Rabbi Azarya began: “Do not see wine in its redness, for one who sets his eye on the cup will walk the straight path” (Proverbs 23:31). Rabbi Azarya said: “Do not see wine in its redness [yitadam]” – as he will lust [yitav] for menstrual blood [dam] and for the blood of discharge [ziva]. “For one who directs his eye to the cup [kos]” – kis is written, a euphemism;1This is a euphemism for licentiousness. that is what you say: “We will have one purse [kis] for all of us” (Proverbs 1:14). “Will walk the straight path”2The midrash understands this phrase in the verse to be ironic. – ultimately his wife says: I have seen like a red rose, and he does not separate from her. Rabbi Asi said: If he is a Torah scholar, he will ultimately purify the ritually impure, and impurify the ritually pure. Alternatively, “do not see wine in its redness” – it will certainly cause him to flush. “For one who sets his eye on the cup” – he fixes his eyes on the cup and the storekeeper fixes his eye on the purse. “Will walk the straight path [bemeisharim]” – ultimately, he will render his house a plain [meishra].3Meaning it will be empty. He says: Whatever this bronze cup does an earthenware cup does, and he sells it and drinks wine with its proceeds. Whatever this bronze pot does an earthenware pot does, and he sells it and drinks wine with its proceeds. Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Raddifa said in the name of Rabbi Ami: Ultimately, he will sell all the vessels in his house and drink wine with [what he gets for] them. Rabbi Aḥa said: There was an incident involving a certain person who sold all the vessels in his house and drank wine with [what he got for] them. His sons said: This father of ours is not leaving us anything. What did they do? They gave him to drink, they lifted him up and carried him, and placed him in a certain cemetery. Some wine merchants passed the gate of the cemetery and heard the angaria [military unit commandeering provisions] was in the city. They unloaded their burden in that cemetery. They said: Let us go and see what is being said in the city. The old man awoke from his slumber and saw a wineskin that had been placed above his head. He untied it and put it in his mouth and drank. He drank until he fell asleep. After three days, his sons said: Should we not go and see how our father is doing? They went and found him and there was a wineskin in his mouth. They said: Here, too, your Creator has not forsaken you. Since you have it from Heaven, we don’t know what we to do with you. They made an arrangement among themselves that each of them [in turn] would provide him with drink on each day. It is written:4These verses relate to the drinker of wine referred to above, and describe the results of drunkenness. “You will be like one lying in the midst of the sea, like one who lies atop a mast” (Proverbs 23:34). You will be like this ship that is becalmed on the high seas.5Some understand this to mean: “like a ship that is tossed on the high seas.” “Like one who lies atop a mast,” – like a rooster that sits on a rope and goes constantly to and fro; like a captain who sits atop a mast and goes constantly to and fro. “They struck me, but I did not feel it” (Proverbs 23:35) – they struck him, but he did not feel. “They beat me, but I did not know” – they exploit him, but he is unaware. He drinks five kustin6A measure of liquid volume, about a third of a liter. of beer and they say to him: ‘You drank ten kustin.’ If you say that he will awaken from his sleep and forget it, Scripture says [about the drunk]: “When will I awaken? I will continue to seek it” (Ibid.). ]“To whom is there woe? To whom alas? To whom strife? To whom talk? To whom wounds without cause? To whom redness of eyes? To those who linger over wine”] (Proverbs 23:29-30). “To whom is there woe? To whom alas?” Rav Huna said: To one who does not toil in Torah study. “To whom strife?” – to whom disputes? “To whom talk” – to whom prattle? “To whom wounds without cause” – to whom wounds for nothing? “To those who linger over wine” (Proverbs 23:30). There was an incident involving a certain man who was accustomed to drink twelve kistin of wine every day. One day he drank eleven kistin, and he lay down but sleep would not come. He awoke in the dark and went to the storekeeper. He said to him: ‘Sell me one kista.’ He [the storekeeper] said to him: ‘I will not open for you, because it is dark and I fear the watchmen.’ He directed his eyes and saw a hole in the door. He said to him: ‘Give me from it through the hole, you will position it inside and I will drink it outside.’ He did so for him. He drank and fell asleep before the door. The watchmen passed by him; they thought he was a thief, they struck him and they wounded him. They proclaimed about him: “To whom wounds without cause” – to whom wounds for nothing? “To whom redness of eyes” – to whom eyes red like the sun? All these befall whom? “Those who linger over wine” – this is one who enters the store first and leaves last. “To those who come to assess the mixture” – to one who hears that this [particular] person has fine wine and pursues him. What is written about him at the end? “Its [wine’s] end is that it bites like a serpent and secretes [poison] like an adder” (Proverbs 23:32). Just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Adam and Eve, as Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: The tree from which Adam the first man ate was a grape [vine]. That is what is written: “Their grapes are grapes of gall, bitter clusters for them” (Deuteronomy 32:32). These brought bitterness to the world. Alternatively, “and secretes [yafrish] like an adder” – just as this adder separates [mafrish]7The verb lehafrish can mean both to secrete and to separate. between death and life, so, wine separated between Noah and his sons for enslavement. That is what is written: “He drank from the wine and was intoxicated and he was exposed inside the tent” (Genesis 9:21), as a result8 Subsequently, Noah’s son Ham, father of Canaan, “saw the nakedness of his father.” he [Noah] said: “Cursed is Canaan [a slave of slaves he shall be to his brothers]” (Genesis 9:25). “And secretes [yafrish] like an adder” – just as this adder separates [mafrish] between death and life, so wine separated between Lot and his daughters for mamzerut.9The status of a child born from incest. That is what is written: “They gave their father to drink that night” (Genesis 19:33), as a result he said: “Lot’s two daughters conceived from their father” (Genesis 19:36). Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Aaron and his sons for death, as it is taught: Rabbi Shimon says: The sons of Aaron died only because they entered the Tent of Meeting intoxicated with wine. Rabbi Pinḥas in the name of Rabbi Levi said: This is comparable to a king who had a loyal member of his household. He found him standing at the entrance of his house, and he decapitated him without saying anything and appointed another member of his household in his stead. We do not know the reason that he killed the first one. It is only from what he commanded the second one and said to him: ‘Do not enter the house’ that we know why he killed the first one. Likewise, “Fire emerged from before the Lord and consumed them” (Leviticus 10:2) – we do not know the reason they died. It is only from what he commanded Aaron and said to him “You shall not drink wine or intoxicating drink” (Leviticus 10:9), that we know that they died only due to the wine. Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between the ten tribes and the tribes of Judah and Benjamin for exile. That is what is written: “Woe! Those who rise early in the morning pursue intoxicating drink; those who tarry late, wine will inflame” (Isaiah 5:11), as a result: “Therefore, My people is exiled for lack of knowledge” (Isaiah 5:13). Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin for exile. That is what is written: “These too erred with wine and strayed with intoxicating drink” (Isaiah 28:7); these and those.10Not only the ten tribes of Israel but also the tribes of Judah and Benjamin were eventually exiled. Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between kingdom and kingdom for death. That is what is written: “Belshatzar said, as he tasted the wine” (Daniel 5:2), as a result it says: “During that night, Belshatzar the Chaldean king was killed” (Daniel 5:30). Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Aḥashverosh and Vashti for death. That is what is written: “On the seventh day, when the king was merry with wine” (Esther 1:10) – as a result he became angry and killed her.
“After these matters, when the fury of king Aḥashverosh had abated, he remembered Vashti and what she had done, and what was decreed against her” (Esther 2:1). “After [aḥar] these matters, when the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated” – Rabbi Aivu said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥar is stated, it means just after; aḥarei – significantly after. The Rabbis in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥarei is stated, it means just after; aḥar – significantly after. “When [keshokh] the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated,” beshokh is not written here, but rather keshokh,11The prepositional prefix ke- can mean “when” or “approximately” or “nearly.” The midrash is interpreting keshokh to mean that the king’s fury had nearly abated. abatement that is not abatement. “He remembered Vashti” – that decree that he had decreed for her to enter naked before him and she did not enter he became angry and killed her. Once he had killed her, he began regretting it. Why? Because she had behaved correctly.12As the verse says: “And what she had done.” “And what was decreed against her,” unjustly. Why did this befall her? Because she would not allow Aḥashverosh to grant permission to build the Temple, saying to him: You are seeking to build what my ancestors destroyed? “The king's lads, his attendants, said...” 13She was killed so Esther could replace her, and the Temple could be rebuilt. (Esther 2:2).
“Have the king appoint officials in all the provinces of his kingdom and they will gather every virgin young woman of fair appearance to the Shushan citadel, to the harem, to the custody of Hegai the king's eunuch, guardian of the women, and their cosmetics will be provided.” (Esther 2:3). “Have the king appoint officials in all the provinces of his kingdom” – What did he [the king] see? Rabbi Huna said: Because they would demean the daughters of Israel and call them ugly, and that no person would look at them; therefore, they [the women of the kingdom] came into the hands of this purveyor. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Shilka and Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin and Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan said: When a Jew and a gentile are residing in one courtyard, and the Jew places his pot on the fire and the gentile touches it, it is not ritually impure. If the gentile places his pot on the fire and the Jew touches it, he [the gentile] would say it is impure. Even if several repugnant creatures and creeping animals fall into it, he would eat it, but if a Jew places his food in it, he [the gentile] would break it. So, it is written: “Muster archers against Babylon, all who draw the bow, […repay it in accordance with its actions]” (Jeremiah 50:29). Did it take silver that it will repay silver, gold that it will repay gold? “They ravished women in Zion” (Lamentations 5:11). What does it teach? Rather, so said the Holy One blessed be He: You are eager for licentiousness; by your lives, I will bring upon you a nation that seeks neither silver nor gold from you. That is what is written: “Behold, I will rouse Media against them, who do not appreciate silver and do not desire gold” (Isaiah 13:17). What do they seek from you? “And bows will cleave youths, and they will not have mercy on the fruit of the womb” (Isaiah 13:18). “To the custody of Hegai, the king’s eunuch [seris], guardian of the women” (Esther 2:3) – he was crushed,14His testicles were crushed. and was appointed over the virgins. Similarly, “to the custody of Shaashgaz, official [seris] of the king, guardian of the concubines” (Esther 2:14) – he was withered and was appointed over the wives.
“The young woman who will please the king will reign in place of Vashti. The proposal pleased the king and he did so” (Esther 2:4). “The young woman who will please the king” – who is fitting for this thing? 15Fit to raise the woman who would be chosen as queen. Mordekhai – “there was a Jewish man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5).16This is the immediately following verse. This and the subsequent passages are all cases where the midrash addresses the juxtaposition of two verses. It asks about the first verse: who is fitting for this thing? It then finds the answer in the next verse. Similarly, “God saw the children of Israel and God knew” (Exodus 2:25). Who is fitting for this matter? Moses – “And Moses was herding” (Exodus 3:1). Similarly, “Samuel said to the men of Israel: Go, each man to his city” (I Samuel 8:22). Who is fitting for this thing [to be appointed king]? Saul, as it is stated: “There was a man of Benjamin, and his name was Kish…[and he had a son and his name was Saul…]” (I Samuel 9:1–2). Similarly, “Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, and they were dismayed and were greatly afraid.” (I Samuel 17:11). Who is fitting for this thing [fighting Goliath]? David – “David was the son of that Efrati [from Bethlehem]” (I Samuel 17:12). Rabbi Yehoshua bar Aviram said two things. It is written: “He [Yavin king of Canaan] oppressed the children of Israel strongly [beḥozka] for twenty years” (Judges 4:3). What is beḥozka? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: With cursing and blaspheming. That is what is written: “Your words have been harsh against Me” (Malachi 3:13). Who is fitting for this thing? Deborah, as it is written: “Deborah was a prophetess, wife of Lapidot” (Judges 4:4). Rabbi Yehoshua bar Aviram said another: “The people, the princes of Gilad, said one to another: Who is the man who will begin to wage war against the children of Amon? He will be the head of all the inhabitants of Gilad” (Judges 10:18). Who is fitting for this thing? Yiftaḥ – “Yiftaḥ the Giladite was a mighty warrior” (Judges 11:1).
רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה פָּתַח (משלי כג, לא): אַל תֵּרֶא יַיִן כִּי יִתְאַדָּם כִּי יִתֵּן בַּכּוֹס עֵינוֹ יִתְהַלֵּךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִים, אָמַר רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה אַל תֵּרֶא יַיִן כִּי יִתְאַדָּם כִּי יִתְאָו לְדַם נִדָּה וּלְדַם זִיבָה. כִּי יִתֵּן בַּכּוֹס עֵינוֹ, בַּכִּיס כְּתִיב, לָשׁוֹן נָקִי, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (משלי א, יד): כִּיס אֶחָד יִהְיֶה לְכֻלָּנוּ. יִתְהַלֵּךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִים, סוֹף שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ כְּשׁוֹשַׁנָּה אֲדֻמָּה רָאִיתִי וְהוּא אֵינוֹ פּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנָּהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי אָסֵי אִם תַּלְמִיד חָכָם הוּא סוֹף שֶׁהוּא מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַטָּהוֹר וּמְטַהֵר אֶת הַטָּמֵא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַל תֵּרֶא יַיִן כִּי יִתְאַדָּם, וַדַּאי מַסְמִיק לֵיהּ, כִּי יִתֵּן בַּכּוֹס עֵינוֹ, הוּא נוֹתֵן עֵינָיו בַּכּוֹס, וְחֶנְוָנִי נוֹתֵן עֵינָיו בַּכִּיס. יִתְהַלֵּךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִים, סוֹף עָבֵיד בֵּיתֵיהּ מֵישְׁרָא, אֲמַר מַה דְּהָדֵין קִיתוֹנָא דְּנַחֲשָׁא עָבֵיד קִיתוֹנָא דְּחַסְפָּא עָבֵיד, וּמְזַבֵּין לֵיהּ וְשָׁתֵי חַמְרָא בְּטִימִיתֵיהּ. וּמַה דָּא קִידְרָא דִּנְחָשָׁא עָבֵיד קִידְרָא דְּחַסְפָּא עָבֵיד, וּמְזַבֵּין לֵיהּ וְשָׁתֵי חַמְרָא בְּטִימִיתֵיהּ. רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר רַדִּיפָה אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַמֵי סוֹף שֶׁמּוֹכֵר כָּל כְּלֵי בֵיתוֹ וְשׁוֹתֶה בָּהֶם יַיִן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מוֹכֵר כָּל כְּלֵי בֵיתוֹ וְשׁוֹתֶה בָּהֶם יַיִן, אֲמַרֵי בְּנוֹי לֵית הָדֵין אֲבוּנַן שָׁבֵיק לָן כְּלוּם, מֶה עָשׂוּ אַשְׁקוּנֵיהּ וְשַׁקְלוּנֵיהּ וְטַעֲנוּנֵיהּ וְיַהֲבוּנֵיהּ בְּחַד בֵּית עָלַם, עָבְרִין שָׁפָאִין שָׁנְאוֹן בִּתְרַע בֵּית עָלְמָא, וּשְׁמַעוּן אַנְגַרְיָא בִּמְדִינְתָּא, פְּרַקוּן טוֹעֲנֵיהוֹן בְּגוֹ בֵּית עָלְמָא הַהוּא, אֲמַרִין נֵיזֵל וְנֶיחֱמֵי מַה קָּלָא בִּמְדִינְתָּא, אִתְעַר הַהוּא סָבָא מִשִּׁינְתֵיהּ חָמָא זִיקָא יְהִיבָא לְעֵיל מִן רֵאשֵׁיהּ שְׁרָא יָתֵיהּ וְיַהֲבֵיהּ בְּפוּמֵיהּ וּשְׁתֵי שָׁתֵי עַד דְּנָיֵים שִׁינְתֵיהּ, לְבָתַר תְּלָתָא יוֹמִין אֲמַרִין בְּנֵיהּ לֵית אֲנַן אַזְלִינַן וַחֲזִינַן מָה הַהוּא אֲבוּנַן עָבֵיד, אֲזַלוּן וְאַשְׁכְּחוּנֵיהּ וְהָא זִיקָא יְהִיב בְּפוּמֵיהּ, אָמְרֵי אַף הָכָא לָא שָׁבֵיק לָךְ בָּרְיָיךְ, הוֹאִיל וַהֲוָא לָךְ מִן שְׁמַיָא לֵית אֲנַן יָדְעִין מַה נַּעֲבֵד לָךְ. עֲבַדֵּי בֵּינֵיהוֹן תַּקָּנָה כָּל חַד וְחַד הֲוָה מַשְׁקֶה לֵיהּ יוֹמָא. כְּתִיב (משלי כג, לד): וְהָיִיתָ כְּשֹׁכֵב בְּלֶב יָם וּכְשֹׁכֵב בְּרֹאשׁ חִבֵּל. כַּהֲדָא אִילְפָא דְּדָמְכָא בְּפִילַגּוֹס דְּיַמָּא, וּכְשֹׁכֵב בְּרֹאשׁ חִבֵּל, כַּהֲדֵין תַּרְנְגוֹלָא דְּיָתֵיב בְּרֵישׁ חַבְלָא אָזֵיל וְאָתֵי אָזֵיל וְאָתֵי, כַּהֲדֵין קְבַרְנִיטָא דְּיָתֵיב בְּרֵישׁ תּוֹרְנָא אָזֵיל וְאָתֵי אָזֵיל וְאָתֵי. (משלי כד, לה): הִכּוּנִי בַל חָלִיתִי, מְחוֹ לֵיהּ וְלָא מַרְגִּישׁ. (משלי כד, לה): הֲלָמוּנִי בַּל יָדָעְתִּי, טְלַמּוּן לֵיהּ וְלָא יָדַע. שָׁתֵי שִׁכְרָא חַמְשָׁא קוּסְטִין אַמֲרִין לֵיהּ עֲשָׂרָה קוּסְטִין אִישְׁתֵּית. וְאִם תֹּאמַר דְּמִיתְעַר הוּא מִשִּׁנְתֵיהּ וְאַנְשֵׁי לֵיהּ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (משלי כד, לה): מָתַי אָקִיץ אוֹסִיף אֲבַקְּשֶׁנּוּ עוֹד. (משלי כד, כט): לְמִי אוֹי לְמִי אֲבוֹי, רַב הוּנָא אָמַר לְמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עָמֵל בַּתּוֹרָה. (משלי כד, כט): לְמִי מִדְיָנִים, לְמִי דִּינִין. (משלי כד, כט): לְמִי שִׂיחַ, לְמִי פִּיטָטִין. (משלי כד, כט): לְמִי פְּצָעִים חִנָּם, לְמִי פִּדְעִין דְּמַגָּן. (משלי כד, ל): לַמְּאַחֲרִים עַל הַיָּיִן, עוֹבָדָא הֲוָה בְּחַד בַּר נָשׁ, דַּהֲוָה אָלֵיף לְמִשְׁתֵּי תְּרֵי עֲשַׂר קִיסְטִין דַּחֲמַר בְּכָל יוֹם, יוֹמָא חַד אִשְׁתֵּי חַד עֲשַׂר קִיסְטִין, דְּמַךְ וְלָא אֲתָא שִׁינְתָא. קָם בַּחֲשׁוֹכָא אֲזַל לְבֵי קַפֵּילָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ זַבּוּן לִי חַד קִיסְטָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא פְּתַחְנָא לָךְ דְּהִיא חֲשֵׁיכָא וְצָרֵי לִי מִן נָטוֹרַיָא. תְּלָא עַיְינֵיהּ וַחֲזָא נוּקְבָא בְּתַרְעָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַב לִי מִינֵיהּ בַּהֲדֵין נוּקְבָא, אַתְּ מְפַנֵּי מִלְּגָיו וַאֲנָא שָׁתֵי מִלְּבַר, עֲבַד לֵיהּ כֵּן. אִשְׁתֵּי וּדְמַךְ קֳדָם תַּרְעָא, עֲבַרוּן עֲלֵיהּ נָטוֹרַיָא סְבוּרְנֵיהּ דְּהוּא גַנָב, מַחֲיוּנֵיהּ וּפַדְעוּנֵיהּ, וּקְרוֹ עֲלֵיהּ לְמִי פְּצָעִים חִנָּם, לְמַאן פִּדְעִין דְּמַגָּן. לְמִי חַכְלִלוּת עֵינָיִם, לְמַאן שִׁמְשִׁין דְּעַיְינִין, כָּל אֵלֶּה לְמִי לַמְאַחֲרִים עַל הַיָּיִן, זֶה שֶׁנִּכְנָס לְבֵי קַפֵּילָא קַדְמָאי וְנָפֵק בַּתְרָאי, לַבָּאִים לַחְקוֹר מִמְסָךְ, מִן דְּשָׁמַע הָן אִית לֵיהּ חַמְרָא טָבָא רָדֵיף בַּתְרֵיהּ, מַה כְּתִיב בּוֹ בַּסּוֹף (משלי כד, לב): אַחֲרִיתוֹ כְּנָחָשׁ יִשָּׁךְ וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין אָדָם לְחַוָּה, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי אִלְעָאי אוֹתוֹ הָעֵץ שֶׁאָכַל מִמֶּנּוּ אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן עֲנָבִים הָיוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים לב, לב): עֲנָבֵמוֹ עִנְּבֵי רוֹשׁ אַשְׁכְּלֹת מְרֹרֹת לָמוֹ, הַלָּלוּ הֵבִיאוּ מְרוֹרוֹת לָעוֹלָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין נֹחַ לְבָנָיו לְעַבְדוּת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית ט, כא): וַיֵּשְׁתְּ מִן הַיַּיִן וַיִּשְׁכָּר וַיִּתְגַּל בְּתוֹךְ אָהֳלֹה, שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ אָמַר אָרוּר כְּנָעַן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹנִי זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין לוֹט לִבְנוֹתָיו לְמַמְזְרוּת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יט, לג): וַתַּשְׁקֶיןָ אֶת אֲבִיהֶן יַיִן בַּלַּיְלָה הוּא, שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ (בראשית יט, לו): וַתַּהֲרֶיןָ שְׁתֵּי בְנוֹת לוֹט מֵאֲבִיהֶן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹנִי זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין אַהֲרֹן לְבָנָיו לְמִיתָה, דְּתָנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר לֹא מֵתוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ שְׁתוּיֵי יַיִן לְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֶּן בַּיִת נֶאֱמָן, מְצָאוֹ עוֹמֵד עַל פֶּתַח הַבַּית וְהִתִּיז אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ בִּשְׁתִיקָה, וּמִנָּה בֶּן בַּיִת אַחֵר תַּחְתָּיו, וְאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין מִפְּנֵי מָה הָרַג אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן, אֶלָּא מִמַּה שֶּׁצִּוָּה אֶת הַשֵּׁנִי וְאָמַר לוֹ אַל תִּכָּנֵס בְּפֶתַח הַבַּיִת, אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ הָרַג לָרִאשׁוֹן, כָּךְ (ויקרא י, ב): וַתֵּצֵא אֵשׁ מִלִּפְנֵי ה' וַתֹּאכַל אוֹתָם, אֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים מִפְּנֵי מָה מֵתוּ, אֶלָּא מִמַּה שֶּׁמְּצַוֶּה אֶת אַהֲרֹן וְאָמַר לוֹ (ויקרא י, ט): יַיִן וְשֵׁכָר אַל תֵּשְׁתְּ, אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין מִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ שֶׁלֹא מֵתוּ אֶלָּא מִפְנֵי הַיַּיִן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין עֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים לְשֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין לַגָּלוּת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה ה, יא): הוֹי מַשְׁכִּימֵי בַבֹּקֶר שֵׁכָר יִרְדֹּפוּ מֵאַחֲרֵי בַנֶּשֶׁף יַיִן יַדְלִיקֵם, שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ (ישעיה ה, יא): לָכֵן גָּלָה עַמִּי מִבְּלִי דָעַת, דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן לְשֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה וְשֵׁבֶט בִּנְיָמִין לַגָּלוּת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה כח, ז): וְגַם אֵלֶּה בַּיַּיִן שָׁגוּ וּבַשֵּׁכָר תָּעוּ, אֵלֶּה וְגַם אֵלֶּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין מַלְכוּת לְמַלְכוּת לַהֲרִיגָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ה, ב): בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר אֲמַר בִּטְּעֵם חַמְרָא, שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ אָמַר (דניאל ה, ל): בֵּהּ בְּלֵילְיָא קְטִיל בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר מַלְכָּא כַשְׂדָּאָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּכְצִפְעֹנִי יַפְרִשׁ, מַה צִּפְעוֹן זֶה מַפְרִישׁ בֵּין מִיתָה לְחַיִּים, כָּךְ הִפְרִישׁ הַיַּיִן בֵּין אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לְוַשְׁתִּי לַהֲרִיגָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי כְּטוֹב לֵב הַמֶּלֶךְ בַּיָּיִן, שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כָּךְ קָצַף עָלֶיהָ וַהֲרָגָהּ.
Rabbi Azarya began: “Do not see wine in its redness, for one who sets his eye on the cup will walk the straight path” (Proverbs 23:31). Rabbi Azarya said: “Do not see wine in its redness [yitadam]” – as he will lust [yitav] for menstrual blood [dam] and for the blood of discharge [ziva]. “For one who directs his eye to the cup [kos]” – kis is written, a euphemism;1This is a euphemism for licentiousness. that is what you say: “We will have one purse [kis] for all of us” (Proverbs 1:14). “Will walk the straight path”2The midrash understands this phrase in the verse to be ironic. – ultimately his wife says: I have seen like a red rose, and he does not separate from her. Rabbi Asi said: If he is a Torah scholar, he will ultimately purify the ritually impure, and impurify the ritually pure.
Alternatively, “do not see wine in its redness” – it will certainly cause him to flush. “For one who sets his eye on the cup” – he fixes his eyes on the cup and the storekeeper fixes his eye on the purse. “Will walk the straight path [bemeisharim]” – ultimately, he will render his house a plain [meishra].3Meaning it will be empty. He says: Whatever this bronze cup does an earthenware cup does, and he sells it and drinks wine with its proceeds. Whatever this bronze pot does an earthenware pot does, and he sells it and drinks wine with its proceeds. Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Raddifa said in the name of Rabbi Ami: Ultimately, he will sell all the vessels in his house and drink wine with [what he gets for] them.
Rabbi Aḥa said: There was an incident involving a certain person who sold all the vessels in his house and drank wine with [what he got for] them. His sons said: This father of ours is not leaving us anything. What did they do? They gave him to drink, they lifted him up and carried him, and placed him in a certain cemetery. Some wine merchants passed the gate of the cemetery and heard the angaria [military unit commandeering provisions] was in the city. They unloaded their burden in that cemetery. They said: Let us go and see what is being said in the city. The old man awoke from his slumber and saw a wineskin that had been placed above his head. He untied it and put it in his mouth and drank. He drank until he fell asleep. After three days, his sons said: Should we not go and see how our father is doing? They went and found him and there was a wineskin in his mouth. They said: Here, too, your Creator has not forsaken you. Since you have it from Heaven, we don’t know what we to do with you. They made an arrangement among themselves that each of them [in turn] would provide him with drink on each day.
It is written:4These verses relate to the drinker of wine referred to above, and describe the results of drunkenness. “You will be like one lying in the midst of the sea, like one who lies atop a mast” (Proverbs 23:34). You will be like this ship that is becalmed on the high seas.5Some understand this to mean: “like a ship that is tossed on the high seas.” “Like one who lies atop a mast,” – like a rooster that sits on a rope and goes constantly to and fro; like a captain who sits atop a mast and goes constantly to and fro. “They struck me, but I did not feel it” (Proverbs 23:35) – they struck him, but he did not feel. “They beat me, but I did not know” – they exploit him, but he is unaware. He drinks five kustin6A measure of liquid volume, about a third of a liter. of beer and they say to him: ‘You drank ten kustin.’ If you say that he will awaken from his sleep and forget it, Scripture says [about the drunk]: “When will I awaken? I will continue to seek it” (Ibid.).
]“To whom is there woe? To whom alas? To whom strife? To whom talk? To whom wounds without cause? To whom redness of eyes? To those who linger over wine”] (Proverbs 23:29-30). “To whom is there woe? To whom alas?” Rav Huna said: To one who does not toil in Torah study. “To whom strife?” – to whom disputes? “To whom talk” – to whom prattle? “To whom wounds without cause” – to whom wounds for nothing? “To those who linger over wine” (Proverbs 23:30).
There was an incident involving a certain man who was accustomed to drink twelve kistin of wine every day. One day he drank eleven kistin, and he lay down but sleep would not come. He awoke in the dark and went to the storekeeper. He said to him: ‘Sell me one kista.’ He [the storekeeper] said to him: ‘I will not open for you, because it is dark and I fear the watchmen.’ He directed his eyes and saw a hole in the door. He said to him: ‘Give me from it through the hole, you will position it inside and I will drink it outside.’ He did so for him. He drank and fell asleep before the door. The watchmen passed by him; they thought he was a thief, they struck him and they wounded him. They proclaimed about him: “To whom wounds without cause” – to whom wounds for nothing? “To whom redness of eyes” – to whom eyes red like the sun?
All these befall whom? “Those who linger over wine” – this is one who enters the store first and leaves last. “To those who come to assess the mixture” – to one who hears that this [particular] person has fine wine and pursues him. What is written about him at the end? “Its [wine’s] end is that it bites like a serpent and secretes [poison] like an adder” (Proverbs 23:32). Just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Adam and Eve, as Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: The tree from which Adam the first man ate was a grape [vine]. That is what is written: “Their grapes are grapes of gall, bitter clusters for them” (Deuteronomy 32:32). These brought bitterness to the world.
Alternatively, “and secretes [yafrish] like an adder” – just as this adder separates [mafrish]7The verb lehafrish can mean both to secrete and to separate. between death and life, so, wine separated between Noah and his sons for enslavement. That is what is written: “He drank from the wine and was intoxicated and he was exposed inside the tent” (Genesis 9:21), as a result8 Subsequently, Noah’s son Ham, father of Canaan, “saw the nakedness of his father.” he [Noah] said: “Cursed is Canaan [a slave of slaves he shall be to his brothers]” (Genesis 9:25).
“And secretes [yafrish] like an adder” – just as this adder separates [mafrish] between death and life, so wine separated between Lot and his daughters for mamzerut.9The status of a child born from incest. That is what is written: “They gave their father to drink that night” (Genesis 19:33), as a result he said: “Lot’s two daughters conceived from their father” (Genesis 19:36).
Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Aaron and his sons for death, as it is taught: Rabbi Shimon says: The sons of Aaron died only because they entered the Tent of Meeting intoxicated with wine. Rabbi Pinḥas in the name of Rabbi Levi said: This is comparable to a king who had a loyal member of his household. He found him standing at the entrance of his house, and he decapitated him without saying anything and appointed another member of his household in his stead. We do not know the reason that he killed the first one. It is only from what he commanded the second one and said to him: ‘Do not enter the house’ that we know why he killed the first one. Likewise, “Fire emerged from before the Lord and consumed them” (Leviticus 10:2) – we do not know the reason they died. It is only from what he commanded Aaron and said to him “You shall not drink wine or intoxicating drink” (Leviticus 10:9), that we know that they died only due to the wine.
Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between the ten tribes and the tribes of Judah and Benjamin for exile. That is what is written: “Woe! Those who rise early in the morning pursue intoxicating drink; those who tarry late, wine will inflame” (Isaiah 5:11), as a result: “Therefore, My people is exiled for lack of knowledge” (Isaiah 5:13).
Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin for exile. That is what is written: “These too erred with wine and strayed with intoxicating drink” (Isaiah 28:7); these and those.10Not only the ten tribes of Israel but also the tribes of Judah and Benjamin were eventually exiled.
Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between kingdom and kingdom for death. That is what is written: “Belshatzar said, as he tasted the wine” (Daniel 5:2), as a result it says: “During that night, Belshatzar the Chaldean king was killed” (Daniel 5:30).
Alternatively, “and secretes like an adder” – just as this adder separates between death and life, so wine separated between Aḥashverosh and Vashti for death. That is what is written: “On the seventh day, when the king was merry with wine” (Esther 1:10) – as a result he became angry and killed her.
אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה כְּשֹׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (אסתר ב, א), אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אַחַר סָמוּךְ, אַחֲרֵי מוּפְלָג. וְרַבָּנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אַחֲרֵי סָמוּךְ, אַחַר מוּפְלָג. כְּשׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, בְּשֹׁךְ אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא כְּשֹׁךְ, שְׁכִיכָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שְׁכִיכָה. זָכַר אֶת וַשְׁתִּי, גְּזֵרָה זֹאת שֶׁגָּזַר עָלֶיהָ שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס לְפָנָיו עֲרֻמָּה וְלֹא נִכְנְסָה וְקָצַף עָלֶיהָ וַהֲרָגָהּ, מִן דְּקָטְלָה שָׁרֵי תָּהֵי בֵיהּ [חוזר בו], לָמָּה, שֶׁעָשְׂתָה כְּהֹגֶן. וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר נִגְזַר עָלֶיהָ, שֶׁא כְּהֹגֶן. וְלָמָּה עָלְתָה לָהּ כָּךְ, לְפִי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה מַנַּחַת לַאֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לִתֵּן רְשׁוּת לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְאוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ, מַה שֶּׁהֶחֱרִיבוּ אֲבוֹתַי אַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִבְנוֹת, וַיֹּאמְרוּ נַעֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ מְשָׁרְתָיו וגו'.
“After these matters, when the fury of king Aḥashverosh had abated, he remembered Vashti and what she had done, and what was decreed against her” (Esther 2:1).
“After [aḥar] these matters, when the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated” – Rabbi Aivu said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥar is stated, it means just after; aḥarei – significantly after. The Rabbis in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥarei is stated, it means just after; aḥar – significantly after. “When [keshokh] the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated,” beshokh is not written here, but rather keshokh,11The prepositional prefix ke- can mean “when” or “approximately” or “nearly.” The midrash is interpreting keshokh to mean that the king’s fury had nearly abated. abatement that is not abatement.
“He remembered Vashti” – that decree that he had decreed for her to enter naked before him and she did not enter he became angry and killed her. Once he had killed her, he began regretting it. Why? Because she had behaved correctly.12As the verse says: “And what she had done.” “And what was decreed against her,” unjustly. Why did this befall her? Because she would not allow Aḥashverosh to grant permission to build the Temple, saying to him: You are seeking to build what my ancestors destroyed? “The king's lads, his attendants, said...” 13She was killed so Esther could replace her, and the Temple could be rebuilt. (Esther 2:2).
וְיַפְקֵד הַמֶּלֶךְ פְּקִידִים בְּכָל מְדִינוֹת מַלְכוּתוֹ (אסתר ב, ג), מָה רָאָה, אָמַר רַבִּי הוּנָא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מְבַזּוֹת בִּבְנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּעוּרוֹת, וְאֵין כָּל בְּרִיָה מַשְׁגִּיחַ עֲלֵיהֶם, לְפִיכָךְ בָּאוּ לִידֵי הַמְּסַפֵּק הַזֶּה. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר שִׁילְקָא וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין וְרַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמְרִין, יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹי דָּרִים בְּחָצֵר אַחַת, וְשָׁפָה יִשְׂרָאֵל קְדֵרָתוֹ וְנָגַע בָּהּ הַגּוֹי, אֵינָהּ טְמֵאָה, שָׁפָה הַגּוֹי קְדֵרָתוֹ וְנָגַע בָּהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, הוּא אוֹמֵר טְמֵאָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ נָפְלוּ לְתוֹכָהּ כַּמָּה שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים, הוּא אוֹכְלָהּ, וְאִם יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשֶׂה אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ לְתוֹכָהּ, הוּא שׁוֹבְרָהּ. כָּךְ כְּתִיב (ירמיה נ, כט): הַשְּׁמִיעוּ אֶל בָּבֶל רַבִּים כָּל דֹּרְכֵי קֶשֶׁת וגו'. וְכִי כֶּסֶף נָטְלָה שֶׁתִּתֵּן כֶּסֶף, זָהָב נָטְלָה שֶׁתִּתֵּן זָהָב. (איכה ה, יא): נָשִׁים בְּצִיּוֹן עִנּוּ, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתֶּם לְהוּטִים אַחַר הָעֶרְוָה חַיֵּיכֶם שֶׁאֲנִי מֵבִיא עֲלֵיכֶם אֻמָּה שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְבַקֶּשֶׁת מִכֶּם לֹא כֶסֶף וְלֹא זָהָב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה יג, יז): הִנְנִי מֵעִיר עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת מָדָי אֲשֶׁר כֶּסֶף לֹא יַחְשֹׁבוּ וְזָהָב לֹא יַחְפְּצוּ בוֹ, וּמַה מְּבַקֶּשֶׁת מִכֶּם (ישעיה יג, יח): וּקְשָׁתוֹת נְעָרִים תְּרַטַּשְׁנָה וּפְרִי בֶטֶן לֹא יְרַחֵמוּ וגו'. אֶל יַד הֵגֶא סְרִיס הַמֶּלֶךְ שֹׁמֵר הַנָּשִׁים, מָחוּי הָיָה וְהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הַבְּתוּלוֹת, וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ אֶל יַד שַׁעַשְׁגַז סְרִיס הַמֶּלֶךְ שֹׁמֵר הַפִּילַגְשִׁים, שָׁחוּף הָיָה וְהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הַנָּשִׁים.
“Have the king appoint officials in all the provinces of his kingdom and they will gather every virgin young woman of fair appearance to the Shushan citadel, to the harem, to the custody of Hegai the king's eunuch, guardian of the women, and their cosmetics will be provided.” (Esther 2:3).
“Have the king appoint officials in all the provinces of his kingdom” – What did he [the king] see? Rabbi Huna said: Because they would demean the daughters of Israel and call them ugly, and that no person would look at them; therefore, they [the women of the kingdom] came into the hands of this purveyor.
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Shilka and Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin and Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan said: When a Jew and a gentile are residing in one courtyard, and the Jew places his pot on the fire and the gentile touches it, it is not ritually impure. If the gentile places his pot on the fire and the Jew touches it, he [the gentile] would say it is impure. Even if several repugnant creatures and creeping animals fall into it, he would eat it, but if a Jew places his food in it, he [the gentile] would break it. So, it is written: “Muster archers against Babylon, all who draw the bow, […repay it in accordance with its actions]” (Jeremiah 50:29). Did it take silver that it will repay silver, gold that it will repay gold? “They ravished women in Zion” (Lamentations 5:11). What does it teach? Rather, so said the Holy One blessed be He: You are eager for licentiousness; by your lives, I will bring upon you a nation that seeks neither silver nor gold from you. That is what is written: “Behold, I will rouse Media against them, who do not appreciate silver and do not desire gold” (Isaiah 13:17). What do they seek from you? “And bows will cleave youths, and they will not have mercy on the fruit of the womb” (Isaiah 13:18).
“To the custody of Hegai, the king’s eunuch [seris], guardian of the women” (Esther 2:3) – he was crushed,14His testicles were crushed. and was appointed over the virgins. Similarly, “to the custody of Shaashgaz, official [seris] of the king, guardian of the concubines” (Esther 2:14) – he was withered and was appointed over the wives.
וְהַנַּעֲרָה אֲשֶׁר תִּיטַב בְּעֵינֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וגו' (אסתר ב, ד), מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, מָרְדֳּכַי, אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי דִּכְוָותֵיהּ (שמות ב, כה): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֵּדַע אֱלֹהִים, מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, משֶׁה, וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה. וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ (שמואל א ח, כב): וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל הָעָם לְכוּ אִישׁ לְעִירוֹ וגו', מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, שָׁאוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ט, א): וַיְהִי אִישׁ מִבִּנְיָמִין וּשְׁמוֹ קִישׁ. וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ (שמואל א יז, יא): וַיִּשְׁמַע שָׁאוּל וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי [האלה] וַיֵּחַתּוּ וַיִּרְאוּ מְאֹד. מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, דָּוִד, (שמואל א יז, יב): וְדָוִד בֶּן אִישׁ אֶפְרָתִי הַזֶּה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר אֲבִירָם אָמַר תַּרְתֵּי, כְּתִיב (שופטים ד, ג): וְהוּא לָחַץ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּחָזְקָה, מַהוּ בְּחָזְקָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּחֵרוּפִין וּבְגִדּוּפִין, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (מלאכי ג, יג): חָזְקוּ עָלַי דִבְרֵיכֶם, מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, דְּבוֹרָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שופטים ד, ד): וּדְבוֹרָה אִשָּׁה נְבִיאָה אֵשֶׁת לַפִּידוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר אֲבִירָם אָמַר חוֹרֵי (שופטים י, יח): וַיֹּאמְרוּ הָעָם שָׂרֵי גִלְעָד אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ מִי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יָחֵל לְהִלָּחֵם בִּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן יִהְיֶה לְרֹאשׁ לְכֹל ישְׁבֵי גִלְעָד, מִי הָגוּן לְדָבָר זֶה, יִפְתָּח (שופטים יא, א): וְיִפְתָּח הַגִּלְעָדִי הָיָה גִּבּוֹר חָיִל.
“The young woman who will please the king will reign in place of Vashti. The proposal pleased the king and he did so” (Esther 2:4).
“The young woman who will please the king” – who is fitting for this thing? 15Fit to raise the woman who would be chosen as queen. Mordekhai – “there was a Jewish man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5).16This is the immediately following verse. This and the subsequent passages are all cases where the midrash addresses the juxtaposition of two verses. It asks about the first verse: who is fitting for this thing? It then finds the answer in the next verse.
Similarly, “God saw the children of Israel and God knew” (Exodus 2:25). Who is fitting for this matter? Moses – “And Moses was herding” (Exodus 3:1).
Similarly, “Samuel said to the men of Israel: Go, each man to his city” (I Samuel 8:22). Who is fitting for this thing [to be appointed king]? Saul, as it is stated: “There was a man of Benjamin, and his name was Kish…[and he had a son and his name was Saul…]” (I Samuel 9:1–2).
Similarly, “Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, and they were dismayed and were greatly afraid.” (I Samuel 17:11). Who is fitting for this thing [fighting Goliath]? David – “David was the son of that Efrati [from Bethlehem]” (I Samuel 17:12).
Rabbi Yehoshua bar Aviram said two things. It is written: “He [Yavin king of Canaan] oppressed the children of Israel strongly [beḥozka] for twenty years” (Judges 4:3). What is beḥozka? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: With cursing and blaspheming. That is what is written: “Your words have been harsh against Me” (Malachi 3:13). Who is fitting for this thing? Deborah, as it is written: “Deborah was a prophetess, wife of Lapidot” (Judges 4:4).
Rabbi Yehoshua bar Aviram said another: “The people, the princes of Gilad, said one to another: Who is the man who will begin to wage war against the children of Amon? He will be the head of all the inhabitants of Gilad” (Judges 10:18). Who is fitting for this thing? Yiftaḥ – “Yiftaḥ the Giladite was a mighty warrior” (Judges 11:1).