מְנַחֵם הוּא צֶמַח. וַהֲדָא מְסַיֵּיעַ לַהֲדָא דְּרַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ. עוֹבָדָא הֲוָה בְּחַד בַּר נָשׁ דַּהֲוָה קָא רָדֵי, גָּעַת חֲדָא תּוֹרְתֵיהּ, עֲבַר עֲלוֹי חַד עַרְבִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה אַתְּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ יְהוּדָאי אֲנָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁרֵי תּוֹרָךְ וּשְׁרֵי פַּדְנָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ דְּבֵית מַקְדְּשׁוֹן דִּיהוּדָאי חָרַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָא יָדַעְתְּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ יְדָעִית מִן גְּעִיָּיתָא דְּתוֹרָךְ. עַד דַּהֲוָה עָסֵיק עִמֵּיהּ גָּעַת זִימְנָא אַחְרִיתֵּי, אֲמַר לוֹ אֲסַר תּוֹרָךְ אֲסַר פַּדְּנָךְ דְּאִתְיְילֵיד פְּרִיקְהוֹן דִּיהוּדָאי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמַה שְּׁמֵיהּ, אֲמַר לוֹ מְנַחֵם שְׁמֵיהּ. וַאֲבוּי מַה שְּׁמֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חִזְקִיָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְהֵיכָן שָׁרְיָין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּבִירַת עַרְבָא בִּדְבֵית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה. זַבֵּין הַהוּא גַּבְרָא תּוֹרוֹי זַבֵּין פַּדְּנֵיהּ וַהֲוָה מַזְבֵּין לְבִידִין דִּינוּקִין. עָלַל לְקַרְתָּא וּנְפַק לְקַרְתָּא, עָלַל לִמְדִינָה וּנְפַק לִמְדִינָה, עַד דִּמְטָא לְתַמָּן, אַתְיָין כָּל כְּפָרַיָא לְמִזְבַּן מִינֵּיהּ וְהַהִיא אִיתְּתָא אִמֵּיהּ דְּהַהוּא יְנוּקָא לָא זַבְנַת מִינֵיהּ. אֲמַר לָהּ לָמָּה לֵית אַתְּ זַבְנַת לְבִידִין דִּינוּקִין, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ דַּחֲשָׁיֵיהּ קָשֵׁיי לִינוּקֵי. אֲמַר לָהּ לָמָּה, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ דְּעַל רַגְלוֹי חָרַב בֵּית מַקְדְּשָׁא. אֲמַר לָהּ רְחִיצִין אֲנַן בְּמָרֵיהּ עָלְמָא דְּעַל רַגְלוֹי חָרַב וְעַל רַגְלוֹי מִיתְבְּנֵי. אֲמַר לָהּ אַתְּ הֲוֵי נְסִיבָא לִיךְ מִן אִילֵין לְבִידִין דִּינוּקֵיךְ וּלְבָתַר יוֹמִין אֲנָא אָתֵי לְבֵיתֵךְ וְנָסַב פְּרִיעֵיךְ, נָסְבָה וְאָזְלָה. לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אֲמַר הַאי גַבְרָא אֵיזִיל וְאֶיחֱמֵי הַהוּא יְנוּקָא מַאי קָא עָבֵיד, אֲתָא לְגַבָּהּ אֲמַר לָהּ הַהוּא יְנוּקָא מַאי קָא עָבִיד, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ לָא אֲמָרִית לָךְ דַּחֲשָׁיֵיה קָשֵׁיי אֲפִלּוּ עַל רִגְלֵיהּ נַחֲשֵׁיהּ, דְּמִן הַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא אַתְיָין רוּחִין וְעִלְעוּלִין טַעֲנוּנֵיהּ וְאָזְלִין לְהוֹן. אֲמַר לָהּ וְלָא כָךְ אֲמָרִית לָךְ דְּעַל רִגְלוֹי חָרַב וְעַל רִגְלוֹי מִתְבְּנֵי. אָמַר רַבִּי אָבוּן לָמָּה לִי לִלְמֹד מִן עַרְבִיֵּי, וְלֹא מִקְרָא מָלֵא הוּא, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה י, לד): וְהַלְּבָנוֹן בְּאַדִּיר יִפּוֹל. וּכְתִיב בַּתְרֵיהּ (ישעיה יא, א): וְיָצָא חֹטֶר מִגֶּזַע יִשָּׁי וְנֵצֶר מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה. דְּבֵי רַבִּי שִׁילָא אָמְרֵי שִׁילֹה שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מָשִׁיחַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מט, י): עַד כִּי יָבֹא שִׁילֹה. שִׁלָּה כְּתִיב. דְּבֵי רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמְרֵי חֲנִינָה שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה טז, יג): אֲשֶׁר לֹא אֶתֵּן לָכֶם חֲנִינָה. דְּבֵי רַבִּי יַנַּאי אָמְרֵי יִנּוֹן שְׁמוֹ, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים עב, יז): לִפְנֵי שֶׁמֶשׁ יִנּוֹן שְׁמוֹ. רַבִּי בֵּיבָא סַנֵּגוֹרְיָא אָמַר נְהִירָא שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ב, כב): וּנְהוֹרָא עִמֵּהּ שְׁרֵא. נְהִירָא כְּתִיב. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרַבִּי יִצְחָק הָדֵין מַלְכָּא מְשִׁיחָא אִי מֵחַיָּיא הוּא דָּוִד שְׁמֵיהּ, אִי מִמֵּיתַיָא הוּא דָּוִד שְׁמֵיהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אֲנָא אוֹמַר טַעְמֵיהּ (תהלים יח, נא): מַגְּדִיל יְשׁוּעוֹת מַלְכּוֹ וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לִמְשִׁיחוֹ, וּלְדָוִד, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא לְדָוִד וּלְזַרְעוֹ. הָיוּ בָנַי שׁוֹמֵמִים כִּי גָבַר אוֹיֵב. רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אֲמַר כַּהֲדָא אַפְתָּא דְּקַרָא דְּכַמָּה דְּהַהִיא רַבְיָיא הִיא קְטַנָּא. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר כַּהֲדָא חֲזִירְתָּא דְּכַמָּה דְּבָנֶיהָ רַבְיָין הִיא קְטַנָּא.
There was an incident involving Doeg ben Yosef who died and left a young son to his mother. She would measure him in handbreadths and donate his weight in gold to the Temple182Literally, to Heaven. each and every year. When the siege encircled Jerusalem, his mother slaughterd him with her own hands and ate him: Jeremiah was lamenting before the Omnipresent and saying: “Shall women eat their fruit, the infants of their nurturing?” (Lamentations 2:20). The Divine Spirit responded to him: “Shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the Temple of the Lord?” (Lamentations 2:20). This is Zekharya ben Yehoyada.183See Eikha Rabba, Prologue, 23.
Another matter, “for these I weep,” Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: For the departure of intelligence and for the departure of the Divine Presence. Is it possible that Zedekiah saw others plucking out his eyes and he did not have the intelligence to smash his head against the wall until his soul departed, but he rather caused his sons to be slaughtered before his eyes?184Nebuchadnezzar had Zedekiah’s sons slaughtered before his eyes, and then had Zedekiah’s eyes blinded (II Kings 25:7). According to the Sages, they first inserted iron rods into his eyes but had not yet blinded him; they finished blinding him only after he saw his sons slaughtered (Tanḥuma, Vaetḥanan 1). The midrash here asks why Zedekiah did not kill himself to spare himself this torture. Rather, regarding that moment it is stated: “The heart of the king and the heart of the princes will fail…” (Jeremiah 4:9). Rabbi Neḥemya said: For the departure of priesthood and kingship. That is what is written: “These are the two anointed men who attend the Lord of all the land” (Zechariah 4:14); these are Aaron and David. Aaron is demanding his priesthood and David is demanding his kingdom.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: For dereliction in the study of Torah.185This opinions interprets the verse “for these I weep” to mean due to these sins, namely the dereliction in the study of Torah. That is what is written: “These are the statutes and the ordinances” (Deuteronomy 12:1).186This verse is stated regarding the Torah. The word “these” in Lamentations is thus connected to the words of Torah, referred to as “these” in Deuteronomy. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: For idol worship. That is what is written: “These are your gods, Israel” (Exodus 32:4). Zavdi ben Levi said: For the abrogation of the offerings. That is what is written: “These you shall perform to the Lord on your appointed days” (Numbers 29:39). The Rabbis said: For the abrogation of the [non-priestly] watches.187The reference is to the groups of Israelites, corresponding to the twenty-four priestly watches, who would spend the week in prayer and Torah study so that the Temple service would be pleasing to God; see Taanit 26a. What benefit does the world have from the watches? On Monday they would fast on behalf of the seafarers. On Tuesday they would fast on behalf of the wayfarers. On Wednesday they would fast on behalf of the children, so that diphtheria would not afflict their mouths and cause them to die. On Thursday they would fast on behalf of the pregnant women, that they would not miscarry, and on behalf of the nursing women, that their children should not die. But is it not so that one may not fast on behalf of two matters simultaneously, as it is written: “We fasted and we requested from our God about this”? (Ezra 8:23). And a verse in Daniel says: “For them to request mercy from before the God of heaven regarding this secret” (Daniel 2:18), and not regarding two.188Both verses mention requesting from God regarding “this,” in singular. Rather, it is like that which Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: For drought and exile one fasts for both of them simultaneously.189They are related, because due to famine people wander from their homes in search of food. Similarly, miscarriage and the death of infants are closely enough related that one can pray regarding both simultaneously. However, one does not fast on the day before Shabbat or on the day following Shabbat, in deference to Shabbat.
“My eye, my eye sheds water.” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a doctor who had pain in one eye. He said: ‘Let my eye weep for my eye.’ So too, Israel is called the eye of the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “For the eye of man and all the tribes of Israel is toward the Lord” (Zechariah 9:1). As it were, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let My eye weep for My eye.’
“For a comforter, restorer of my soul, has grown distant from me.” What is the name of the messianic king? Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: The Lord is his name, as it is stated: “This is his name that they will call him: The Lord is our righteousness” (Jeremiah 23:6). As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is good for a province when its name is like that of its king, and the name of its king is like that of its God. It is good for a province when its name is like that of its king, as it is written: “The name of the city from that day shall be: The Lord is there” (Ezekiel 48:35). The name of its king like the name of its God, as it is stated: “This is his name that they will call him: The Lord is our righteousness” (Jeremiah 23:6).
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: His name is Tzemaḥ, as it is stated: “Behold a man, Tzemaḥ is his name, and he will sprout [yitzmaḥ]” (Zechariah 6:12). Rabbi Yudan said: Menaḥem is his name, as it is stated: “For a comforter [menaḥem]…has grown distant from me.” Rabbi Ḥanina said: And they do not disagree; the numerical value of this equals the numerical value of that, Menaḥem equals Tzemaḥ.190Menaḥem: mem – 40, nun – 50, ḥet – 8, mem – 40 = 138. Tzemaḥ: tzadi – 90, mem – 40, ḥet – 8 = 138. The following supports that [statement] of Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Aivu: There was an incident involving a certain person who was plowing. One of his oxen lowed. A certain Arab passed near him and said to him: ‘What are you?’ He said to him: ‘I am a Jew.’ He said to him: ‘Unharness your ox, untie your plow.’ He said to him: ‘Why?’ He said to him: ‘The Temple of the Jews is destroyed.’191Therefore, you should mourn rather than work your field. He said to him: ‘How do you know?’ He said to him: ‘I know it from the lowing of your ox.’ While he was still conversing with him, it lowed again. He said to him: ‘Harness your ox, tie your plow, as the redeemer of the Jews was born.’ He said to him: ‘What is his name?’ He said to him: ‘His name is Menaḥem.’ ‘What is his father’s name?’ He said to him: ‘Hezekiah.’ He said to him: ‘Where do they live?’ He said to him: ‘In Birat Arva, that is in Bethlehem of Judah.’ That man sold his oxen, sold his plow, and became a seller of felt garments for children. He would enter a city and leave a city, enter a province and leave a province, until he arrived there.
All of the women of the village came to purchase from him, but the mother of a certain child did not purchase from him. He said to her: ‘Why are you not purchasing children’s garments of felt?’ She said to him: ‘Because my child has a harsh fate.’ He said to her: ‘Why?’ She said to him: ‘Because upon his arrival, the Temple was destroyed.’192The Temple was destroyed on the day he was born. He said to her: ‘We rely on the Master of the universe that upon his arrival it was destroyed and upon his arrival it will be rebuilt.’ He said to her: ‘Take one of these felt garments for your child, I will come some time later to your house and collect your payment.’ She took it and she went. Some time later that man said: ‘I will go and see how that child is doing.’ He came to her, he said to her: ‘How is the child doing?’ She said to him: ‘Did I not say to you that he has a harsh fate? Even upon his arrival there was a foreboding omen. Since that time, winds and storms carried him away.’ He said to her: ‘Did I not tell you that upon his arrival it was destroyed and upon his arrival it will be rebuilt?’193He was carried away by the wind because he is destined to serve a purpose in a supernatural manner, and bring about the building of the Temple.
Rabbi Avun said: Why must I learn this from Arabs, is it not an explicit verse? As it is written: “The Lebanon will fall by a mighty one” (Isaiah 10:34), and it is written immediately thereafter: “A branch will emerge from the trunk of Yishai and a shoot will sprout from his roots” (Isaiah 11:1).
The school of Rabbi Sheila said: Shilo is the name of Messiah, as it is stated: “Until Shilo will come” (Genesis 49:10); Sheila is written.194The word Shilo in the verse is spelled with a heh at the end rather than a vav, such that it can also be read Sheila. This was stated by Rabbi Sheila’s students, who felt that if their generation was worthy, their mentor would be the messiah (Etz Yosef). The school of Rabbi Ḥanina said: Ḥanina is his name, as it is stated: “As I will not grant you clemency [ḥanina]” (Jeremiah 16:13). The school of Rabbi Yanai said: Yinon is his name, as it is written: “May his name be praised [yinon] as long as the sun shines” (Psalms 72:17). Rabbi Beivai of Sanegurya said: His name is Nehira, as it is stated: “Light [nehora] rests with Him” (Daniel 2:22), nehira is written. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Shmuel ben Rabbi Yitzḥak: If the messianic king is from the living, his name is David, and if he is from the dead, his name is David. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: I will say his source: “He increases deliverance to His king, shows kindness to His anointed, [to David and to his descendants, eternally]” (Psalms 18:51). “And to David” is not written here, but rather “to David and his descendants.”195The verse says: To His anointed [meshiḥo], to David, identifying David as the messiah.
“My children have become desolate, because the enemy has prevailed.” Rabbi Aivu said: Like that shell of the gourd; the more [the shell] grows, the smaller [the fruit] is.196The greater the percentage of the total fruit is shell, the smaller the edible fruit is (Arukh). The point is that the greater the success of the enemy, the greater the desolation of Israel. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: Like this pig; the more that its offspring grow, the smaller it gets.197Its energy is sapped by nursing its young (Matnot Kehuna).
פֵּרְשָׂה צִיּוֹן בְּיָדֶיהָ. כְּתִיב (ירמיה ח, כג): מִי יִתֵּן רֹאשִׁי מַיִם וְעֵינִי מְקוֹר דִּמְעָה, מִי אָמַר הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה, אִם תֹּאמַר יִרְמְיָה, אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ שֶׁלֹא לֶאֱכֹל, אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ שֶׁלֹא לִישֹּׁן, אֶלָּא מִי אֲמָרוֹ מִי שֶׁאֵין לְפָנָיו לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שֵׁנָה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קכא, ד): הִנֵּה לֹא יָנוּם וְלֹא יִישָׁן שׁוֹמֵר יִשְׂרָאֵל. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, כְּתִיב (בראשית א, ט): וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יִקָּווּ הַמַּיִם, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יְקַוּוּ לִי הַמַּיִם מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהֶן. רַבִּי חַגַּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁבָּנָה לוֹ פַּלְטֵירִין, וְהוֹשִׁיב בָּהֶן דָּיוֹרִין אִלְמִים, וּבְכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם הָיוּ מַשְׁכִּימִין וְשׁוֹאֲלִין בִּשְׁלוֹם הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן אִלְּמִים כָּךְ מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתִי, אִם הָיוּ פִּקְחִין עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, מֶה עָשָׂה הוֹשִׁיב בָּהֶן דָּיוֹרִין פִּקְחִין, עָמְדוּ וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בַּפָּלָטִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ וְאָמְרוּ אֵין זוֹ פָּלָטִין אֶלָּא שֶׁלָּנוּ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ תַּחֲזֹר פָּלָטִין לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיְתָה. כָּךְ מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם לֹא הָיָה קִלּוּסוֹ עוֹלֶה אֶלָּא מִן הַמַּיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ד): מִקֹּלוֹת מַיִם רַבִּים אַדִּירִים מִשְׁבְּרֵי יָם, וּמָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: אַדִּיר בַּמָּרוֹם ה', בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּמָה אִם אֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם לֹא פֶּה וְלֹא לָשׁוֹן, לֹא אֲמִירָה וְלֹא דִּבּוּר כָּךְ מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתִי, לִכְשֶׁאֶבְרָא בְּנֵי אָדָם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּרָא בְּנֵי אָדָם עָמְדוּ דּוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ וְדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּמָרְדוּ בוֹ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יַחֲזֹר הָעוֹלָם לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ז, יב): וַיְהִי הַגֶּשֶׁם עַל הָאָרֶץ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר לְאֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ מַקֵּל וְצִנִּית, עָמַד וְסִגֵּל וְקָנָה לוֹ צֹאן, וְנִכְנְסוּ זְאֵבִין וּבְקָעוּם, אָמַר אוֹתוֹ הָרוֹעֶה אֶחְזֹר לְאוֹתוֹ מַקֵּל וּלְאוֹתָהּ צִנִּית. כָּךְ רוֹעֶה זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פ, ב): רֹעֵה יִשְרָאֵל הַאֲזִינָה נֹהֵג כַּצֹּאן יוֹסֵף ישֵׁב הַכְּרוּבִים הוֹפִיעָה. צֹאן אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לד, לא): וְאַתֵּן צֹאנִי צֹאן מַרְעִיתִי. נִכְנְסוּ זְאֵבִין לְתוֹךְ עֶדְרוֹ וּבְקָעוּם, אֵלּוּ הַשֹּׂוֹנְאִים שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: מִי יִתֵּן רֹאשִׁי מַיִם. כְּתִיב (תהלים מב, ה): אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה וְאֶשְׁפְּכָה עָלַי נַפְשִׁי, כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמֶרֶת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה לִירוּשָׁלַיִם וּדְרָכִים מְתֻקָּנִים, וְעַכְשָׁיו בַּשָֹּׂךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ב, ח): לָכֵן הִנְנִי שָׂךְ אֶת דַּרְכֵּךְ בַּסִּירִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה וְאִילָנוֹת מְסַכְּכוֹת עַל רֹאשִׁי, וְעַכְשָׁיו תְּלוּיָה לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ. אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה בְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְעַכְשָׁיו בְּצִלָּן שֶׁל מַלְכֻיּוֹת. אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה וגו', אַסְפַּסְיָאנוּס קֵיסָר הוֹשִׁיב שׁוֹמְרִים רָחוֹק מִפּוּמְעִים שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר מִיל, וְהָיוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים לְעוֹלֵי רְגָלִים וְאוֹמְרִים לָהֶם לְמִי אַתֶּם, וְהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים לָהֶם אַסְפַּסְיָאנִי, טְרָכִינִי, אַדְרִיָּינִי. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה וְסַלֵּי בִּכּוּרִים עַל רֹאשִׁי בָּהַשְׁכָּמָה, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים (ירמיה לא, ה): קוּמוּ וְנַעֲלֶה צִיּוֹן, וּבַדְּרָכִים הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים (תהלים קכב, ב): עֹמְדוֹת הָיוּ רַגְלֵינוּ בִּשְׁעָרַיִךְ יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. בְּהַר הַבַּיִת מָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים (תהלים קנ, א): הַלְלוּיָהּ הַלְלוּ אֵל בְּקָדְשׁוֹ. בָּעֲזָרָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים (תהלים קנ, ו): כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ, וְעַכְשָׁיו אֶדַּדֵּם, דְּמוּמָה סָלְקָא, דְּמוּמָה נָחֲתָא. אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה בְּשִׁירוֹת וּבִזְמִירוֹת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים מב, ה): בְּקוֹל רִנָּה וְתוֹדָה, וְעַכְשָׁיו בָּכְיָה סָלְקָא בָּכְיָה נָחֲתָא. אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה, לְשֶׁעָבַר הָיִיתִי עוֹלָה הֲמוֹנִיּוֹת הֲמוֹנִיּוֹת שֶׁל חֲגִיגָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים מב, ה): הָמוֹן חוֹגֵג. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי כַּהֲדֵין גַּעְגְּעָא דְּלָא פָּסֵיק לָא בִּימָמָא וְלָא בְּלֵילְיָא, וְעַכְשָׁיו טָמְשָׁא סָלְקִין וְטָמְשָׁא נָחֲתִין, אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה וְאֶשְׁפְּכָה עָלַי נַפְשִׁי וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, פֵּרְשָׂה צִיּוֹן בְּיָדֶיהָ, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן, הֲוֵי מָחֵי לֵיהּ וַאֲמַר חֲטֵית, הֲוָה מָחֵי לֵיהּ וַאֲמַר חֲטֵית וְסִיכַּלְתְּ, וְעוֹד הֲוֵי מָחֵי לֵיהּ עַד דְּפָשַׁט עֲשַׂר אֶצְבְּעוֹי קוֹדָמוֹי, כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲוָה מְיַיסֵּר לִירוּשָׁלַיִם וַהֲוַת אָמְרָה חֲטֵית, עַד פֵּרְשָׂה צִיּוֹן בְּיָדֶיהָ. אֵין מְנַחֵם לָהּ, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵין, הֲוָה לָהּ, (בראשית יא, ל): וַתְּהִי שָׂרַי עֲקָרָה אֵין לָהּ וָלָד, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית כא, א): וַה' פָּקַד אֶת שָׂרָה. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (שמואל א א, ב): וּלְחַנָּה אֵין יְלָדִים, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, כא): כִּי פָקַד ה' אֶת חַנָּה. וְדִכְוָתָהּ (ירמיה ל, יז): צִיּוֹן הִיא דֹּרֵשׁ אֵין לָהּ, וַהֲוָה לָהּ. דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נט, כ): וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל, אַף כָּאן אֵין מְנַחֵם לָהּ, וַהֲוָה לָהּ, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נא, יב): אָנֹכִי אָנֹכִי הוּא מְנַחֶמְכֶם. צִוָּה ה' לְיַעֲקֹב סְבִיבָיו צָרָיו, כְּגוֹן חַלְּמִישׁ, לְנָוֶה. קַסְטְרָא, לְחֵיפָה. סוּסִיתָא, לִטְבֶרְיָה. יְרִיחוֹ, לִנְוֵעֵדֶן. לוּד, לְאוֹנוֹ. הָיְתָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם לְנִדָּה בֵּינֵיהֶם, לְרִחוּק הָיְתָה.
“Zion spread her hands, there was no comforter for her; the Lord has commanded for Jacob that her adversaries surround her. Jerusalem has become like a pariah among them” (Lamentations 1:17).
“Zion spread her hands.” It is written: “Would that my head was water and my eyes a source of tears, [and I would weep day and night]” (Jeremiah 8:23). Who said this verse? If you say it was Jeremiah, would it be possible for him not to eat? Would it be possible for him not to sleep? Rather, who said it? One before whom there is neither eating nor sleeping, as it is written: “Behold, the Guardian of Israel neither slumbers nor sleeps” (Psalms 121:4). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: It is written: “God said: Let the water…pool [yikavu]” (Genesis 1:9). The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the water hope [yekavu] to participate in what I am destined to do with them.’ Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: This is analogous to a king who built palaces, and he settled mute residents in them. Each day they would rise early and inquire after the wellbeing of the king, lauding him with gestures with their fingers. The king said: ‘If these people, who are mute, laud me in this manner, if they were able to speak, all the more so.’ What did he do? He settled residents who could speak in [the palaces]. They arose and took possession of the king’s palace and said: ‘This palace is only ours.’ At that moment, the king said: ‘Let the world be restored to the way that it was.’ So too, at the beginning of the creation of the world, [God’s] praises would ascend only from the water. That is what is written: “It is from the sound of many waters, the mighty breakers of the sea” (Psalms 93:4). What would they say? “The Lord is mighty on high” (Psalms 93:4). At that time, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘If those who do not have a mouth, a tongue, speech, or articulation, laud me in this way, when I create people, all the more so.’ When He created people, the generation of Enosh and the generation of the Flood stood and rebelled against Him. At that time, the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Let the world be restored to the way that it was, as it was stated: “The rain was upon the earth”’ (Genesis 7:12).198God brought the Flood in order to return the world to a state in which water covered the face of the earth.
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: [This is analogous] to one who had a staff and a wicker basket.199He was poor. He garnered wealth and purchased a flock. Wolves entered and mauled them. That shepherd said: ‘I will return to that staff and to that wicker basket.’ So too, the shepherd is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Shepherd of Israel, listen! Appear to us, You who led Joseph like a flock, You who sit enthroned above the cherubs” (Psalms 80:2). The flock is Israel, as it is stated: “You are my flock, the flock of My pasture” (Ezekiel 34:31). The wolves who entered His flock and mauled them are the enemies who entered the Temple. At that moment the Holy One blessed be He said: “Would that my head was water and my eyes a source of tears [and I would weep day and night]” (Jeremiah 8:23).
It is written: “These I remember, and pour out my soul: [When I used to go with a throng of people in a procession [edadem] to the House of God, a celebrating multitude with voice of song and thanksgiving]” (Psalms 42:5). The congregation of Israel was saying before the Holy One blessed be He: In the past, I would ascend to Jerusalem and the roads were smoothed, and now they are overgrown, as it is stated: “Therefore, behold, I am hedging your way with thorns” (Hosea 2:8).
Another matter, “these I remember,” in the past I would ascend and the trees would provide shade over my head, and now it is exposed to the sun.
“These I remember,” in the past I would ascend in the shadow of the Holy One blessed be He, and now in the shadow of the kingdoms.
“These I remember.” The emperor Vespasian deployed sentries eighteen mil from Pumim. They would question the pilgrims and say to them: ‘With whom are your loyalties?’ They would say to them: ‘We are loyal to Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian.’
Rabbi Berekhya said: The congregation of Israel said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘In the past I would ascend with baskets of first fruits on my head early in the morning, as they would say: “Arise and let us ascend to Zion” (Jeremiah 31:6). On the roads, they would say: “Our feet were standing at your gates, Jerusalem” (Psalms 122:2). On the Temple Mount, what would they say? “Halleluya. Praise the Almighty in His holy place” (Psalms 150:1). In the Temple courtyard, what would they say? “Let all who breathe praise the Lord” (Psalms 150:6). But now, we are silent [edadem]; we ascend in silence and we descend in silence.’
“These I remember.” In the past, I would ascend with songs and psalms before the Holy One blessed be He, just as it says: “With voice of song and thanksgiving” (Psalms 42:5). But now, I ascend with weeping and I descend with weeping.
“These I remember.” In the past, I would ascend with many multitudes in celebration, just as it says: “A celebrating multitude” (Psalms 42:5). Rabbi Levi said: Like this flowing spring that does not cease during the day and at night. But now, I ascend clandestinely and descend clandestinely. “These I remember, and pour out my soul…”
Another matter, “Zion spread her hands.” Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. He was striking him and [the son] said: ‘I sinned.’ He [continued] striking him and [the son] said: ‘I sinned and I have been foolish.’ He continued striking him until [the son] extended his ten fingers before him.200He did this as a sign of contrition, as though to say I have sinned and cannot even express my guilt, or I have sinned and can no longer bear the suffering of my beating. So too, the Holy One blessed be He was afflicting Jerusalem, and she said: ‘I sinned,’ until, “Zion spread her hands.”
“There was no [ein] comforter for her,” Rabbi Levi said: Any place that it is stated: “Has no [ein],” ultimately it will have. “Sarai was barren, she had no [ein] child” (Genesis 11:30), but ultimately she had, as it is stated: “The Lord remembered Sarah” (Genesis 21:1). Similarly, “Hannah had no [ein] children” (I Samuel 1:2), and ultimately she had, as it is stated: “For the Lord remembered Hannah” (I Samuel 2:21). Similarly, “she is Zion, she has no one [ein] seeking her” (Jeremiah 30:17), and ultimately she had, as it is stated: “A redeemer will come to Zion” (Isaiah 59:20). So, too, it says: “She has no [ein] comforter,” and ultimately she has, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12).
“The Lord has commanded for Jacob that her adversaries surround her,” such as Ḥalmish for Naveh, Kistera for Haifa, Susita for Tiberias, Jericho for Neve’eden, Lod for Ono.201In Roman times, the first of each of these pairs of cities was populated by gentiles, who would persecute the Jews living in the adjacent city. “Jerusalem has become like a pariah among them,” she became distanced.
צַדִּיק הוּא ה' כִּי פִיהוּ מָרִיתִי, מִי אֲמָרוֹ לְפָסוּק זֶה, יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ אֲמָרָהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב לה, כ): אַחֲרֵי כָל זֹאת אֲשֶׁר הֵכִין יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ אֶת הַבַּיִת עָלָה נְכוֹ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לְהִלָּחֵם בְּכַרְכְּמִישׁ עַל פְּרָת, בְּקִרְקַסְיוֹן דְעַל פְּרָת, וַיִּשְׁלַח אֵלָיו מַלְאָכִים לֵאמֹר מַה לִּי וָלָךְ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה לֹא עָלֶיךָ אַתָּה הַיּוֹם כִּי אֶל בֵּית מִלְחַמְתִּי וֵאלֹהִים אָמַר לְבַהֲלֵנִי, מִפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי עוֹלֶה, חֲדַל לְךָ מֵאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר עִמִּי, זֶה לְשׁוֹן עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים. וְלֹא הֵסֵב יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ פָּנָיו, וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֶל דִּבְרֵי נְכוֹ מִפִּי אֱלֹהִים, זֶה יִרְמְיָהוּ שֶׁאָמַר לְיֹאשִׁיָּהוּ, כָּךְ מְקֻבְּלַנִי מִיְּשַׁעְיָה רַבִּי (ישעיה יט, ב): וְסִכְסַכְתִּי מִצְרַיִם בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְלֹא שָׁמַע לוֹ, אֶלָּא אָמַר לוֹ משֶׁה רַבֵּהּ דְרַבָּךְ לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר (ויקרא כו, ו): וְחֶרֶב לֹא תַעֲבֹר בְּאַרְצְכֶם, וְחַרְבּוֹ שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע עוֹבֶרֶת בְּאַרְצִי וּבִתְחוּמִי, וְהוּא לֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁכָּל דּוֹרוֹ עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים הָיוּ, הֲוָה מְשַׁלַּח זוּג תַּלְמִידִים לְמִיבְעֲרָא עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים מִבָּתֵּיהוֹן, וַהֲווֹן עָלְלִין וְלָא מַשְׁכְּחִין כְּלוּם, עַד דִּנְפַקּוּן אָמְרוּן טְרוּדוּ תַּרְעִין, מִן דַּהֲווֹן טָרְדִין לְתַרְעֵיהּ הֲווֹן חָמָן יָתֵיהּ, אָמְרוּ עֲלֵיהוֹן מִן דַּאֲתָא וְתִיקֵּן הוּא דַאֲתָא וְקִלְקֵל, לְפִיכָךְ (דברי הימים ב לה, כג): וַיֹּרוּ הַיֹּרִים לַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי מָנֵי שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת חִצִּים הוֹרוּ בוֹ עַד שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה גּוּפוֹ כִּכְבָרָה, וְהָיָה יִרְמְיָהוּ מְצַיֵּת אַחֲרָיו לֵידַע מַהוּ אוֹמֵר, וּמָה הָיָה אוֹמֵר: צַדִּיק הוּא ה' כִּי פִיהוּ מָרִיתִי, פִיהוּ וּפוּם סַרְסוּרוֹ.
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18).
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.202There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.203Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:204He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.
קָרָאתִי לַמְאַהֲבַי הֵמָּה רִמּוּנִי, רַבָּנָן פָּתְרִין קְרָיָא בִּנְבִיאֵי הַשֶּׁקֶר, שֶׁהָיוּ מְאַהֲבִין אוֹתִי לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁלָּהֶן. הֵמָּה רִמּוּנִי, גַּם הֵמָּה רִמּוּנִי, לֹא זָזוּ מִתְנַבְּאִין עָלַי שֶׁקֶר עַד שֶׁהִגְּלוּ אוֹתִי מִמְּקוֹמִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ב, יד): וַיֶּחֱזוּ לָךְ מַשְׂאוֹת שָׁוְא וּמַדּוּחִים, מַדּוּחִם כְּתִיב. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחָאי פָּתַר קְרָיָא בִּנְבִיאֵי הָאֱמֶת, שֶׁהָיוּ מְאַהֲבִין אוֹתִי לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֵמָּה רִמּוּנִי, שֶׁהָיוּ מְרַמִּין בִּי וְאוֹמְרִים לִי הַפְרִישׁוּ תְּרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת, וְכִי יֵשׁ תְּרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת בְּבָבֶל, אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל לְאַהֲבֵנִי לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הוּא שֶׁיִּרְמְיָה אוֹמֵר (ירמיה לא, כ): הַצִּיבִי לָךְ צִיֻּנִים, הִצַּיְינִי בְּמִצְווֹת, שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מְצֻיָּנִין בָּהֶם. (ירמיה לא כ): שִׂמִי לָךְ תַּמְרוּרִים, זֶה חֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים קלז, ה): אִם אֶשְׁכָּחֵךְ יְרוּשָׁלָיִם תִּשְׁכַּח יְמִינִי. שִׁתִי לִבֵּךְ לַמְּסִלָּה דֶּרֶךְ הָלָכְתָּ, אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא הָלָכְתִּי כְּתִיב. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁגָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבָבֶל מַה כְּתִיב (ישעיה מג, יד): לְמַעַנְכֶם שִׁלַּחְתִּי בָבֶלָה. גָּלוּ לְעֵילָם שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה מט, לח): וְשַׂמְתִּי כִסְאִי בְּעֵילָם. גָּלוּ לְיָוָן שְׁכִינָה עִמָּהֶם, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ט, יג): וְעוֹרַרְתִּי בָנַיִךְ צִיּוֹן עַל בָּנַיִךְ יָוָן, וּכְתִיב בַּתְרֵיהּ: וַה' עֲלֵיהֶם יֵרָאֶה וגו', לְכָךְ כְּתִיב דֶּרֶךְ הָלָכְתִּי, דָּבָר אַחֵר, שִׁתִי לִבֵּךְ לַמְסִלָּה דֶּרֶךְ הָלָכְתְּ, אָמַר לָהֶם יִרְמְיָה רְאוּ בְּאֵילּוּ דְרָכִים הֲלַכְתֶּם, וַעֲשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, כ): שׁוּבִי בְּתוּלַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּמִיָּד אַתֶּם חוֹזְרִין לְעָרֵיכֶם, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, כ): שֻׁבִי אֶל עָרַיִךְ אֵלֶּה.
“I called to my lovers, they deceived me; my priests and my elders perished in the city while they sought food for themselves to restore their souls” (Lamentations 1:19).
“I called to my lovers, they deceived me.” The Rabbis interpreted the verse regarding false prophets, who would cause their idol worship to be beloved to me.205The rabbis interpret the term me’ahavai, generally translated “my lovers” to mean “those who made [idols] beloved to me.” The verse is written from the perspective of Zion. “They deceived me,” they, too, deceived me. They did not cease prophesying falsely about me until they caused me to be exiled from my place, as it is stated: “They envisioned for you prophecies of futility and deviance [umaduḥim]” (Lamentations 2:14); it is written madiḥam.206The word maduḥim is written without a yod, such that it can be read madiḥam, meaning those who have pushed them into exile.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai interpreted the verse regarding the true prophets, who would cause me to be beloved to the Holy One blessed be He. “They deceived me,” as they would deceive me and say to me: Separate teruma and tithes. But are there teruma and tithes in Babylon? Rather, it was in order to cause me to be beloved to the Holy One blessed be He. That is what Jeremiah says: “Establish signposts [tziyunim] for you” (Jeremiah 31:20). Distinguish yourself via mitzvot with which Israel was distinguished.207Therefore, separate teruma and tithes even in Babylon despite the fact that these mitzvot apply by Torah law only in the Land of Israel.
“Place landmarks for you” (Jeremiah 31:20), this is the destruction of the Temple.208A landmark serves as a marker or reminder of something. This is understood as an allusion to the destruction of the Temple, which must be remembered. Likewise it says: “If I forget you, Jerusalem, let my right hand lose its power” (Psalms 137:5). “Note the highway, the path that you walked [halakht]” (Jeremiah 31:20). Rabbi Ḥiyya said: “I walked [halakhti]” is written.209The verse in Jeremiah is written “the path that I walked,” but it is traditionally read as though it says “the path that you walked.” You find that when Israel was exiled to Babylon, what is written? “For your sake, I sent to Babylon” (Isaiah 43:14).210The midrash interprets this to mean that God sent His own Divine Presence with them into exile. Alternatively, the term “I sent [shilaḥti]” can be read shulaḥti, meaning I was sent. They were exiled to Eilam; the Divine Presence was with them, as it is written: “I will place My throne in Eilam” (Jeremiah 49:38). They were exiled to Greece; the Divine Presence was with them, as it is written: “I will rouse your children, Zion, against your children, Greece” (Zechariah 9:13), and it is written thereafter: “The Lord will appear over them…” (Zechariah 9:14). That is why it is written: “The path that I walked.”
Another matter, “Note the highway, the path that you walked.” Jeremiah said to them: ‘See the paths on which you have walked, and repent, as it is written: “Return, maiden of Israel” (Jeremiah 31:20), and you will immediately return to your cities, as it is written: “Return to these, your cities” (Jeremiah 31:20).
רְאֵה ה' כִּי צַר לִי מֵעַי חֳמַרְמָרוּ, רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר חֲנִינָא אָמַר עֲשָׂאָן מוֹרוֹת מוֹרוֹת. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר עֲשָׂאָן גּוּשִׁין גּוּשִׁין. נֶהְפַּךְ לִבִּי בְּקִרְבִּי, לָמָּה, כִּי מָרוֹ מָרִיתִי. מִחוּץ שִׁכְּלָה חֶרֶב בַּבַּיִת כַּמָּוֶת, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר משֶׁה (דברים לב, כה): מִחוּץ תְּשַׁכֶּל חֶרֶב וּמֵחֲדָרִים אֵימָה.
“See, Lord, for I am in distress, my innards burn, my heart overturned within me, for I have been defiant. Outside the sword bereaves; in the house, it is like death” (Lamentations 1:20).
“See, Lord, for I am in distress, my innards burn [ḥamarmaru],” Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ḥanina said: He rendered them filled with parasitic worms [morot]. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: He rendered them filled with clumps.211The term ḥamarim can mean piles or clumps (see Exodus 8:10). “My heart overturned within me.” Why? “For I have been defiant.” “Outside the sword bereaves; in the house, it is like death.” This is what Moses said: “Outside, the sword will bereave, and terror within” (Deuteronomy 32:25).
שָׁמְעוּ כִּי נֶאֱנָחָה אָנִי, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פָּתַר קְרָיָה בְּאַהֲרֹן, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמֵּת אַהֲרֹן הוּבְרְחוּ עַנְנֵי כָּבוֹד וְנִתְקַבְּצוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְסָפְדוֹ, אָמְרוּ משֶׁה אָבֵל וְאֶלְעָזָר אָבֵל וּמִי לֹא יִתְאַבֵּל. מִיָּד מַה כְּתִיב תַּמָּן (במדבר כא, א): וַיִּשְׁמַע הַכְּנַעֲנִי מֶלֶךְ עֲרָד, וּכְתִיב: וַיִּלָּחֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּשְׁבְּ מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁבִי. וְרַבָּנָן פָּתְרִין קְרָיָה בְּחֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁבִּקְּשׁוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִבְרֹחַ הָיוּ מַסְגִירִין אוֹתָן, בִּקְּשׁוּ לִבְרֹחַ כְּלַפֵּי צָפוֹן וְלֹא הִנִּיחוּם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (עמוס א, ו): עַל שְׁלשָׁה פִּשְׁעֵי עַזָּה וְעַל אַרְבָּעָה לֹא אֲשִׁיבֶנּוּ עַל הַגְּלוֹתָם גָּלוּת שְׁלֵמָה לְהַסְגִּיר לֶאֱדוֹם. בִּקְּשׁוּ לִבְרֹחַ כְּלַפֵּי מִזְרָח, וְלֹא הִנִּיחוּם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (עמוס א, ט): עַל שְׁלשָׁה פִּשְׁעֵי צֹר וְעַל אַרְבָּעָה לֹא אֲשִׁיבֶנּוּ עַל הַסְגִּירָם גָּלוּת שְׁלֵמָה לֶאֱדוֹם וְלֹא זָכְרוּ בְּרִית אַחִים. בִּקְּשׁוּ לִבְרֹחַ כְּלַפֵּי מַעֲרָב, וְלֹא הִנִּיחוּם, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כא, יג): מַשָֹּׂא בַּעְרָב בַּיַּעַר בַּעְרַב תָּלִינוּ אֹרְחוֹת וְגו'. כִּי אַתָּה עָשִׂיתָ, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁנָּשָׂא לְמַטְרוֹנָה, אָמַר לָהּ אַל תָּשִׂיחִי עִם חַבְרוֹתַיִךְ וְאַל תִּשְׁאֲלִי מֵהֶן וְאַל תַּשְׁאִילִי לָהֶן, לְיָמִים כָּעַס עָלֶיהָ הַמֶּלֶךְ וּטְרָדָהּ חוּץ לַפָּלָטִין, וְחָזְרָה עַל כָּל שְׁכֵנוֹתֶיהָ וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ אוֹתָהּ, וְחָזְרַת לַפָּלָטִין, אָמַר לָהּ הַמֶּלֶךְ אַקְשֵׁית אַפֵּיךְ, אָמְרָה הַמַּטְרוֹנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ, אֲדוֹנִי אִלּוּלֵי הָיִיתִי מַשְׁאִילָה לָהֶן, וְשׁוֹאֶלֶת מֵהֶן מָנָא, וַהֲוָה עֲבִידְתִּי גַבָּהּ, אוֹ עֲבִידְתָּהּ גַּבִּי, לָא הֲווֹן מְקַבְּלִין לִי. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, אַקְשִׁיתוּן אַפֵּיכוֹן, אָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים לֹא כָתַבְתָּ בְּתוֹרָתְךָ (דברים ז, ג): וְלֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּהֶם בִּתְּךָ לֹא תִתֵּן לִבְנוֹ וּבִתּוֹ לֹא תִקַּח לִבְנֶךָ, אִלּוּלֵי הֲוֵינַן מַשְׁאֲלִין לְהוֹן, וְנַסְבוּן מִינְּהוֹן וְאִינוּן מִינַן, וַהֲוֵית בְּרַתֵּיהּ גַּבִּי אוֹ בְּרַתִּי גַּבֵּיהּ, לָא הֲווֹ מְקַבְּלִים לִי, הֱוֵי כִּי אַתָּה עָשִׂיתָ. הֵבֵאתָ יוֹם קָרָאתָ וְיִהְיוּ כָמֹנִי, בְּצָרָה, וְלֹא כָמוֹנִי בִּרְוָחָה.
“They heard that I sigh; there is no comforter for me; all my enemies heard of my misfortune, were glad because You acted. May You bring the day that You proclaimed, and they will be like me” (Lamentations 1:21).
“They heard that I sigh.” Rabbi Yehoshua interpreted the verse regarding Aaron. You find that when Aaron died, the clouds of glory were dispersed and all Israel gathered to eulogize him. They said: ‘Moses is mourning, Elazar is mourning; who will not mourn?’ Immediately, what is written there? “The Canaanite king of Arad…heard” (Numbers 21:1). And it is written: “He waged war with Israel and he took captive from them” (Numbers 21:1).
The Rabbis interpret the verse regarding the destruction of the Temple. You find that wherever Israel sought to flee, [the local population] would turn them in. They sought to flee northward, but they did not allow them to do so. That is what is written: “For three transgressions of Gaza, but for the fourth, I will not relent: For their exiling of an entire exile, to deliver to Edom” (Amos 1:6). They sought to flee eastward, but they did not allow them to do so. That is what is written: “For three transgressions of Tyre, but for the fourth, I will not relent: For their delivering of an entire exile to Edom, and they did not remember the covenant of brothers” (Amos 1:9). They sought to flee westward, but they did not allow them to do so, as it is written: “A prophecy of Arabia: In the forest in Arabia you will stay the night, caravans [of Dedanites]” (Isaiah 21:13).212The implication is that the fleeing exiles were stuck in the forest. The following verses describe how the local population should have greeted them with bread and water, but failed to do so.
“Because You acted,” this is analogous to a king who married a noblewoman. He said to her: ‘Do not speak to your friends. Do not borrow from them and do not lend to them.’ Sometime later the king grew angry at her and expelled her from the palace. She circulated among all her neighbors, but they did not receive her, so she returned to the palace. The king said to her: ‘You have been impudent!’213It was impudent of you to return to the palace. The noblewoman said to the king: ‘My lord, had I lent them or borrowed from them a vessel, and I would have grown friendly with them, would they not have received me?’ So too, the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘You have been impudent!’ They said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, did you not write in Your Torah: “You shall not marry them; your daughter you shall not give to his son, and his daughter you shall not take for your son” (Deuteronomy 7:3)? Had we lent them and taken from them and them from us, and his daughter would be with me or my daughter with him, would they not have received me?’ That is: “Because You acted.”214We are in this predicament because of what You did in issuing these commands. “May You bring the day that You proclaimed, and they will be like me,” in distress, and not like me in relief.215Israel’s distress will ultimately end with redemption.
תָּבֹא כָל רָעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ וְעוֹלֵל לָמוֹ, אַיְיתֵי עֲלֵיהוֹן מִן דְּאַיְיתֵית עָלַי, דַּקְדֵּק עֲלֵיהֶן מַה דְּדִקְדַּקְתָּ עָלַי. וְעוֹלֵל לָמוֹ, קְטֵיף עוֹלְלָתֵיהוֹן כְּמָה דִּקְטַפְתְּ עוֹלְלָתִי. כִּי רַבּוֹת אַנְחֹתַי וְלִבִּי דַּוָּי. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁבַּדָּבָר שֶׁחָטְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בּוֹ לָקוּ וּבוֹ מִתְנַחֲמִים, חָטְאוּ בְּרֹאשׁ, וְלָקוּ בְּרֹאשׁ, וּמִתְנַחֲמִים בְּרֹאשׁ. חָטְאוּ בְּרֹאשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יד, ד): נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה. וְלָקוּ בְּרֹאשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה א, ה): כָּל רֹאשׁ לָחֳלִי. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּרֹאשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (מיכה ב, יג): וַיַּעֲבֹר מַלְכָּם לִפְנֵיהֶם וַה' בְּרֹאשָׁם. חָטְאוּ בְּאֹזֶן, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ז, יא): וְאָזְנֵיהֶם הִכְבִּידוּ מִשְּׁמוֹעַ, וְלָקוּ בְּאֹזֶן, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ג, יא): אֲשֶׁר כָּל שֹׁמְעוֹ תְּצִלֶּינָה שְׁתֵּי אָזְנָיו. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּאֹזֶן, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ל, כא): וְאָזְנֶיךָ תִּשְׁמַעְנָה דָבָר מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ לֵאמֹר. חָטְאוּ בְּעַיִן, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ג, טז): כִּי גָבְהוּ בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן וַתֵּלַכְנָה נְטוּיוֹת גָּרוֹן וּמְשַׂקְּרוֹת עֵינָיִם, וְלָקוּ בְּעַיִן, דִּכְתִיב (איכה א, טז): עֵינִי עֵינִי יֹרְדָה מַיִם. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּעַיִן, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נב, ח): כִּי עַיִן בְּעַיִן יִרְאוּ בְּשׁוּב ה' צִיּוֹן. חָטְאוּ בְּאַף, דִּכְתִיב (יחזקאל ח, יז): וְהִנָּם שֹׁלְחִים אֶת הַזְּמוֹרָה אֶל אַפָּם, וְלָקוּ בְּאַף, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא כו, מא): אַף אֲנִי אֵלֵךְ עִמָּם בְּקֶרִי. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּאַף, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא כו, מד): וְאַף גַּם זֹאת בִּהְיוֹתָם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיהֶם לֹא מְאַסְתִּים וְלֹא גְעַלְתִּים לְכַתָם לְהָפֵר בְּרִיתִי אִתָּם. חָטְאוּ בְּפֶה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ט, טז): וְכָל פֶּה דֹּבֵר נְבָלָה. וְלָקוּ בְּפֶה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ט, יא): וַיֹּאכְלוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל פֶּה. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּפֶה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קכו, ב): אָז יִמָּלֵא שְׂחוֹק פִּינוּ. חָטְאוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה ט, ב): וַיַּדְרְכוּ אֶת לְשׁוֹנָם קַשְׁתָּם שֶׁקֶר, וְלָקוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ד, ד): דָּבַק לְשׁוֹן יוֹנֵק. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּלָשׁוֹן, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קכו, ב): וּלְשׁוֹנֵנוּ רִנָּה. חָטְאוּ בְּלֵב, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ז, יב): וְלִבָּם שָׂמוּ שָׁמִיר מִשְׁמוֹעַ, וְלָקוּ בְּלֵב, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה א, ה): וְכָל לֵבָב דַּוָּי. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּלֵב, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מ, ב): דַּבְּרוּ עַל לֵב יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. חָטְאוּ בְּיָד, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה א, טו): יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵאוּ. וְלָקוּ בְּיָד, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ד, י): יְדֵי נָשִׁים רַחֲמָנִיּוֹת בִּשְּׁלוּ יַלְדֵיהֶן. וּמִתְנַחֲמִים בְּיָד, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה יא, יא): יוֹסִיף ה' שֵׁנִית יָדוֹ. חָטְאוּ בְּרֶגֶל דִּכְתִיב (משלי א, טז): כִּי רַגְלֵיהֶם לָרַע יָרוּצוּ. וְלָקוּ בְּרֶגֶל, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה יג, טז): וּבְטֶרֶם יִתְנַּגְּפוּ רַגְלֵיכֶם עַל הָרֵי נָשֶׁף. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּרֶגֶל, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נב, ז): מַה נָּאווּ עַל הֶהָרִים רַגְלֵי מְבַשֵֹּׂר. חָטְאוּ בְּהוּא, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה ה, יב): כִּחֲשׁוּ בַּה' וַיֹּאמְרוּ לוֹא הוּא. וְלָקוּ בְּהוּא, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה סג, י): וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לָהֶם לְאוֹיֵב וְהוּא נִלְחַם בָּם. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּהוּא, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נא, יב): אָנֹכִי אָנֹכִי הוּא מְנַחֶמְכֶם. חָטְאוּ בְּזֶה, דִּכְתִיב (שמות לב, א): כִּי זֶה משֶׁה הָאִישׁ. וְלָקוּ בְּזֶה, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ה, יז): עַל זֶה הָיָה דָּוֶה. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּזֶה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כה, ט): הִנֵּה אֱלֹהֵינוּ זֶה קִוִּינוּ לוֹ. חָטְאוּ בְּאֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה ז, יח): הַבָּנִים מְלַקְּטִים עֵצִים וְהָאָבוֹת מְבַעֲרִים אֶת הָאֵשׁ. וְלָקוּ בְּאֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (איכה א, יג): מִמָּרוֹם שָׁלַח אֵשׁ. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּאֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ב, ט): וַאֲנִי אֶהְיֶה לָּהּ נְאֻם ה' חוֹמַת אֵשׁ סָבִיב, חָטְאוּ בְּיֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (שמות יז, ז): הֲיֵשׁ ה' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ, וְלָקוּ בְּיֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (איכה א, יב): אִם יֵשׁ מַכְאוֹב כְּמַכְאֹבִי. וּמִתְנַחֲמִין בְּיֵשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (משלי ח, כא): לְהַנְחִיל אֹהֲבַי יֵשׁ וְאֹצְרֹתֵיהֶם אֲמַלֵּא. חָטְאוּ בְּכִפְלַיִם, דִּכְתִיב (איכה א, ח): חֵטְא חָטְאָה יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. וְלָקוּ בְּכִפְלַיִם, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מ, ב): כִּי לָקְחָה מִיַּד ה' כִּפְלַיִם בְּכָל חַטֹּאתֶיהָ. וּמִתְנַחֲמִים בְּכִפְלַיִם, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מ, א): נַחֲמוּ נַחֲמוּ עַמִּי יֹאמַר אֱלֹהֵיכֶם. סְלִיק אַלְפָא בֵּיתָא קַדְמָאָה
“Let all their wickedness come before You, and do to them as You did to me for all my transgressions, for my sighs are many and my heart is suffering” (Lamentations 1:22).
“Let all their wickedness come before You, and do to them,” bring upon them what You brought upon me. Be exacting with them as You were exacting with me. “And do [veolel] to them,” pluck their infants [olelateihon] as You plucked my infants.
“For my sighs are many and my heart is suffering.” You find that in the matter that Israel sinned, with that they were punished, and with that they were comforted. They sinned with rosh, they were punished with rosh, and they were comforted with rosh. They sinned with rosh, as it is written: “Let us appoint a leader [rosh] and return to Egypt” (Numbers 14:4). They were punished with rosh, as it is written: “Every head [rosh] is ill” (Isaiah 1:5). And they are comforted with rosh, as it is written: “Their king passed before them, and the Lord is at their head [berosham]” (Micah 2:13).
They sinned with the ear, as it is written: “They made their ears hard of hearing” (Zechariah 7:11). They were punished with the ear, as it is written: “That anyone who hears it, both his ears will ring” (I Samuel 3:11). They are comforted with the ear, as it is written: “Your ears will hear a matter from behind you, saying: [This is the way, walk in it, when you go right and when you go left]” (Isaiah 30:21).
They sinned with the eye, as it is written: “Because the daughters of Zion are haughty and they walk with outstretched necks and painted eyes” (Isaiah 3:16). They were punished with the eye, as it is written: “My eye, my eye sheds water” (Lamentations 1:16). They are comforted with the eye, as it is written: “For with their own eyes they will see the return of the Lord to Zion” (Isaiah 52:8).
They sinned with af, as it is written: “Behold, they extend the branch to their nose [af]” (Ezekiel 8:17). They were punished with af, as it is written: “I, too [af], will walk with them indifferently” (Leviticus 26:41). They are comforted with af, as it is written: “And despite [ve’af gam] this, when they are in the land of their enemies, I will not have spurned them and will not have rejected them, to destroy them, to violate My covenant with them” (Leviticus 26:44).
They sinned with the mouth, as it is written: “Every mouth speaks depravity” (Isaiah 9:16). They were punished with the mouth, as it is written: “They consumed Israel with every mouth” (Isaiah 9:11). They are comforted with the mouth, as it is written: “Then will our mouths be filled with laughter” (Psalms 126:2).
They sinned with the tongue, as it is written: “They drew their tongues, their bow of falsehood” (Jeremiah 9:2). They were punished with the tongue, as it is written: “The tongue of the suckling cleaved [to the roof of his mouth in thirst]” (Lamentations 4:4). They are comforted with the tongue, as it is written: “And our tongues with song; [then will they say among the nations: The Lord has done great things for them]” (Psalms 126:2).
They sinned with the heart, as it is written: “They made their hearts as adamant, not to hear” (Zechariah 7:12). They were punished with the heart, as it is written: “Every heart is suffering” (Isaiah 1:5). They are comforted with the heart, as it is written: “speak to the heart of Jerusalem” (Isaiah 40:2).
They sinned with the hand, as it is written: “Your hands are filled with blood” (Isaiah 1:15). They were punished with the hand, as it is written: “The hands of merciful women cooked their children” (Lamentations 4:10). They are comforted with the hand, as it is written: “The Lord will continue setting His hand again, a second time [to recover the remnant of His people…]” (Isaiah 11:11).
They sinned with the foot, as it is written: “For their feet run to evil” (Proverbs 1:16). They were punished with the foot, as it is written: “Before your feet stumble on the mountains of the night (Jeremiah 13:16). They are comforted with the foot, as it is written: “How pleasant are the feet of the herald upon the mountains” (Isaiah 52:7).
They sinned with hu, as it is written: “They denied the Lord and said: He [hu] is not” (Jeremiah 5:12). They were punished with hu, as it is written: “He was transformed into their enemy, He [hu] waged war against them” (Isaiah 63:10). They are comforted with hu, as it is written: “I, it is I, who [hu] am your Comforter” (Isaiah 51:12).
They sinned with zeh, as it is written: “For this [zeh] man Moses” (Exodus 32:1). They were punished with zeh, as it is written: “For this [zeh] [our heart] is suffering” (Lamentations 5:17). They are comforted with zeh, as it is written: “Behold, this [zeh] is our God, we hoped to Him [that He would save us; this is the Lord to whom we hoped, we will be glad and rejoice in His salvation]” (Isaiah 25:9).
They sinned with fire, as it is written: “The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire...[in order to anger Me]” (Jeremiah 7:18). They were punished with fire, as it is written: “From on high He sent fire into my bones” (Lamentations 1:13). They are comforted with fire, as it is written: “I will be for it,216Jerusalem. the utterance of the Lord, a wall of fire all around” (Zechariah 2:9).
They sinned with yesh, as it is written: “Is [hayesh] the Lord among us or not?” (Exodus 17:7). They were punished with yesh, as it is written: “Is there any [yesh] pain like my pain?” (Lamentations 1:12). They are comforted with yesh, as it is written: “To bequeath substance [yesh] to those who love me, and I will fill their storehouses” (Proverbs 8:21).
They sinned doubly, as it is written: “Jerusalem has committed a sin [ḥet ḥata]” (Lamentations 1:8).217The Hebrew verse employs the word sin [ḥet] twice, such that a literal translation would be “Jerusalem has sinned a sin.” They were punished doubly, as it is written: “For it has received from the hand of the Lord double for all its sins” (Isaiah 40:2). They are comforted doubly, as it is written: “Comfort, comfort [naḥamu naḥamu] My people” (Isaiah 40:1).
End of the First Alphabetical Acrostic