Pisqa’ 103233H:148-149; JN1:262-264. 1. “Any clean bird you may eat” (Dt.14:12)]. Inferring from what is stated [regarding purification from scale-disease]: “At the priest’s command, the one being cleansed shall take two live, clean birds” (Lv.14:4)— is it possible to say that just as the slaughtered one, [being a sacrifice,] is prohibited [as food], so, too, the one set free [as part of the cleansing rite (Lv.14:7)] should be prohibited [as food]? The Teaching states: “Any clean bird you may eat” (Dt.14:12)
[thus the bird set free may be eaten]. Or [perhaps the inference should be derived as follows]: Just as the one set free is permitted [as food], so, too, the slaughtered one should be permitted [as food]? The Teaching states: “’And these are the ones from which you shall not eat” (Dt.14:12) [including the one slaughtered for purification].234Pisqa’ 103.1-2 seems to be a major reworking of Sifra, metzor`a, par. 1:12. 2. “The eagle (nesher), the vulture (peres), and the black vulture (`ozniyah),
the buzzard (ra’ah), the falcon (‘ayah), and the kite,” (dayah), and any kind of raven” (`oreiv; Dt.14:12-14). R. Akiva says: Here the verse specifies: “eagle” (Dt.14:12), and elsewhere it specifies: “eagle” (Lv.11:13). Just as with the eagle specified elsewhere, the verse incorporates [into the same class of birds] every kind mentioned with the eagle, [and subjects all of them to the rules:] do not feed them to others, and do not eat them yourself, so, too, the eagle specified here incorporates every kind mentioned with the eagle [into the class of birds governed by the rules:] do not feed them to others, and do not eat them yourself.
R. Shimon says: Here the verse specifies: “falcon” (Dt.14:13), and elsewhere it specifies “falcon” (Lv.11:14)— just as the falcon specified here incorporates the buzzard into the class of falcon, so, too, the falcon specified elsewhere incorporates the buzzard into the class of falcon [such that both kinds of bird are unclean].
3. “Raven” (Dt.14:14)— this refers to the giant raven. “And any kind of raven” (Dt.14:15)— including the valley raven and the raven that flies before the doves.235//Sifra, shemini, per.5:4. “Any kind” (Dt.14:15)— including the starling.
{“The hawk” (Dt.14:15)— This is the common hawk}236F:162, b, 9 adds the bracketed material on the basis of Sifra, shemini per.5:4.. Thus, when the verse specifies, “Any kind” (Dt.14:15)— it intends to include the ben horayah.237There are many versions of this name in mss and printed editions. See F:162, l.11. Based on Sifra, shemini, per.5:5, Hammer identifies this as “another species of hawk” (H:443, pisqa’ 103, n.7).
4. “The ostrich . . . the little owl . . .the pelican, the carrion vulture, and the cormorant” (Dt.14:15-17)— this teaches that [the species of] clean birds out-number [those of] unclean birds, for, in all cases, Scripture enumerates the smaller [category before enumerating the larger].238Cf. Pisqa’ 100.1
The signs of cattle and wild cattle are stated in the Torah, while the signs of [clean] birds are not stated. The sages have taught: every bird of prey is unclean, as it is stated: “The eagle” (Dt.14:12)— just as the eagle clearly has neither crop nor extra toe, its craw cannot be peeled. and it tramples while eating [its prey], and is [therefore] unclean, so, too, anything similar is prohibited, while anything dis-similar is permitted.239//M. Hul..3:6
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(דברים יד כ) כָּל עוֹף טָהוֹר תֹּאכֵלוּ – מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה.
5. “Every clean flying thing you may eat” (Dt.14:20)— this is a prescriptive commandment.
“But every flying swarming thing is unclean for you. Do not eat it!” (Dt.14:19)— this is a proscriptive commandment. R. Shimon says: “Every clean flying thing you may eat” (Dt.14:20)— referring to clean locusts. “But every flying swarming thing is unclean for you. Do not eat it!” (Dt.14:19)— referring to unclean locusts.
(דברים יד יא) כָּל צִפּוֹר טְהוֹרָה תֹּאכֵלוּ, מִכְּלָל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יד ד) ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח לַמִּטַּהֵר שְׁתֵּי צִפֳּרִים חַיּוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת״, יָכוֹל כְּשֵׁם שֶׁשְּׁחוּטָה אֲסוּרָה כָּךְ מְשֻׁלַּחַת אֲסוּרָה? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״כָּל צִפּוֹר טְהוֹרָה תֹּאכֵלוּ״.
Pisqa’ 103233H:148-149; JN1:262-264.
1. “Any clean bird you may eat” (Dt.14:12)].
Inferring from what is stated
[regarding purification from scale-disease]:
“At the priest’s command,
the one being cleansed shall take two live, clean birds” (Lv.14:4)—
is it possible to say that
just as the slaughtered one,
[being a sacrifice,]
is prohibited [as food],
so, too, the one set free
[as part of the cleansing rite (Lv.14:7)]
should be prohibited [as food]?
The Teaching states:
“Any clean bird you may eat” (Dt.14:12)
אוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמְּשֻׁלַּחַת מֻתֶּרֶת כָּךְ שְׁחוּטָה תְּהֵא מֻתֶּרֶת? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְזֶה אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מֵהֶם״ (דברים יד יב).
[thus the bird set free may be eaten].
Or [perhaps the inference should be derived as follows]:
Just as the one set free is permitted [as food],
so, too, the slaughtered one should be permitted [as food]?
The Teaching states:
“’And these are the ones
from which you shall not eat” (Dt.14:12)
[including the one slaughtered for purification].234Pisqa’ 103.1-2 seems to be a major reworking of Sifra, metzor`a, par. 1:12.
2. “The eagle (nesher), the vulture (peres), and the black vulture (`ozniyah),
הַנֶּשֶׁר וְהַפֶּרֶס וְהָעָזְנִיָּה, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָה אוֹמֵר: נֶאֱמַר כָּאן נֶשֶׁר וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (ויקרא יא יג) נֶשֶׁר. מַה נֶּשֶׁר הָאָמוּר לְהַלָּן, עָשָׂה כָּל הָאֲמוּרִים עִם הַנֶּשֶׁר בְּבַל תַּאֲכִיל וּבְבַל תֹּאכַל, אַף נֶשֶׁר הָאָמוּר כָּאן, נַעֲשָׂה כָּל הָאֲמוּרִים עִם הַנֶּשֶׁר בְּבַל תַּאֲכִיל וּבְבַל תֹּאכַל.
the buzzard (ra’ah), the falcon (‘ayah), and the kite,” (dayah),
and any kind of raven” (`oreiv; Dt.14:12-14).
R. Akiva says:
Here the verse specifies: “eagle” (Dt.14:12),
and elsewhere it specifies: “eagle” (Lv.11:13).
Just as with the eagle specified elsewhere,
the verse incorporates [into the same class of birds]
every kind mentioned with the eagle,
[and subjects all of them to the rules:]
do not feed them to others, and
do not eat them yourself,
so, too, the eagle specified here
incorporates every kind mentioned with the eagle
[into the class of birds governed by the rules:]
do not feed them to others, and
do not eat them yourself.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: נֶאֱמַר כָּאן (דברים יד יג) ״אַיָּה״ וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (ויקרא יא יד) ״אַיָּה״, מָה אַיָּה הָאָמוּר כָּאן, עָשָׂה אֶת הָרָאָה מִין אַיָּה – אַף אַיָּה הָאֲמוּרָה לְהַלָּן, נַעֲשָׂה אֶת הָרָאָה מִין אַיָּה.
R. Shimon says:
Here the verse specifies: “falcon” (Dt.14:13),
and elsewhere it specifies “falcon” (Lv.11:14)—
just as the falcon specified here
incorporates the buzzard into the class of falcon,
so, too, the falcon specified elsewhere
incorporates the buzzard into the class of falcon
[such that both kinds of bird are unclean].
(דברים יד יד) עֹרֵב – זֶה עוֹרֵב הַגָּדוֹל, וְאֵת כָּל עֹרֵב – לְהָבִיא אֶת הָעוֹרֵב הָעֲמָקִי וְעוֹרֵב הַבָּא בְּרֹאשׁ יוֹנִים, לְמִינוֹ – לְהָבִיא אֶת הַזַּרְזִיר.
3. “Raven” (Dt.14:14)—
this refers to the giant raven.
“And any kind of raven” (Dt.14:15)—
including the valley raven and
the raven that flies before the doves.235//Sifra, shemini, per.5:4.
“Any kind” (Dt.14:15)—
including the starling.
[הַנֵּץ – זֶה הַנֵּץ,] כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״לְמִינֵהוּ״ – לְהָבִיא אֶת בֶּן הוֹרִיָּה.
{“The hawk” (Dt.14:15)—
This is the common hawk}236F:162, b, 9 adds the bracketed material on the basis of Sifra, shemini per.5:4..
Thus, when the verse specifies,
“Any kind” (Dt.14:15)—
it intends to include the ben horayah.237There are many versions of this name in mss and printed editions. See F:162, l.11. Based on Sifra, shemini, per.5:5, Hammer identifies this as “another species of hawk” (H:443, pisqa’ 103, n.7).
(דברים יד טו-יז) ״וְאֵת בַּת הַיַּעֲנָה וְגוֹ׳ וְאֶת הַכּוֹס וְגוֹ׳ וְהַקָּאָת וְאֶת הָרָחָם וְאֶת הַשָּׁלָךְ״, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁעוֹף טָהוֹר מְרֻבֶּה מֵעוֹף טָמֵא. בְּכָל מָקוֹם הַכָּתוּב פּוֹרֵט אֶת הַמּוּעָט.
4. “The ostrich . . . the little owl . . .the pelican, the carrion vulture, and the cormorant” (Dt.14:15-17)—
this teaches that
[the species of] clean birds
out-number [those of] unclean birds,
for, in all cases,
Scripture enumerates the smaller
[category before enumerating the larger].238Cf. Pisqa’ 100.1
(חולין פ״ג מ״ו) סִימָנֵי בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה נֶאֶמְרוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה, סִימָנֵי הָעוֹף לֹא נֶאֶמְרוּ. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים: כָּל עוֹף דּוֹרֵס טָמֵא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״נֶשֶׁר״ – מַה נֶּשֶׁר מְפֹרָשׁ, אֵין לוֹ זֶפֶק וְאֵין לוֹ אֶצְבַּע יְתֵרָה וְאֵין קֻרְקְבָנוֹ נִקְלָף וְדוֹרֵס וְאוֹכֵל – טָמֵא, כָּךְ כָּל שֶׁכַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ – אָסוּר; שֶׁאֵין כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ – מֻתָּר.
The signs of cattle and wild cattle are stated in the Torah,
while the signs of [clean] birds are not stated.
The sages have taught:
every bird of prey is unclean,
as it is stated:
“The eagle” (Dt.14:12)—
just as the eagle clearly has neither
crop nor extra toe,
its craw cannot be peeled.
and it tramples while eating [its prey],
and is [therefore] unclean,
so, too, anything similar is prohibited,
while anything dis-similar is permitted.239//M. Hul..3:6
(דברים יד כ) כָּל עוֹף טָהוֹר תֹּאכֵלוּ – מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה.
5. “Every clean flying thing you may eat” (Dt.14:20)—
this is a prescriptive commandment.
(דברים יד יט) ״וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם״ – מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: כָּל עוֹף טָהוֹר תֹּאכֵלוּ – אֵלּוּ חֲגָבִים טְהוֹרִים, ״וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם לֹא יֵאָכֵלוּ״ – אֵלּוּ חֲגָבִים טְמֵאִים.
“But every flying swarming thing is unclean for you. Do not eat it!” (Dt.14:19)—
this is a proscriptive commandment.
R. Shimon says:
“Every clean flying thing you may eat” (Dt.14:20)—
referring to clean locusts.
“But every flying swarming thing is unclean for you. Do not eat it!” (Dt.14:19)—
referring to unclean locusts.