“He called to Moses, and the Lord spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting, saying” (Leviticus 1:1). “He called to Moses” – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai began: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries [malakhav], mighty in strength, who perform His bidding…” (Psalms 103:20). Regarding whom is the verse speaking?1The term malakhim most commonly refers to angels, God’s supernal emissaries, but can also refer to human beings. If the verse is speaking of the supernal, but is it not already stated: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts” (Psalms 103:21)? It is speaking, rather, of the earthly. Because the supernal are able to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts.” But because the earthly are unable to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries,” but not all his emissaries.2Because most human beings do not live up to God’s expectations, the verse does not state “Bless the Lord, all His emissaries.” It leaves out the word “all,” as God does not want the blessings of the wicked (Etz Yosef). Another matter: The prophets were called malakhim – that is what is written: “He sent a malakh and took us out of Egypt…” (Numbers 20:16). Was it an angel? Was it not Moses? Why does it call him a malakh? It is because the prophets are called malakhim. Similarly, “The malakh of the Lord ascended from Gilgal to Bokhim” (Judges 2:1) – was it an angel? Was it not Pinḥas? Why does it call him a malakh? Rather, Rabbi Simon said: When the Divine Spirit would rest upon Pinḥas, his face would shine like a torch. The Rabbis say: What was Manoaḥ’s wife saying to him? “a man of God came to me, and his appearance was like the appearance of an angel of God” (Judges 13:6). She thought that he was a prophet, but he was none other than an angel. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: By their very nature the prophets are called malakhim.3The word malakh literally means emissary, and the role of a prophet is to present God’s word to the people (Rabbi David Luria). That is what is written: “Haggai, the malakh of the Lord, on mission from the Lord, said” (Haggai 1:13). Perforce, you learn that by their very nature, the prophets are called malakhim. “Mighty in strength, who perform His bidding” (Psalms 103:20) – regarding whom is the verse speaking? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. The way of the world is that a person performs a mitzva for one day, for one week, for one month. But does one do so for the rest of the days of the year? Yet this one sees his field fallow, his vineyard fallow, and pays his land tax and remains silent. Is there anyone mightier than that? If you say that it is not speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, it is stated here: “Who perform His bidding [devaro],” and it is stated there: “This is the matter of [devar] the Sabbatical Year” (Deuteronomy 15:2). Just as when davar is stated there the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, so too, when davar stated here, the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. “Who perform His bidding” – Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: The verse is speaking of Israel when they stood before Mount Sinai, for having preceded performance to heeding and having said: “Everything that the Lord has spoken we will perform and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7).4They undertook to perform God’s commands before even hearing what they were. This took great spiritual strength. “Hearing His word” (Psalms 103:20) – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: The way of the world is that a burden that is difficult for one is easy for two; [one that is difficult] for two is easy for four. But can a burden that is difficult for six hundred thousand be easy for one? All of Israel was standing before Mount Sinai and saying: “If we continue to hear [the voice of the Lord our God, we will die]” (Deuteronomy 5:22), and Moses was hearing the voice of the divine speech himself, and he lived. Know that it is so, as from all of them, He called only Moses. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”
Rabbi Abbahu began: “Those who dwell in His shade will return” (Hosea 14:8) – these are the proselytes who come and take shelter in the shade of the Holy One blessed be He. “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – they will become primary like Israel, just as it says: “There will be grain for the young men, and new wine will make the young women sing” (Zechariah 9:17).1The Hebrew phrase degan baḥurim, translated here as, “there will be grain for the young men,” can also be understood to mean “the young men are grain.” Thus, the young men of Israel are compared to grain, which are the primary form of nourishment, and the proselytes are also compared to grain. “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – just as it says: “You transported a vine from Egypt, drove out the nations and planted it” (Psalms 80:9). Another matter: “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – in the Talmud.2The midrash interprets the verse to mean “they will be given life through grain,” and understands “grain” as an allusion to the Talmud (Etz Yosef). Just as grain nourishes the body, the Talmud nourishes the soul (Maharzu). “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – in aggada. “Its repute will be like the wine of Lebanon” (Hosea 14:8) – the Holy One blessed be He said: The names of proselytes are dear to me like wine libations that are offered before Me on the altar. Why is [the Temple] called Lebanon? It is in accordance with: “That good mountain and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25).3Lebanon in this verse is understood to refer to the Temple; see Sifri, Va’etḥanan 28; Rashi on Deuteronomy 3:25). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Why is it called Lebanon? Because it whitens [malbin] the iniquities of Israel like snow. That is what is written: “If your sins will be like scarlet, they will be whitened as snow; if they will be reddened like crimson, they will be like wool” (Isaiah 1:18). Rabbi Tavyomei said: It is because all the hearts [levavot] rejoice in it. That is what is written: “Beautiful in its view, joy of the entire world…” (Psalms 48:3). The Rabbis say: It is in accordance with: “My eyes and My heart [velibi] will be there always” (I Kings 9:3).
Rabbi Simon, in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and Rabbi Ḥama father of Rabbi Hoshaya, in the name of Rav, said: Chronicles was given only for expounding. “His Judahite wife bore Yered father of Gedor, [Ḥever father of Sokho, and Yekutiel father of Zano'aḥ; these are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered took as a wife]” (I Chronicles 4:18). “His Judahite wife” – this is Yokheved. Was she from the tribe of Judah? Was she not from the tribe of Levi? Why was she called Judahite? It is because she brought Jews into the world.4Yokheved is identified as Shifra, one of the Israelite midwives in Egypt (Sota 11b). “Bore Yered” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and Rabbi Simon: Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: “Yered” – because he brought down [horid] the Torah from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Alternatively: “Yered” – because he brought down the Divine Presence from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Rabbi Simon said: Yered is nothing other than an expression of kingship, just as it says: “He will rule [veyerd] from sea to sea” (Psalms 72:8); and it is written: “For he ruled [rodeh] over the entire region beyond the river” (I Kings 5:4). “Father of Gedor” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Huna bar Aḥa said: Many fence builders [goderin] stood for Israel, but [Moses] was the father of them all.5The term fence builder is used here to connote one who delineates the boundary of what behavior God deems acceptable, or who establishes decrees to protect against transgression. “Ḥever” (I Chronicles 4:18) – because he connected [ḥiber] the children to their Father in Heaven; alternatively, “Ḥever” – who prevented [he’evir] calamity from coming to the world. “Father of Sokho” (I Chronicles 4:18) – as he was the father of the prophets who see [sokhin] by means of the Divine Spirit. Rabbi Levi said: It is an Arabic expression, as in Arabia they call prophets sakhya. “Yekutiel” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Levi and Rabbi Sima said: He rendered the children hopeful [mekavin] toward their Father in Heaven.6Thus, Yekutiel is interpreted to mean yekavu el El, they shall hope to God. “Father of Zano’aḥ” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses, who was the father of those who cause abandonment [mazniḥim], who caused them to abandon idol worship. That is what is written: “[He took the calf which they had made, burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and] scattered it over the water, [and he made the children of Israel drink from it]” (Exodus 32:20). “These are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said to Bitya daughter of Pharaoh: ‘Moses was not your son, but you called him your son; you, too, are not My daughter, but I call you My daughter,’ as it is stated: “These are the sons of Bitya,” the daughter of God [bat Yah]. “Whom Mered took” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Caleb. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon: One said: He rebelled [marad] against the counsel of the scouts, and she rebelled [mareda] against the counsel of her father; let the rebel come and take the rebel. One said: He rescued the flock,7Caleb rescued Israel by contradicting the report of the majority of the scouts and attempting to calm the Israelites. Had he not done so, their sin would have been even worse. and she rescued the shepherd. Moses was called ten names: Yered, Ḥever, Yekutiel, Avi Gedor, Avi Sokho, Avi Zano’aḥ.8Literally, father of Gedor, father of Sokho, father of Zano’aḥ. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: Toviya is also his name. That is what is written: “She saw him that he was good [tov]” (Exodus 2:2) – that he was Toviya. Rabbi Yishmael bar Ami said: Shemaya is also his name. Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya came and explained this verse: “Shemaya son of Netanel the scribe [from the Levites] recorded them [before the king, the princes, Tzadok the priest, Aḥimelekh son of Evyatar, and the heads of the patrilineal houses of the priests and of the Levites]” (I Chronicles 24:6): “Shemaya” – because the Lord heard [shama Yah] his prayer. “Son of Netanel” – a son to whom the Torah was given [shenitena] from hand to hand. “The scribe” – because he was the scribe of Israel. “Levite” – because he was from the tribe of Levi. “Before the king and the princes” – before the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, and [before] His court. “Tzadok” – this is Aaron the priest. “Aḥimelekh” – because he was the brother [aḥ] of the king [melekh]. “Son of Evyatar” – because through him, the Holy One blessed be He overlooked [viter] for them the incident of the calf.9The midrash (Vayikra Rabba 10:3) asserts that Aaron’s involvement in the sin of the Golden Calf was undertaken so that the masses would not be directly involved, and that had they done so, their sin could not have been forgiven. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: Levite was also his name after the forebear of his family: “Is not Aaron the Levite your brother?” (Exodus 4:14).10Just as Aaron was called Levite after the founder of the tribe, Moses could also be called Levite (Etz Yosef). And Moses, that is ten. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: As you live, from all the names that you were called, I will call you only by the name that Bitya daughter of Pharaoh called you: “She called his name Moses” (Exodus 2:10). “He called to Moses.”
Rabbi Avin began in the name of Rabbi Berekhya the Elder: “You then spoke in a vision to Your pious ones, [saying: I aided the mighty one; I raised the one chosen from the people]” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of Abraham, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision. That is what is written: “After these matters, the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision, saying” (Genesis 15:1). “To Your pious ones [laḥasidekha]” – “give truth to Jacob, kindness [ḥesed] to Abraham” (Micah 7:20). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” – as he killed four kings in one night. That is what is written: “He deployed against them at night…[and smote themand pursued them until Ḥova]” (Genesis 14:15). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Do you have a person who pursues the dead, as it is stated: “And smote them and pursued them until Ḥova”? Rather, it teaches that the Holy One blessed be He was killing and Abraham was pursuing. “I raised the one chosen from the people” – this is Abraham, who was chosen by the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Who has chosen Abram” (Nehemiah 9:7). Another matter: “You then spoke in a vision to Your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of David, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision. That is what is written: “In accordance with all these matters, and in accordance with this entire vision, so Natan spoke to David” (II Samuel 7:17). “To Your pious ones [laḥasidekha]” – as it is stated: “Protect my soul, for I am pious [ḥasid]” (Psalms 86:2). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” (Psalms 89:20) – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: David waged thirteen wars, and the Rabbis say: Eighteen, and they do not disagree. The one who said thirteen, they were for the needs of Israel. The one who said eighteen, they were five for his own needs and thirteen for the needs of Israel. “I raised the one chosen from the people” (Psalms 89:20) – as it is stated: “He chose David His servant…” (Psalms 78:70). Another matter: “You then spoke in a vision” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of Moses, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision, as it is stated: “Mouth to mouth I will speak to him, [and a vision]” (Numbers 12:8). “To Your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20) – because he was from the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “Your Tummim and Your Urim for Your pious one” (Deuteronomy 33:8). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” (Psalms 89:20) – this accords with that which Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: The way of the world is that a burden that is difficult for one is easy for two; [one that is difficult] for two is easy for four. But can a burden that is difficult for six hundred thousand be easy for one? All of Israel was standing before Mount Sinai and saying: “If we continue to hear [the voice of the Lord our God any more, we will die]” (Deuteronomy 5:22), and Moses was hearing the voice of the divine speech himself, and he lived. Know that it is so, as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses, as it is stated: “He called to Moses.” “I raised the one chosen from the people” (Psalms 89:20) – as it is stated: “Were it not for Moses His chosen one” (Psalms 106:23).
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin interpreted the verse in the name of Rabbi Levi: “As it is better that it should be said to you: Come up here, than that you be demeaned before a prince…” (Proverbs 25:7). Rabbi Akiva taught it in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Azai: Distance yourself two or three seats from your rightful place and sit until they say to you, ascend. But do not ascend, as they will say to you, descend.11It was common for people to be seated according to their prominence. It would be better to take a less prominent seat and then be told to move up to a more prominent seat, than to take a more prominent seat and risk being told to move down to a less prominent one. It is preferable that they say to you, ascend, ascend, and that they not say to you, descend, descend. Likewise, Hillel says: My lowering is my elevation; my elevation is my lowering. What is the source? “Who sits on High, who looks down to see” (Psalms 113:5–6). You find that when the Holy One blessed be He revealed Himself to Moses from the midst of the bush, he concealed his face from Him, as it is stated: “Moses concealed his face…” (Exodus 3:6). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Go [lekha], and I will send you to Pharaoh, [and you will bring My people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt]” (Exodus 3:10). Rabbi Elazar said: There is a heh at the end of the word, to say that if you do not redeem them, no one else will redeem them.12Instead of the standard usage, lekh, meaning go, God said lekha, which can also mean “for you.” This was meant to indicate that Moses was the only one who could have fulfilled this mission. At the sea, he stood off to the side. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “You, raise your staff…and split it” (Exodus 14:16), to say that if you do not split it no one else will split it.13Instead of saying just: Raise your staff…, God prefaced the command with the word “you,” meaning, you alone can do it. At Sinai, he stood off to the side. [God] said to him: “Ascend to God, [you]” (Exodus 24:1), to say that if you do not ascend, no one else will ascend. At the Tent of Meeting, he stood off to the side. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: Until when will you lower yourself? The hour is awaiting only you. Know that it is so, as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses: “He called to Moses.”
Rabbi Tanḥuma began: “There is gold, and an abundance of gems, but lips of knowledge are a precious vessel” (Proverbs 20:15) – the way of the world is that a person who has gold, silver, jewels, gems, and all the objects of desire in the world, but he does not have goodness and wisdom, what acquisition does he have? The parable says: If you acquired knowledge what do you lack; if you lack knowledge, what have you acquired? “There is gold” – everyone brought his gift of gold to the Tabernacle. That is what is written: “This is the gift [you shall take from them: gold]” (Exodus 25:3). “An abundance of gems” – this is the gift of the princes, as it is stated: “The princes brought [the onyx stones and the stones for setting for the ephod and for the breast piece]” (Exodus 35:27). “But lips of knowledge are a precious vessel” – Moses’s soul was despondent, and he said: Everyone brought his gift offering for the Tabernacle, but I did not bring; so the Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘As you live, your speech is dearer to me than all of it,’ as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses: “He called to Moses.”
Another matter: “He called to Moses” – what is written previous to this matter? It is the portion of the Tabernacle, “as the Lord commanded Moses.”14This phrase appears frequently in Exodus chapter 39, the passage describing the construction of the Tabernacle (see, e.g., Exodus 39:1, 7, 21). This is analogous to a king who commanded his servant and said to him: ‘Build me a palace.’ On each and every item that he built, he would write the king’s name. He would build walls and write the king’s name on them. He would put up pillars and write the king’s name on them. He would install the ceiling beams and write the king’s name on them. Sometime later, the king entered the palace. On each and every item at which he would look, he would find his name written on it. He said: My servant accorded me all this honor, and I am inside and he is outside? He called him so that he would enter into its innermost chambers. So too, when the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Craft Me a Tabernacle,’ regarding each and every item he would construct, he would write: “As the Lord commanded Moses.” The Holy One blessed be He said: Moses accorded Me all this honor, and I am inside and he is outside? That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Natan: Eighteen commands are written in the portion of the Tabernacle,15The phrase “as the Lord commanded Moses” appears eighteen times in Exodus chapter 39. corresponding to the eighteen vertebrae in the spine. Corresponding to them, the Sages instituted the eighteen blessings in the Amida prayer, corresponding [also] to the eighteen mentions of God’s name in the recitation of Shema, and corresponding to the eighteen mentions of God’s name in: “Give to the Lord, sons of the mighty” (Psalms 29:1). Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: Only from “With him was Oholiav son of Aḥisamakh, of the tribe of Dan” (Exodus 38:23) until the end of the book.16The eighteen mentions of God’s commands begin from Exodus 38:23. They do not include Exodus 38:22, which states: “Betzalel, son of Uri, son of Ḥur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses.” This is analogous to a king who entered a city and with him were commanders, governors, and generals, and the people did not know which was most beloved of them all. The one to whom the king turns and speaks is the most beloved of them all. So too, “To Moses, He said: Ascend [to the Lord,] you and Aaron, Nadav and Avihu and seventy of the elders of Israel” (Exodus 24:1), but we do not know which of them was the most beloved of them all. It is, rather, the one whom the Holy One blessed be He calls and speaks with him. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.” This is analogous to a king who enters a city. With whom does he speak first? Is it not with the overseer of the city’s food markets? Why? Because he is occupied with the sustenance of the city. So too, Moses was occupied with the burdens of Israel. He said to them: ‘This animal you may eat, and that one you may not eat’: “This you shall eat from all that is in the water…” (Leviticus 11:9); “these you shall abominate from the birds” (Leviticus 11:13) – abominate these, do not abominate those; “this is impure to you” (Leviticus 11:29) – this is impure, that is not impure. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”
“He called to Moses” – did He not call to Adam?17The verse “He called to Moses” is understood to imply something unique about Moses, that God called to him without Moses actively seeking or preparing for prophecy. However, the Torah indicates that God similarly called out to Adam (Etz Yosef). Is it not already stated: “The Lord God called to the man” (Genesis 3:9)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his sharecropper.18Adam is compared to God’s sharecropper, because the verse states that God placed Adam in the Garden of Eden “to cultivate it and to safeguard it” (Genesis 2:15). “The Lord spoke to him” – did He not speak with Noah? Is it not already stated: “God spoke to Noah” (Genesis 8:15)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his shepherd. “He called to Moses” – did He not call to Abraham? Is it not already stated: “The angel of the Lord called to Abraham” (Genesis 22:15)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his innkeeper. “He called to Moses” – unlike Abraham. Regarding Abraham it is written: “The angel of the Lord called to Abraham” (Genesis 22:15) – the angel called, and the divine speech spoke. However, here, Rabbi Avin said: The Holy One blessed be He said: It is I who calls, and it is I who speaks, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who has spoken, I also have called him; I brought him, and his way is successful” (Isaiah 48:15).
“From the Tent of Meeting” – although the Torah was given as a fence from Sinai,19Some interpret this to mean that although the Israelites could not yet fully observe the commandments because they had not yet been explained, the very fact that the commandments had been given served to distinguish them and elevate them from the nations of the world, much like a fence marks off a given area (Etz Yosef). they were punished for [violating] it only after it was repeated at the Tent of Meeting. This is analogous to a writ of decree that was written and sealed, and it entered the province. The residents of the province will not be punished on its account until it is explained to them in the province’s public forum. So too, although the Torah was given to Israel in Sinai, they were punished for it only after it was repeated to them at the Tent of Meeting. That is what is written: “Until I brought him to my mother's house, and to the chamber of the one who conceived me” (Song of Songs 3:4). “To my mother's house” – this is Sinai. “And to the chamber of the one who conceived me” – this is the Tent of Meeting, as it was from there that Israel was commanded regarding the Torah’s rulings.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Had the nations of the world known how beneficial the Tent of Meeting was for them, they would have surrounded it with encampments and fortifications. You find that until the Tabernacle was erected, the nations of the world would hear the sound of the divine speech and would be afflicted with diarrhea in their palaces.20The point is that the divine speech was so overpowering that those who heard it would lose control of their physical faculties. That is what is written: “For who of all flesh that heard the voice of the living God [speaking from the midst of the fire like us, has lived?]” (Deuteronomy 5:23). Rabbi Simon said: The speech would emerge with two natures, as an elixir of life for Israel and an elixir of death for the nations of the world. That is what is written: “[Has a people heard the voice of God…] as you heard, and lived?” (Deuteronomy 4:33). You heard and lived, but the nations of the world would hear and die. Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: “[The Lord spoke to him] from the Tent of Meeting” – this teaches that the voice would stop and would not emerge outside the Tent of Meeting.
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Until the Tabernacle was erected, prophecy was found among the nations of the world. When the Tabernacle was erected, it departed from their midst, as it is stated: “[When I found the one whom my soul loves,] I grasped him and would not release him” (Song of Songs 3:4). They said to him: But Bilam prophesied. He said to them: He prophesied for the benefit of Israel: “Who has counted the dust of Jacob” (Numbers 23:10); “One has seen no evil in Jacob” (Numbers 23:21); “For there is no divination in Jacob” (Numbers 23:23); “How goodly are your tents, Jacob” (Numbers 24:5); “a star rises from Jacob” (Numbers 24:17); “One from Jacob shall rule” (Numbers 24:19).
What is the difference between prophets of Israel and prophets of the nations of the world? Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina and Rabbi Yisakhar of Kefar Mandi: Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: The Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world with only truncated speech, just as it says: “God happened [vayikar] upon Bilam” (Numbers 23:4). But [He communicates with] the prophets of Israel with complete speech, as it is stated: “He called [vayikra] to Moses.” Rabbi Yisakhar of Kefar Mandi said: So shall be their reward. Vayikar is an expression of nothing other than impurity, just as it says: “Who will not be pure due to a nocturnal incident [mikreh]” (Deuteronomy 23:11). But the prophets of Israel [receive prophecy] with an expression of sanctity, with an expression of purity, with an expression of clarity, with an expression with which the ministering angels laud the Holy One blessed be He, just as it says: “One called [vekara] to the other and said: [Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts]” (Isaiah 6:3). Rabbi Ilai bar Menaḥem said: It is written: “The Lord is far from the wicked” (Proverbs 15:29), and it is written: “And He hears the prayer of the righteous” (Proverbs 15:29). “The Lord is far from the wicked” – these are the prophets of the nations of the world. “And He hears the prayer of the righteous” – these are the prophets of Israel. You find that the Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only like a man who came from a distance, just as it says: “From a distant land they came to me” (Isaiah 39:3). But the prophets of Israel, immediately: “[The Lord] appeared” (Genesis 18:1), “He called.”21God appears to the prophets of Israel immediately, whereas regarding prophecies to individuals from other nations the verse first states that God came to them, and only then states that he spoke with them. See Genesis 20:3, 31:24, and Numbers 22:20 (Rabbi David Luria). Rabbi Yosei said: The Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only at night, at a time when people are separated from one another, as it is written: “In thoughts from visions of the night, [when slumber] falls” (Job 4:13), “a matter was smuggled to me…” (Job 4:12). Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and the Rabbis: Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: This is analogous to a king who was in a hall with his friend and there was a curtain between them. When he would speak with his friend, he would fold the curtain until he could see his friend face-to-face and speak with him. But for others, he would not do so; rather, he would speak to them with the curtain partition spread between them, and they could not see him. The Rabbis say: This is analogous to a king who had a wife and a concubine. When he would go to his wife, he would go in public, and when he would go to his concubine he would go clandestinely. So too, the Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only at night, as it is stated: “God came to Avimelekh in a nocturnal dream” (Genesis 20:3); “God came to Laban the Aramean in a nocturnal dream” (Genesis 31:24); “God came to Bilam at night” (Numbers 22:20). But [God appears] to the prophets of Israel by day, as it is stated: “[The Lord appeared to him…] and he was sitting at the entrance of his tent in the heat of the day” (Genesis 18:1); “it was on the day the Lord spoke to Moses” (Exodus 6:28); “this is the legacy of Aaron and Moses on the day the Lord spoke to Moses…” (Numbers 3:1).
What is the difference between Moses and all the [other] prophets? Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai and the Rabbis: Rabbi Yehuda says: The prophets would see through nine looking glasses. That is what is written: “The appearance of the vision that I saw [was like the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city; and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the Kevar River]” (Ezekiel 43:3).22The words appearance, vision, and saw appear a total of eight times, and in one of those instances the word visions appears in plural, for a total of nine. This alludes to the fact that the prophet saw his prophecy as though looking through nine layers of glass. Moses saw through one looking glass, as it is stated: “And a vision and not in riddles” (Numbers 12:8). The Rabbis said: All the prophets saw through a murky looking glass. That is what is written: “[I spoke to the prophets;] I proliferated visions and granted imagery to the prophets” (Hosea 12:11). Moses saw through a polished looking glass. That is what is written: “And a vision and not in riddles” (Numbers 12:8). Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya: This is analogous to a king who revealed himself to a member of his household in his image.23He allowed him to see the king without any intervening curtains. In this world, the Divine Presence appears only to individuals, but in the future: “The glory of the Lord will be revealed, and all flesh will see together that the mouth of the Lord has spoken” (Isaiah 40:5).
Another matter: “He called to Moses, and the Lord spoke” – from here they said: Any Torah scholar who lacks sense, a carcass is better than he is. Know that it is so, and learn it from Moses, the father of wisdom, the father of the prophets, who took Israel out of Egypt. Through him numerous miracles were performed in Egypt and awe-inspiring acts at the Red Sea; he ascended to the heavens on High, brought down the Torah from heaven, engaged in the labor of the Tabernacle; but he did not enter into the innermost chambers24The Holy of Holies. until He called him, as it is stated: “He called to Moses, and [the Lord] spoke.” Elsewhere it is stated: “The Lord saw that he turned to see; [God called to him from the midst of the bush, and He said: Moses, Moses]” (Exodus 3:4). At the bush, there was an interruption between the call and the speech. In the Tent of Meeting there is no interruption. At the bush, to what is the matter comparable? To a king of flesh and blood who became angry at his servant and commanded that he be incarcerated in prison. When he commands the emissary [to free him], he commands him only outside.25He commands the emissary from afar, rather than calling the emissary in to him, because the incarcerated individual is not dear to the king. Similarly, Israel was incarcerated in Egypt, and God spoke to Moses from a distance. But in the Tent of Meeting [it is comparable to a king] when he rejoices in his children, and the members of his household are joyful. When He commands the emissary [regarding his children], he commands him only inside, as one who sits him between his knees, as a person would with his son. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses [and the Lord spoke to him].”
וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי פָּתַח (תהלים קג, כ): בָּרְכוּ ה' מַלְאָכָיו גִּבֹּרֵי כֹחַ עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ וגו', בַּמֶּה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר אִם בָּעֶלְיוֹנִים הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר וַהֲלוֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (תהלים קג, כא): בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל צְבָאָיו, הָא אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בַּתַּחְתּוֹנִים, עֶלְיוֹנִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהֵן יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בְּתַפְקִידָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נֶאֱמַר: בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל צְבָאָיו, אֲבָל תַּחְתּוֹנִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁאֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בְּתַפְקִידָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: בָּרְכוּ ה' מַלְאָכָיו וְלֹא כָל מַלְאָכָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר כ, טז): וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִיאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם וגו', וְכִי מַלְאַךְ ה' הָיָה וַהֲלוֹא משֶׁה הָיָה, וְלָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהַנְּבִיאִים נִקְרָאִים מַלְאָכִים. וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ (שופטים ב, א): וַיַּעַל מַלְאַךְ ה' מִן הַגִּלְגָּל אֶל הַבֹּכִים, וְכִי מַלְאָךְ הָיָה וַהֲלוֹא פִּנְחָס הָיָה, וְלָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן פִּנְחָס בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיְתָה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ שׁוֹרָה עָלָיו, הָיוּ פָּנָיו בּוֹעֲרוֹת כַּלַּפִּידִים. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל מָנוֹחַ מָה הָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ (שופטים יג, ו): [הנה] אִישׁ [ה]אֱלֹהִים בָּא אֵלַי וּמַרְאֵהוּ כְּמַרְאֵה מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים, כַּסְּבוּרָה בוֹ שֶׁהוּא נָבִיא וְאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מַלְאָךְ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִבֵּית אָב שֶׁלָּהֶן נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (חגי א, יג): וַיֹּאמֶר חַגַּי מַלְאַךְ ה' בְּמַלְאֲכוּת ה', הָא עַל כָּרְחֲךָ אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁמִּבֵּית אָב שֶׁלָּהֶן נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, (תהלים קג, כ): גִּבֹּרֵי כֹחַ עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, בַּמֶּה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה לְיוֹם אֶחָד, לְשַׁבָּת אֶחָת, לְחֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד, שֶׁמָּא לִשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הַשָּׁנָה, וְדֵין חָמֵי חַקְלֵיהּ בָּיְרָה כַּרְמֵיהּ בָּיְרָה וְיָהֵב אַרְנוֹנָא וְשָׁתִיק, יֵשׁ לְךָ גִּבּוֹר גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה. וְאִם תֹּאמַר אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן: עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (דברים טו, ב): וְזֶה דְבַר הַשְּׁמִטָּה, מַה דָּבָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אַף דָּבָר הָאָמוּר כָּאן בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעָמְדוּ לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר שֶׁהִקְדִּימוּ עֲשִׂיָּה לִשְׁמִיעָה וְאָמְרֵי (שמות כד, ז): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע. לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל דְּבָרוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָשֶׁה לְאֶחָד נוֹחַ לִשְׁנַיִם, וְלִשְׁנַיִם נוֹחַ לְאַרְבָּעָה, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָּשֶׁה לְשִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא נוֹחַ לְאֶחָד, כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִים לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי וְאוֹמְרִים (דברים ה, כב): אִם יֹסְפִים אֲנַחְנוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ וגו', וּמשֶׁה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר עַצְמוֹ וְחָיָה. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהוּא כֵּן, שֶׁמִּכֻּלָּן לֹא קָרָא אֶלָּא לְמשֶׁה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
“He called to Moses, and the Lord spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting, saying” (Leviticus 1:1). “a man of God came to me, and his appearance was like the appearance of an angel of God” (Judges 13:6). She thought that he was a prophet, but he was none other than an angel. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: By their very nature the prophets are called malakhim.3The word malakh literally means emissary, and the role of a prophet is to present God’s word to the people (Rabbi David Luria). That is what is written: “Haggai, the malakh of the Lord, on mission from the Lord, said” (Haggai 1:13). Perforce, you learn that by their very nature, the prophets are called malakhim.
“He called to Moses” – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai began: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries [malakhav], mighty in strength, who perform His bidding…” (Psalms 103:20). Regarding whom is the verse speaking?1The term malakhim most commonly refers to angels, God’s supernal emissaries, but can also refer to human beings. If the verse is speaking of the supernal, but is it not already stated: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts” (Psalms 103:21)? It is speaking, rather, of the earthly. Because the supernal are able to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts.” But because the earthly are unable to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries,” but not all his emissaries.2Because most human beings do not live up to God’s expectations, the verse does not state “Bless the Lord, all His emissaries.” It leaves out the word “all,” as God does not want the blessings of the wicked (Etz Yosef).
Another matter: The prophets were called malakhim – that is what is written: “He sent a malakh and took us out of Egypt…” (Numbers 20:16). Was it an angel? Was it not Moses? Why does it call him a malakh? It is because the prophets are called malakhim. Similarly, “The malakh of the Lord ascended from Gilgal to Bokhim” (Judges 2:1) – was it an angel? Was it not Pinḥas? Why does it call him a malakh? Rather, Rabbi Simon said: When the Divine Spirit would rest upon Pinḥas, his face would shine like a torch. The Rabbis say: What was Manoaḥ’s wife saying to him?
“Mighty in strength, who perform His bidding” (Psalms 103:20) – regarding whom is the verse speaking? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. The way of the world is that a person performs a mitzva for one day, for one week, for one month. But does one do so for the rest of the days of the year? Yet this one sees his field fallow, his vineyard fallow, and pays his land tax and remains silent. Is there anyone mightier than that? If you say that it is not speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, it is stated here: “Who perform His bidding [devaro],” and it is stated there: “This is the matter of [devar] the Sabbatical Year” (Deuteronomy 15:2). Just as when davar is stated there the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, so too, when davar stated here, the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. “Who perform His bidding” – Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: The verse is speaking of Israel when they stood before Mount Sinai, for having preceded performance to heeding and having said: “Everything that the Lord has spoken we will perform and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7).4They undertook to perform God’s commands before even hearing what they were. This took great spiritual strength.
“Hearing His word” (Psalms 103:20) – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: The way of the world is that a burden that is difficult for one is easy for two; [one that is difficult] for two is easy for four. But can a burden that is difficult for six hundred thousand be easy for one? All of Israel was standing before Mount Sinai and saying: “If we continue to hear [the voice of the Lord our God, we will die]” (Deuteronomy 5:22), and Moses was hearing the voice of the divine speech himself, and he lived. Know that it is so, as from all of them, He called only Moses. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”
רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ פָּתַח (הושע יד, ח): יָשֻׁבוּ ישְׁבֵי בְצִלּוֹ, אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁבָּאִין וְחוֹסִין בְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, (הושע יד, ח): יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, נַעֲשׂוּ עִקָּר כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמָה דְּתֵימַר (זכריה ט, יז): דְּגַן בַּחוּרִים וְתִירשׁ יְנוֹבֵב בְּתוּלוֹת. (הושע יד, ח): וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, כְּמָה דְתֵימַר (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ תְּגָרֵשׁ גּוֹיִם וַתִּטָּעֶהָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר (הושע יד, ח): יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, בַּתַּלְמוּד. (הושע יד, ח): וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, בְּאַגָּדָה. (הושע יד, ח): זִכְרוֹ כְּיֵין לְבָנוֹן, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָבִיב עָלַי שְׁמוֹתָם שֶׁל גֵּרִים כְּיֵין נֶסֶךְ שֶׁקָּרֵב לְפָנַי עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ לְבָנוֹן, עַל שֵׁם (דברים ג, כה): הָהָר הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה וְהַלְּבָנֹן. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ לְבָנוֹן שֶׁמַּלְבִּין עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּשֶׁלֶג, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה א, יח): אִם יִהְיוּ חֲטָאֵיכֶם כַּשָּׁנִים כַּשֶּׁלֶג יַלְבִּינוּ וְאִם יַאְדִּימוּ כַתּוֹלָע כַּצֶּמֶר יִהְיוּ, רַבִּי טַבְיוֹמֵי אָמַר עַל שֵׁם שֶׁכָּל לְבָבוֹת שְׂמֵחִים בּוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים מח, ג): יְפֵה נוֹף מְשׂוֹשׂ כָּל הָאָרֶץ וגו'. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי עַל שֵׁם (מלכים א ט, ג): וְהָיוּ עֵינַי וְלִבִּי שָׁם כָּל הַיָּמִים.
Rabbi Abbahu began: “Those who dwell in His shade will return” (Hosea 14:8) – these are the proselytes who come and take shelter in the shade of the Holy One blessed be He. “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – they will become primary like Israel, just as it says: “There will be grain for the young men, and new wine will make the young women sing” (Zechariah 9:17).1The Hebrew phrase degan baḥurim, translated here as, “there will be grain for the young men,” can also be understood to mean “the young men are grain.” Thus, the young men of Israel are compared to grain, which are the primary form of nourishment, and the proselytes are also compared to grain. “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – just as it says: “You transported a vine from Egypt, drove out the nations and planted it” (Psalms 80:9).
Another matter: “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – in the Talmud.2The midrash interprets the verse to mean “they will be given life through grain,” and understands “grain” as an allusion to the Talmud (Etz Yosef). Just as grain nourishes the body, the Talmud nourishes the soul (Maharzu). “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – in aggada. “Its repute will be like the wine of Lebanon” (Hosea 14:8) – the Holy One blessed be He said: The names of proselytes are dear to me like wine libations that are offered before Me on the altar.
Why is [the Temple] called Lebanon? It is in accordance with: “That good mountain and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25).3Lebanon in this verse is understood to refer to the Temple; see Sifri, Va’etḥanan 28; Rashi on Deuteronomy 3:25). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Why is it called Lebanon? Because it whitens [malbin] the iniquities of Israel like snow. That is what is written: “If your sins will be like scarlet, they will be whitened as snow; if they will be reddened like crimson, they will be like wool” (Isaiah 1:18). Rabbi Tavyomei said: It is because all the hearts [levavot] rejoice in it. That is what is written: “Beautiful in its view, joy of the entire world…” (Psalms 48:3). The Rabbis say: It is in accordance with: “My eyes and My heart [velibi] will be there always” (I Kings 9:3).
רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי וְרַבִּי חָמָא אֲבוּהָ דְּרַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא בְּשֵׁם רַב, אָמְרֵי, לֹא נִתַּן דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים אֶלָּא לִדָּרֵשׁ, (דברי הימים א ד, יח): וְאִשְׁתּוֹ הַיְּהֻדִיָּה יָלְדָה אֶת יֶרֶד אֲבִי גְדוֹר וגו', וְאִשְׁתּוֹ הַיְּהֻדִיָּה, זוֹ יוֹכֶבֶד, וְכִי מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יְהוּדָה הָיְתָה וַהֲלוֹא מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי הָיְתָה וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ יְהֻדִיָּה, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁהֶעֱמִידָה יְהוּדִים בָּעוֹלָם. יָלְדָה אֶת יֶרֶד, זֶה משֶׁה. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא וְרַבִּי סִימוֹן, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא אָמַר יֶרֶד שֶׁהוֹרִיד אֶת הַתּוֹרָה מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יֶרֶד, שֶׁהוֹרִיד אֶת הַשְּׁכִינָה מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן אֵין לְשׁוֹן יֶרֶד אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן מְלוּכָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימַר (תהלים עב, ח): וְיֵרְדְּ מִיָּם עַד יָם, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר. אֲבִי גְדוֹר, רַבִּי הוּנָא בַּר אַחָא אָמַר הַרְבֵּה גּוֹדְרִין עָמְדוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְזֶה הָיָה אֲבִיהֶן שֶׁל כֻּלָּן. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): חֶבֶר, שֶׁחִבֵּר אֶת הַבָּנִים לַאֲבִיהֶן שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, חֶבֶר, שֶׁהֶעֱבִיר הַפֻּרְעָנִיּוּת מִלָּבוֹא בָּעוֹלָם. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲבִי סוֹכוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה אֲבִיהֶן שֶׁל נְבִיאִים שֶׁסּוֹכִים בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לְשׁוֹן עֲרָבִי הוּא, בַּעֲרַבְיָא קוֹרִין לְנָבִיא סַכְיָא. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): יְקוּתִיאֵל, רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבִּי סִימָא אָמְרוּ שֶׁעָשָׂה אֶת הַבָּנִים מְקַוִּין לַאֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲבִי זָנוֹחַ, זֶה משֶׁה שֶׁהָיָה אָב לַמַּזְנִיחִים שֶׁהִזְנִיחוּם מֵעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות לב, כ): וַיִּזֶּר עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם וגו'. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): וְאֵלֶּה בְּנֵי בִּתְיָה בַת פַּרְעֹה, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְבִתְיָה בַּת פַּרְעֹה, משֶׁה לֹא הָיָה בְּנֵךְ וּקְרָאתוֹ בְּנֵךְ, אַף אַתְּ לֹא אַתְּ בִּתִּי וַאֲנִי קוֹרֵא אוֹתָךְ בִּתִּי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵלֶּה בְּנֵי בִּתְיָה, בַּת יָהּ. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲשֶׁר לָקַח [לו] מָרֶד, זֶה כָּלֵב. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן חַד אָמַר זֶה מָרַד בַּעֲצַת מְרַגְּלִים וְזוֹ מָרְדָה בַּעֲצַת אָבִיהָ, יָבוֹא מוֹרֵד וְיִקַּח אֶת הַמּוֹרָדֶת. וְחַד אָמַר זֶה הִצִּיל אֶת הַצֹּאן וְזוֹ הִצִּילָה אֶת הָרוֹעֶה. עֲשָׂרָה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ לוֹ לְמשֶׁה: יֶרֶד: חֶבֶר: יְקוּתִיאֵל: אֲבִי גְדוֹר: אֲבִי סוֹכוֹ: אֲבִי זָנוֹחַ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי אִלְעָאי אָמַר אַף טוֹבִיָּה שְׁמוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות ב, ב): וַתֵּרֶא אֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב הוּא, כִּי טוֹבִיָּה הוּא. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר אַף שְׁמַעְיָה שְׁמוֹ. אָתָא רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר נְחֶמְיָה וּפֵרַשׁ הָדֵין קְרָיָא (דברי הימים א כד, ו): וַיִּכְתְּבֵם שְׁמַעְיָה בֶן נְתַנְאֵל הַסּוֹפֵר וגו', שְׁמַעְיָה, שֶׁשָּׁמַע יָהּ תְּפִלָּתוֹ. בֶּן נְתַנְאֵל וגו' בֵּן שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לוֹ תּוֹרָה מִיַּד לְיַד. הַסּוֹפֵר, שֶׁהָיָה סוֹפְרָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. הַלֵּוִי, שֶׁהָיָה מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי. לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהַשָּׂרִים, לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּבֵית דִּינוֹ. וְצָדוֹק, זֶה אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן. וַאֲחִימֶלֶךְ, שֶׁהָיָה אָחִיו שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ. בֶּן אֶבְיָתָר, שֶׁוִּתֵּר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל יָדָיו מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה אָמַר אַף לֵוִי הָיָה שְׁמוֹ עַל עִקַּר מִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ (שמות ד, יד): הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי. וּמשֶׁה, הֲרֵי עֲשָׂרָה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה חַיֶּיךָ מִכָּל שֵׁמוֹת שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ לְךָ אֵינִי קוֹרֵא אוֹתְךָ אֶלָּא בַּשֵּׁם שֶׁקְּרָאַתְךָ בִּתְיָה בַת פַּרְעֹה (שמות ב, י): וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ משֶׁה, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
Rabbi Simon, in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and Rabbi Ḥama father of Rabbi Hoshaya, in the name of Rav, said: Chronicles was given only for expounding. “His Judahite wife bore Yered father of Gedor, [Ḥever father of Sokho, and Yekutiel father of Zano'aḥ; these are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered took as a wife]” (I Chronicles 4:18). “His Judahite wife” – this is Yokheved. Was she from the tribe of Judah? Was she not from the tribe of Levi? Why was she called Judahite? It is because she brought Jews into the world.4Yokheved is identified as Shifra, one of the Israelite midwives in Egypt (Sota 11b).
“Bore Yered” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and Rabbi Simon: Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: “Yered” – because he brought down [horid] the Torah from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Alternatively: “Yered” – because he brought down the Divine Presence from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Rabbi Simon said: Yered is nothing other than an expression of kingship, just as it says: “He will rule [veyerd] from sea to sea” (Psalms 72:8); and it is written: “For he ruled [rodeh] over the entire region beyond the river” (I Kings 5:4).
“Father of Gedor” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Huna bar Aḥa said: Many fence builders [goderin] stood for Israel, but [Moses] was the father of them all.5The term fence builder is used here to connote one who delineates the boundary of what behavior God deems acceptable, or who establishes decrees to protect against transgression. “Ḥever” (I Chronicles 4:18) – because he connected [ḥiber] the children to their Father in Heaven; alternatively, “Ḥever” – who prevented [he’evir] calamity from coming to the world. “Father of Sokho” (I Chronicles 4:18) – as he was the father of the prophets who see [sokhin] by means of the Divine Spirit. Rabbi Levi said: It is an Arabic expression, as in Arabia they call prophets sakhya. “Yekutiel” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Levi and Rabbi Sima said: He rendered the children hopeful [mekavin] toward their Father in Heaven.6Thus, Yekutiel is interpreted to mean yekavu el El, they shall hope to God. “Father of Zano’aḥ” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses, who was the father of those who cause abandonment [mazniḥim], who caused them to abandon idol worship. That is what is written: “[He took the calf which they had made, burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and] scattered it over the water, [and he made the children of Israel drink from it]” (Exodus 32:20).
“These are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said to Bitya daughter of Pharaoh: ‘Moses was not your son, but you called him your son; you, too, are not My daughter, but I call you My daughter,’ as it is stated: “These are the sons of Bitya,” the daughter of God [bat Yah].
“Whom Mered took” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Caleb. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon: One said: He rebelled [marad] against the counsel of the scouts, and she rebelled [mareda] against the counsel of her father; let the rebel come and take the rebel. One said: He rescued the flock,7Caleb rescued Israel by contradicting the report of the majority of the scouts and attempting to calm the Israelites. Had he not done so, their sin would have been even worse. and she rescued the shepherd.
Moses was called ten names: Yered, Ḥever, Yekutiel, Avi Gedor, Avi Sokho, Avi Zano’aḥ.8Literally, father of Gedor, father of Sokho, father of Zano’aḥ. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: Toviya is also his name. That is what is written: “She saw him that he was good [tov]” (Exodus 2:2) – that he was Toviya. Rabbi Yishmael bar Ami said: Shemaya is also his name. Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya came and explained this verse: “Shemaya son of Netanel the scribe [from the Levites] recorded them [before the king, the princes, Tzadok the priest, Aḥimelekh son of Evyatar, and the heads of the patrilineal houses of the priests and of the Levites]” (I Chronicles 24:6): “Shemaya” – because the Lord heard [shama Yah] his prayer. “Son of Netanel” – a son to whom the Torah was given [shenitena] from hand to hand. “The scribe” – because he was the scribe of Israel. “Levite” – because he was from the tribe of Levi. “Before the king and the princes” – before the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, and [before] His court. “Tzadok” – this is Aaron the priest. “Aḥimelekh” – because he was the brother [aḥ] of the king [melekh]. “Son of Evyatar” – because through him, the Holy One blessed be He overlooked [viter] for them the incident of the calf.9The midrash (Vayikra Rabba 10:3) asserts that Aaron’s involvement in the sin of the Golden Calf was undertaken so that the masses would not be directly involved, and that had they done so, their sin could not have been forgiven. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: Levite was also his name after the forebear of his family: “Is not Aaron the Levite your brother?” (Exodus 4:14).10Just as Aaron was called Levite after the founder of the tribe, Moses could also be called Levite (Etz Yosef). And Moses, that is ten. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: As you live, from all the names that you were called, I will call you only by the name that Bitya daughter of Pharaoh called you: “She called his name Moses” (Exodus 2:10). “He called to Moses.”
רַבִּי אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה סָבָא פָּתַח (תהלים פט, כ): אָז דִּבַּרְתָּ בְחָזוֹן לַחֲסִידֶיךָ וגו', מְדַבֵּר בְּאַבְרָהָם שֶׁנִּדְבַּר עִמּוֹ בְּדִבּוּר וּבְחָזוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית טו, א): אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה הָיָה דְבַר ה' אֶל אַבְרָם בַּמַּחֲזֶה לֵאמֹר. לַחֲסִידֶךָ (מיכה ז, כ): תִּתֵּן אֱמֶת לְיַעֲקֹב חֶסֶד לְאַבְרָהָם. (תהלים פט, כ): וַתֹּאמֶר שִׁוִּיתִי עֵזֶר עַל גִּבּוֹר, שֶׁהָרַג אַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים בְּלַיְלָה אֶחָד, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יד, טו): וַיֵּחָלֵק עֲלֵיהֶם לַיְלָה וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק וְכִי יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם רוֹדֵף הֲרוּגִים, דִּכְתִיב (שם): וַיַּכֵּם וַיִּרְדְּפֵם עַד חוֹבָה, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוֹרֵג וְאַבְרָהָם רוֹדֵף (תהלים פט, כ): הֲרִימוֹתִי בָחוּר מֵעָם, זֶה אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהָיָה בָּחוּר מֵהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחמיה ט, ז): אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתָּ בְּאַבְרָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז דִּבַּרְתָּ בְחָזוֹן לַחֲסִידֶיךָ, מְדַבֵּר בְּדָוִד שֶׁנִּדְבַּר עִמּוֹ בְּחָזוֹן וּבְדִבּוּר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב, ז, יז): כְּכֹל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וּכְכֹל הַחִזָּיוֹן הַזֶּה כֵּן דִּבֶּר נָתָן אֶל דָּוִד. לַחֲסִידֶיךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פו, ב): שָׁמְרָה נַפְשִׁי כִּי חָסִיד אָנִי. וַתֹּאמֶר שִׁוִּיתִי עֵזֶר עַל גִּבּוֹר, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִלְחָמוֹת עָשָׂה דָּוִד, וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי שְׁמוֹנָה עֶשְׂרֵה, וְלָא פְּלִיגֵי, מַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה לְצָרְכֵיהֶן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּמַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁמוֹנָה עֶשְׂרֵה, חָמֵשׁ לְצֹרֶךְ עַצְמוֹ שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה לְצָרְכֵיהֶן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. הֲרִימוֹתִי בָחוּר מֵעָם, זֶה דָּוִד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּבְחַר בְּדָוִד עַבְדּוֹ וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז דִּבַּרְתָּ בְחָזוֹן, זֶה משֶׁה, שֶׁנִּדְבַּר עִמּוֹ בְּדִבּוּר וּבְחָזוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יב, ח): פֶּה אֶל פֶּה אֲדַבֶּר בּוֹ וגו'. לַחֲסִידֶיךָ, שֶׁהָיָה מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג, ח): תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ חֲסִידֶךָ. וַתֹּאמֶר שִׁוִּיתִי עֵזֶר עַל גִּבּוֹר, אַתְיָא כִּי הַהִיא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָּשֶׁה לְאֶחָד נוֹחַ לִשְׁנַיִם, קָשֶׁה לִשְׁנַיִם נוֹחַ לְאַרְבָּעָה, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָּשֶׁה לְשִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא נוֹחַ לְאֶחָד, כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִין לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי וְאוֹמְרִים (דברים ה, כב): אִם יֹסְפִים אֲנַחְנוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ, וּמשֶׁה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר עַצְמוֹ וְחָיָה, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהוּא כֵן שֶׁמִּכֻּלָּם לֹא קָרָא הַדִּבּוּר אֶלָּא לְמשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, הֲרִימוֹתִי בָחוּר מֵעָם (תהלים קו, כג): לוּלֵי משֶׁה בְחִירוֹ.
Rabbi Avin began in the name of Rabbi Berekhya the Elder: “You then spoke in a vision to Your pious ones, [saying: I aided the mighty one; I raised the one chosen from the people]” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of Abraham, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision. That is what is written: “After these matters, the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision, saying” (Genesis 15:1). “To Your pious ones [laḥasidekha]” – “give truth to Jacob, kindness [ḥesed] to Abraham” (Micah 7:20). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” – as he killed four kings in one night. That is what is written: “He deployed against them at night…[and smote them and pursued them until Ḥova]” (Genesis 14:15). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Do you have a person who pursues the dead, as it is stated: “And smote them and pursued them until Ḥova”? Rather, it teaches that the Holy One blessed be He was killing and Abraham was pursuing. “I raised the one chosen from the people” – this is Abraham, who was chosen by the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Who has chosen Abram” (Nehemiah 9:7).
Another matter: “You then spoke in a vision to Your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of David, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision. That is what is written: “In accordance with all these matters, and in accordance with this entire vision, so Natan spoke to David” (II Samuel 7:17). “To Your pious ones [laḥasidekha]” – as it is stated: “Protect my soul, for I am pious [ḥasid]” (Psalms 86:2). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” (Psalms 89:20) – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: David waged thirteen wars, and the Rabbis say: Eighteen, and they do not disagree. The one who said thirteen, they were for the needs of Israel. The one who said eighteen, they were five for his own needs and thirteen for the needs of Israel. “I raised the one chosen from the people” (Psalms 89:20) – as it is stated: “He chose David His servant…” (Psalms 78:70).
Another matter: “You then spoke in a vision” (Psalms 89:20) – this is speaking of Moses, to whom He spoke with speech and in vision, as it is stated: “Mouth to mouth I will speak to him, [and a vision]” (Numbers 12:8). “To Your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20) – because he was from the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “Your Tummim and Your Urim for Your pious one” (Deuteronomy 33:8). “Saying: I aided the mighty one” (Psalms 89:20) – this accords with that which Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: The way of the world is that a burden that is difficult for one is easy for two; [one that is difficult] for two is easy for four. But can a burden that is difficult for six hundred thousand be easy for one? All of Israel was standing before Mount Sinai and saying: “If we continue to hear [the voice of the Lord our God any more, we will die]” (Deuteronomy 5:22), and Moses was hearing the voice of the divine speech himself, and he lived. Know that it is so, as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses, as it is stated: “He called to Moses.” “I raised the one chosen from the people” (Psalms 89:20) – as it is stated: “Were it not for Moses His chosen one” (Psalms 106:23).
רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי פָּתַר קְרָא (משלי כה, ז): כִּי טוֹב אֲמָר לְךָ עֲלֵה הֵנָּה מֵהַשְׁפִּילְךָ לִפְנֵי נָדִיב וגו', רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מַתְנֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן עֲזַאי, רְחַק מִמְּקוֹמְךָ שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלשָׁה מוֹשָׁבוֹת וְשֵׁב עַד שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לְךָ עֲלֵה, וְאַל תַּעֲלֶה שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לְךָ רֵד, מוּטָב שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לְךָ עֲלֵה עֲלֵה וְלֹא יֹאמְרוּ לְךָ רֵד רֵד. וְכֵן הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר הַשְׁפָּלָתִי הִיא הַגְבָּהָתִי, הַגְבָּהָתִי הִיא הַשְׁפָּלָתִי, מַה טַּעַם (תהלים קיג, ה ו): הַמַּגְבִּיהִי לָשָּׁבֶת הַמַּשְׁפִּילִי לִרְאוֹת, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, הָיָה מַסְתִּיר פָּנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ו): וַיַּסְתֵּר משֶׁה פָּנָיו וגו', אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שמות ג, י): לְכָה וְאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ אֶל פַּרְעֹה וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר ה"א בְּסוֹף תֵּיבוּתָא, לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם אֵין אַתָּה גּוֹאֲלָם אֵין אַחֵר גּוֹאֲלָם. בַּיָּם עָמַד לוֹ מִן הַצַּד, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שמות יד, טז): וְאַתָּה הָרֵם אֶת מַטְּךָ וּבְקָעֵהוּ, לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם אֵין אַתָּה בּוֹקְעוֹ אֵין אַחֵר בּוֹקְעוֹ. בְּסִינַי עָמַד לוֹ מִן הַצַּד, אָמַר לוֹ (שמות כד, א): עֲלֵה אֶל ה', לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם אֵין אַתָּה עוֹלֶה אֵין אַחֵר עוֹלֶה. בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד עָמַד לוֹ מִן הַצַּד, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַד מָתַי אַתָּה מַשְׁפִּיל עַצְמְךָ, אֵין הַשָּׁעָה מְצַפָּה אֶלָּא לָךְ, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהוּא כֵּן שֶׁמִּכֻּלָּן לֹא קָרָא הַדִּבּוּר אֶלָּא לְמשֶׁה, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin interpreted the verse in the name of Rabbi Levi: “As it is better that it should be said to you: Come up here, than that you be demeaned before a prince…” (Proverbs 25:7). Rabbi Akiva taught it in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Azai: Distance yourself two or three seats from your rightful place and sit until they say to you, ascend. But do not ascend, as they will say to you, descend.11It was common for people to be seated according to their prominence. It would be better to take a less prominent seat and then be told to move up to a more prominent seat, than to take a more prominent seat and risk being told to move down to a less prominent one. It is preferable that they say to you, ascend, ascend, and that they not say to you, descend, descend. Likewise, Hillel says: My lowering is my elevation; my elevation is my lowering. What is the source? “Who sits on High, who looks down to see” (Psalms 113:5–6).
You find that when the Holy One blessed be He revealed Himself to Moses from the midst of the bush, he concealed his face from Him, as it is stated: “Moses concealed his face…” (Exodus 3:6). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Go [lekha], and I will send you to Pharaoh, [and you will bring My people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt]” (Exodus 3:10). Rabbi Elazar said: There is a heh at the end of the word, to say that if you do not redeem them, no one else will redeem them.12Instead of the standard usage, lekh, meaning go, God said lekha, which can also mean “for you.” This was meant to indicate that Moses was the only one who could have fulfilled this mission.
At the sea, he stood off to the side. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “You, raise your staff…and split it” (Exodus 14:16), to say that if you do not split it no one else will split it.13Instead of saying just: Raise your staff…, God prefaced the command with the word “you,” meaning, you alone can do it. At Sinai, he stood off to the side. [God] said to him: “Ascend to God, [you]” (Exodus 24:1), to say that if you do not ascend, no one else will ascend. At the Tent of Meeting, he stood off to the side. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: Until when will you lower yourself? The hour is awaiting only you. Know that it is so, as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses: “He called to Moses.”
רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא פָּתַח (משלי כ, טו): יֵשׁ זָהָב וְרָב פְּנִינִים וּכְלִי יְקָר שִׂפְתֵי דָעַת, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם יֵשׁ לוֹ זָהָב וָכֶסֶף אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת וְכָל כְּלֵי חֶמְדָה שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, וְטוֹבָה וְדַעַת אֵין בּוֹ, מַה קְּנִיָּה יֵשׁ לוֹ, מַתְלָא אָמַר דֵּעָה קָנִיתָ מֶה חָסַרְתָּ, דֵּעָה חָסַרְתָּ מַה קָּנִיתָ. יֵשׁ זָהָב, הַכֹּל הֵבִיאוּ נִדְבָתָן לַמִּשְׁכָּן זָהָב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות כה, ג): וְזֹאת הַתְּרוּמָה וגו'. וְרָב פְּנִינִים, זוֹ נִדְבָתָן שֶׁל נְשִׂיאִים, דִּכְתִיב (שמות לה, כז): וְהַנְּשִׂאִם הֵבִיאוּ וגו', וּכְלִי יְקָר שִׂפְתֵי דָעַת, לְפִי שֶׁהָיְתָה נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה עֲגוּמָה עָלָיו, וְאָמַר הַכֹּל הֵבִיאוּ נִדְבָתָן לַמִּשְׁכָּן וַאֲנִי לֹא הֵבֵאתִי, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁדִּבּוּרְךָ חָבִיב עָלַי יוֹתֵר מִן הַכֹּל, שֶׁמִּכֻּלָּן לֹא קָרָא הַדִּבּוּר אֶלָּא לְמשֶׁה, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
Rabbi Tanḥuma began: “There is gold, and an abundance of gems, but lips of knowledge are a precious vessel” (Proverbs 20:15) – the way of the world is that a person who has gold, silver, jewels, gems, and all the objects of desire in the world, but he does not have goodness and wisdom, what acquisition does he have? The parable says: If you acquired knowledge what do you lack; if you lack knowledge, what have you acquired? “There is gold” – everyone brought his gift of gold to the Tabernacle. That is what is written: “This is the gift [you shall take from them: gold]” (Exodus 25:3). “An abundance of gems” – this is the gift of the princes, as it is stated: “The princes brought [the onyx stones and the stones for setting for the ephod and for the breast piece]” (Exodus 35:27). “But lips of knowledge are a precious vessel” – Moses’s soul was despondent, and he said: Everyone brought his gift offering for the Tabernacle, but I did not bring; so the Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘As you live, your speech is dearer to me than all of it,’ as from all of them, the divine speech called only to Moses: “He called to Moses.”
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, מַה כְּתִיב לְמַעְלָה מֵהָעִנְיָן פָּרָשַׁת מִשְׁכָּן, כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' אֶת משֶׁה, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁצִּוָּה אֶת עַבְדּוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ בְּנֵה לִי פָּלָטִין, עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁהָיָה בּוֹנֶה הָיָה כּוֹתֵב עָלָיו שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, וְהָיָה בּוֹנֶה כְּתָלִים וְכוֹתֵב עֲלֵיהֶן שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, הָיָה מַעֲמִיד עַמּוּדִים וְכוֹתֵב עֲלֵיהֶן שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, הָיָה מְקָרֶה בְּקוֹרוֹת וְהָיָה כוֹתֵב עֲלֵיהֶן שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ. לְיָמִים נִכְנַס הַמֶּלֶךְ לְתוֹךְ פָּלָטִין, עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁהָיָה מַבִּיט הָיָה מוֹצֵא שְׁמוֹ כָּתוּב עָלָיו, אָמַר כָּל הַכָּבוֹד הַזֶּה עָשָׂה לִי עַבְדִּי וַאֲנִי מִבִּפְנִים וְהוּא מִבַּחוּץ, קְרָאוֹ לוֹ שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים. כָּךְ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה עֲשֵׂה לִי מִשְׁכָּן, עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה הָיָה כּוֹתֵב עָלָיו, כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' אֶת משֶׁה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל הַכָּבוֹד הַזֶּה עָשָׂה לִי משֶׁה וַאֲנִי מִבִּפְנִים וְהוּא מִבַּחוּץ, קְרָאוֹ לוֹ שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
Another matter: “He called to Moses” – what is written previous to this matter? It is the portion of the Tabernacle, “as the Lord commanded Moses.”14This phrase appears frequently in Exodus chapter 39, the passage describing the construction of the Tabernacle (see, e.g., Exodus 39:1, 7, 21). This is analogous to a king who commanded his servant and said to him: ‘Build me a palace.’ On each and every item that he built, he would write the king’s name. He would build walls and write the king’s name on them. He would put up pillars and write the king’s name on them. He would install the ceiling beams and write the king’s name on them. Sometime later, the king entered the palace. On each and every item at which he would look, he would find his name written on it. He said: My servant accorded me all this honor, and I am inside and he is outside? He called him so that he would enter into its innermost chambers. So too, when the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Craft Me a Tabernacle,’ regarding each and every item he would construct, he would write: “As the Lord commanded Moses.” The Holy One blessed be He said: Moses accorded Me all this honor, and I am inside and he is outside? That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.
אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי נָתָן שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר צִוּוּיִים כָּתוּב בְּפָרָשַׁת מִשְׁכָּן כְּנֶגֶד שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה חוּלְיוֹת שֶׁבַּשִּׁדְרָה, וּכְנֶגְדָן קָבְעוּ חֲכָמִים שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה בְּרָכוֹת שֶׁבַּתְּפִלָּה, כְּנֶגֶד שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה הַזְכָּרוֹת שֶׁבִּקְרִיאַת שְׁמַע וּכְנֶגֶד שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה הַזְכָּרוֹת שֶׁבְּהָבוּ לַה' בְּנֵי אֵלִים (תהילים כ״ט:א׳,). אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא לְבַד מֵוְאִתּוֹ אָהֳלִיאָב בֶּן אֲחִיסָמָךְ לְמַטֵּה דָן (שמות לח, כג): וְעַד סוֹף סִפְרָא, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁנִּכְנַס בַּמְדִינָה וְעִמּוֹ דֻּכָּסִים וְאִפַּרְכִין וְאַסְטְרָטִלָטִין, וְאֵין הָעָם יוֹדְעִים אֵיזֶה מֵהֶם חָבִיב מִכֻּלָּם, אֶלָּא מִי שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ הוֹפֵךְ פָּנָיו וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ הוּא חָבִיב מִכֻּלָּן. כָּךְ (שמות כד, א): וְאֶל משֶׁה אָמַר עֲלֵה אַתָּה וְאַהֲרֹן נָדָב וַאֲבִיהוּא וְשִׁבְעִים זְקֵנִים, וְאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן חָבִיב מִכֻּלָּן, אֶלָּא מִי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַמְּדִינָה עִם מִי מְדַבֵּר תְּחִלָּה לֹא עִם אַגְרוֹנִימוֹן שֶׁל מְדִינָה, לָמָּה, שֶׁהוּא עָסֵק בְּחַיֶּיהָ שֶׁל מְדִינָה, כָּךְ משֶׁה עָסוּק בַּטַּרְחוּת שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לָהֶן זוֹ חַיָּה תֹּאכֵלוּ וְזוֹ לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ (ויקרא יא, ט): אֶת זֶה תֹּאכְלוּ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר בַּמָּיִם וגו' (ויקרא יא, יג): וְאֶת אֵלֶּה תְּשַׁקְצוּ מִן הָעוֹף, אֵלֶּה תְּשַׁקְּצוּ וְאֵלֶּה לֹא תְשַׁקֵּצוּ, (ויקרא יא, כט): וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא, זֶה טָמֵא וְזֶה אֵינוֹ טָמֵא, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Natan: Eighteen commands are written in the portion of the Tabernacle,15The phrase “as the Lord commanded Moses” appears eighteen times in Exodus chapter 39. corresponding to the eighteen vertebrae in the spine. Corresponding to them, the Sages instituted the eighteen blessings in the Amida prayer, corresponding [also] to the eighteen mentions of God’s name in the recitation of Shema, and corresponding to the eighteen mentions of God’s name in: “Give to the Lord, sons of the mighty” (Psalms 29:1). Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: Only from “With him was Oholiav son of Aḥisamakh, of the tribe of Dan” (Exodus 38:23) until the end of the book.16The eighteen mentions of God’s commands begin from Exodus 38:23. They do not include Exodus 38:22, which states: “Betzalel, son of Uri, son of Ḥur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses.”
This is analogous to a king who entered a city and with him were commanders, governors, and generals, and the people did not know which was most beloved of them all. The one to whom the king turns and speaks is the most beloved of them all. So too, “To Moses, He said: Ascend [to the Lord,] you and Aaron, Nadav and Avihu and seventy of the elders of Israel” (Exodus 24:1), but we do not know which of them was the most beloved of them all. It is, rather, the one whom the Holy One blessed be He calls and speaks with him. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”
This is analogous to a king who enters a city. With whom does he speak first? Is it not with the overseer of the city’s food markets? Why? Because he is occupied with the sustenance of the city. So too, Moses was occupied with the burdens of Israel. He said to them: ‘This animal you may eat, and that one you may not eat’: “This you shall eat from all that is in the water…” (Leviticus 11:9); “these you shall abominate from the birds” (Leviticus 11:13) – abominate these, do not abominate those; “this is impure to you” (Leviticus 11:29) – this is impure, that is not impure. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”
וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, וּלְאָדָם לֹא קָרָא, וַהֲלוֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (בראשית ג, ט): וַיִּקְרָא ה' אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָאָדָם, אֶלָּא אֵין גְּנַאי לַמֶּלֶךְ לְדַבֵּר עִם אֲרִיסוֹ. וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֵלָיו, וְעִם נֹחַ לֹא דִּבֵּר, וַהֲלוֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (בראשית ח, טו): וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל נֹחַ, אֶלָּא, אֵין גְּנַאי לַמֶּלֶךְ לְדַבֵּר עִם נַקְדוֹדוֹ. וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, וּלְאַבְרָהָם לֹא קָרָא (בראשית כב, טו): וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם. אֶלָּא, אֵין גְּנַאי לַמֶּלֶךְ לְדַבֵּר עִם פּוּנְדָקִי שֶׁלּוֹ. וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, וְלֹא כְּאַבְרָהָם, בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם, הַמַּלְאָךְ קוֹרֵא וְהַדִּבּוּר מְדַבֵּר, בְּרַם הָכָא אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי הוּא הַקּוֹרֵא וַאֲנִי הַמְדַבֵּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מח, טו): אֲנִי אֲנִי דִּבַּרְתִּי אַף קְרָאתִיו הֲבִיאֹתִיו וְהִצְלִיחַ דַּרְכּוֹ.
“He called to Moses” – did He not call to Adam?17The verse “He called to Moses” is understood to imply something unique about Moses, that God called to him without Moses actively seeking or preparing for prophecy. However, the Torah indicates that God similarly called out to Adam (Etz Yosef). Is it not already stated: “The Lord God called to the man” (Genesis 3:9)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his sharecropper.18Adam is compared to God’s sharecropper, because the verse states that God placed Adam in the Garden of Eden “to cultivate it and to safeguard it” (Genesis 2:15). “The Lord spoke to him” – did He not speak with Noah? Is it not already stated: “God spoke to Noah” (Genesis 8:15)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his shepherd. “He called to Moses” – did He not call to Abraham? Is it not already stated: “The angel of the Lord called to Abraham” (Genesis 22:15)? Rather, there is no disgrace in a king speaking to his innkeeper.
“He called to Moses” – unlike Abraham. Regarding Abraham it is written: “The angel of the Lord called to Abraham” (Genesis 22:15) – the angel called, and the divine speech spoke. However, here, Rabbi Avin said: The Holy One blessed be He said: It is I who calls, and it is I who speaks, as it is stated: “I, it is I, who has spoken, I also have called him; I brought him, and his way is successful” (Isaiah 48:15).
מֵאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְּנָה תּוֹרָה סְיָג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִסִּינַי, לֹא נֶעֶנְשׁוּ עָלֶיהָ עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁנֵית בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, מָשָׁל לִדְיוֹטַגְּמָא שֶׁהִיא כְתוּבָה וּמְחֻתֶּמֶת וְנִכְנְסָה לַמְּדִינָה, אֵין בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה נֶעֱנָשִׁים עָלֶיהָ עַד שֶׁתִּתְפָּרֵשׁ לָהֶם בַּדִּימוֹסְיָה שֶׁל מְדִינָה. כָּךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְּנָה תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִסִּינַי לֹא נֶעֶנְשׁוּ עָלֶיהָ עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁנֵית לָהֶם בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (שיר השירים ג, ד): עַד שֶׁהֲבֵיאתִיו אֶל בֵּית אִמִּי וְאֶל חֶדֶר הוֹרָתִי. אֶל בֵּית אִמִּי, זֶה סִינַי. וְאֶל חֶדֶר הוֹרָתִי, זֶה אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, שֶׁמִּשָּׁם נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּהוֹרָאָה.
“From the Tent of Meeting” – although the Torah was given as a fence from Sinai,19Some interpret this to mean that although the Israelites could not yet fully observe the commandments because they had not yet been explained, the very fact that the commandments had been given served to distinguish them and elevate them from the nations of the world, much like a fence marks off a given area (Etz Yosef). they were punished for [violating] it only after it was repeated at the Tent of Meeting. This is analogous to a writ of decree that was written and sealed, and it entered the province. The residents of the province will not be punished on its account until it is explained to them in the province’s public forum. So too, although the Torah was given to Israel in Sinai, they were punished for it only after it was repeated to them at the Tent of Meeting. That is what is written: “Until I brought him to my mother's house, and to the chamber of the one who conceived me” (Song of Songs 3:4). “To my mother's house” – this is Sinai. “And to the chamber of the one who conceived me” – this is the Tent of Meeting, as it was from there that Israel was commanded regarding the Torah’s rulings.
אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, אִלּוּ הָיוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם יוֹדְעִים מָה אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד יָפֶה לָהֶן, הָיוּ מַקִּיפִין אוֹתוֹ אָהֳלִיּוֹת וְקַסְטְרִיּוֹת, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁעַד שֶׁלֹּא הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן הָיוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם שׁוֹמְעִים קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר וְנִתְּרָזִים מִתּוֹךְ פָּנוּקְטֵיהוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (דברים ה, כג): כִּי מִי כָל בָּשָׂר אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע קוֹל אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן דּוּ פַּרְצוּפִין הָיָה הַדִּבּוּר יוֹצֵא, חַיִּים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְסַם הַמָּוֶת לְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (דברים ד, לג): כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ אַתָּה וַיֶּחִי, אַתְּ שָׁמַעְתָּ וְחָיִיתָ, וְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם שׁוֹמְעִים וּמֵתִים. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא מֵאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה הַקּוֹל נִפְסָק וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹצֵא חוּץ לְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Had the nations of the world known how beneficial the Tent of Meeting was for them, they would have surrounded it with encampments and fortifications. You find that until the Tabernacle was erected, the nations of the world would hear the sound of the divine speech and would be afflicted with diarrhea in their palaces.20The point is that the divine speech was so overpowering that those who heard it would lose control of their physical faculties. That is what is written: “For who of all flesh that heard the voice of the living God [speaking from the midst of the fire like us, has lived?]” (Deuteronomy 5:23). Rabbi Simon said: The speech would emerge with two natures, as an elixir of life for Israel and an elixir of death for the nations of the world. That is what is written: “[Has a people heard the voice of God…] as you heard, and lived?” (Deuteronomy 4:33). You heard and lived, but the nations of the world would hear and die. Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: “[The Lord spoke to him] from the Tent of Meeting” – this teaches that the voice would stop and would not emerge outside the Tent of Meeting.
אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק עַד שֶׁלֹּא הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן הָיְתָה נְבוּאָה מְצוּיָה בְּאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, מִשֶּׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן נִסְתַּלְּקָה מִבֵּינֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ג, ד): אֲחַזְתִּיו וְלֹא אַרְפֶּנּוּ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ הֲרֵי בִּלְעָם מִתְנַבֵּא, אָמַר לָהֶן לְטוֹבָתָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל נִתְנַבֵּא, (במדבר כג, י): מִי מָנָה עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב, (במדבר כג, כא): לֹא הִבִּיט אָוֶן בְּיַעֲקֹב, (במדבר כג, כג): כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב, (במדבר כד, ה): מַה טֹּבוּ אֹהָלֶיךָ יַעֲקֹב, (במדבר כד, יז): דָּרַךְ כּוֹכָב מִיַּעֲקֹב, (במדבר כד, יט): וְיֵרְדְּ מִיַּעֲקֹב.
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Until the Tabernacle was erected, prophecy was found among the nations of the world. When the Tabernacle was erected, it departed from their midst, as it is stated: “[When I found the one whom my soul loves,] I grasped him and would not release him” (Song of Songs 3:4). They said to him: But Bilam prophesied. He said to them: He prophesied for the benefit of Israel: “Who has counted the dust of Jacob” (Numbers 23:10); “One has seen no evil in Jacob” (Numbers 23:21); “For there is no divination in Jacob” (Numbers 23:23); “How goodly are your tents, Jacob” (Numbers 24:5); “a star rises from Jacob” (Numbers 24:17); “One from Jacob shall rule” (Numbers 24:19).
מַה בֵּין נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִנְבִיאֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי יִשָּׂשׂכָר דִּכְפַר מַנְדִּי, רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא אָמַר אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִגְלָה עַל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא בַּחֲצִי דִּבּוּר, כְּמָה דְּתֵימַר (במדבר כג, ד): וַיִּקָּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל בִּלְעָם, אֲבָל נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּדִּבּוּר שָׁלֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה. וְרַבִּי יִשָּׂשׂכָר דִּכְפַר מַנְדִּי אָמַר, כָּךְ יְהֵא שְׂכָרָן, אֵין לְשׁוֹן וַיִּקָּר אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן טֻמְאָה, כְּמָה דְּתֵימַר (דברים כג, יא): אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִהְיֶה טָהוֹר מִקְרֵה לָיְלָה, אֲבָל נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְשׁוֹן קְדֻשָּׁה בִּלְשׁוֹן טָהֳרָה בְּלָשׁוֹן בָּרוּר בַּלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁמַּלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת מְקַלְסִין בּוֹ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּמָה דְּתֵימַר (ישעיה ו, ג): וְקָרָא זֶה אֶל זֶה וְאָמַר. אָמַר רַבִּי אִלְעָאי בַּר מְנַחֵם, כְּתִיב (משלי טו, כט): רָחוֹק ה' מֵרְשָׁעִים, וּכְתִיב (משלי): וּתְפִלַּת צַדִּיקִים יִשְׁמָע. רָחוֹק ה' מֵרְשָׁעִים, אֵלּוּ נְבִיאֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וּתְפִלַּת צַדִּיקִים יִשְׁמָע, אֵלּוּ נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁאֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִגְלָה עַל הָאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא כְּאָדָם שֶׁבָּא מֵאֶרֶץ רְחוֹקָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימַר (ישעיה לט, ג): מֵאֶרֶץ רְחוֹקָה בָּאוּ אֵלָי, אֲבָל נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיָּד (בראשית יח, א): וַיֵּרָא. וַיִּקְרָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִגְלָה עַל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם פְּרוּשִׁים זֶה מִזֶּה, דִּכְתִיב (איוב ד, יג): בִּשְׂעִפִּים מֵחֶזְיוֹנוֹת לָיְלָה בִּנְפֹל וגו' (איוב ד, יב): וְאֵלַי דָּבָר יְגֻנָּב וגו', רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פַּפָּא וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פַּפָּא אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה הוּא וְאוֹהֲבוֹ בַּטְּרַקְלִין וּבֵינֵיהֶם וִילוֹן, כְּשֶׁהָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִם אוֹהֲבוֹ מְקַפֵּל אֶת הַוִּילוֹן עַד שֶׁרוֹאֵהוּ פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, אֲבָל לַאֲחֵרִים אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה כֵן אֶלָּא מְדַבֵּר עִמָּהֶם וּמְחִצַּת הַוִּילוֹן פְּרוּסָה וְאֵינָן רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אִשָּׁה וּפִילֶגֶשׁ, כְּשֶׁהוּא הוֹלֵךְ אֵצֶל אִשְׁתּוֹ הוֹלֵךְ בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא, וּכְשֶׁהוּא הוֹלֵךְ אֵצֶל פִּילַגְּשׁוֹ הוֹלֵךְ בְּמַטְמוֹנִים. כָּךְ אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִגְלָה עַל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כ, ג): וַיָּבֹא אֱלֹהִים אֶל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ בַּחֲלוֹם הַלָּיְלָה, (בראשית לא, כד): וַיָּבֹא אֱלֹהִים אֶל לָבָן הָאֲרַמִּי בַּחֲלֹם הַלָּיְלָה, (במדבר כב, כ): וַיָּבֹא אֱלֹהִים אֶל בִּלְעָם לַיְלָה. אֲבָל נְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּיּוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח, א): וְהוּא ישֵׁב פֶּתַח הָאֹהֶל כְּחֹם הַיּוֹם, (שמות ו, כח): וַיְהִי בְּיוֹם דִּבֶּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה, (במדבר ג, א): וְאֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת אַהֲרֹן וּמשֶׁה בְּיוֹם דִּבֶּר ה' אֶת משֶׁה וגו'.
What is the difference between prophets of Israel and prophets of the nations of the world? Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina and Rabbi Yisakhar of Kefar Mandi: Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: The Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world with only truncated speech, just as it says: “God happened [vayikar] upon Bilam” (Numbers 23:4). But [He communicates with] the prophets of Israel with complete speech, as it is stated: “He called [vayikra] to Moses.” Rabbi Yisakhar of Kefar Mandi said: So shall be their reward. Vayikar is an expression of nothing other than impurity, just as it says: “Who will not be pure due to a nocturnal incident [mikreh]” (Deuteronomy 23:11). But the prophets of Israel [receive prophecy] with an expression of sanctity, with an expression of purity, with an expression of clarity, with an expression with which the ministering angels laud the Holy One blessed be He, just as it says: “One called [vekara] to the other and said: [Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts]” (Isaiah 6:3).
Rabbi Ilai bar Menaḥem said: It is written: “The Lord is far from the wicked” (Proverbs 15:29), and it is written: “And He hears the prayer of the righteous” (Proverbs 15:29). “The Lord is far from the wicked” – these are the prophets of the nations of the world. “And He hears the prayer of the righteous” – these are the prophets of Israel. You find that the Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only like a man who came from a distance, just as it says: “From a distant land they came to me” (Isaiah 39:3). But the prophets of Israel, immediately: “[The Lord] appeared” (Genesis 18:1), “He called.”21God appears to the prophets of Israel immediately, whereas regarding prophecies to individuals from other nations the verse first states that God came to them, and only then states that he spoke with them. See Genesis 20:3, 31:24, and Numbers 22:20 (Rabbi David Luria).
Rabbi Yosei said: The Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only at night, at a time when people are separated from one another, as it is written: “In thoughts from visions of the night, [when slumber] falls” (Job 4:13), “a matter was smuggled to me…” (Job 4:12).
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and the Rabbis: Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: This is analogous to a king who was in a hall with his friend and there was a curtain between them. When he would speak with his friend, he would fold the curtain until he could see his friend face-to-face and speak with him. But for others, he would not do so; rather, he would speak to them with the curtain partition spread between them, and they could not see him. The Rabbis say: This is analogous to a king who had a wife and a concubine. When he would go to his wife, he would go in public, and when he would go to his concubine he would go clandestinely. So too, the Holy One blessed be He appears to the nations of the world only at night, as it is stated: “God came to Avimelekh in a nocturnal dream” (Genesis 20:3); “God came to Laban the Aramean in a nocturnal dream” (Genesis 31:24); “God came to Bilam at night” (Numbers 22:20). But [God appears] to the prophets of Israel by day, as it is stated: “[The Lord appeared to him…] and he was sitting at the entrance of his tent in the heat of the day” (Genesis 18:1); “it was on the day the Lord spoke to Moses” (Exodus 6:28); “this is the legacy of Aaron and Moses on the day the Lord spoke to Moses…” (Numbers 3:1).
מַה בֵּין משֶׁה לְכָל הַנְּבִיאִים, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי אִלְּעָאי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר מִתּוֹךְ תֵּשַׁע אִיסְפַּקְלַרְיוֹת הָיוּ הַנְּבִיאִים רוֹאִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל מג, ג): וּכְמַרְאֵה הַמַּרְאֶה אֲשֶׁר רָאִיתִי וגו', וּמשֶׁה רָאָה מִתּוֹךְ אִיסְפַּקְלַרְיָא אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יב, ח): וּמַרְאֶה וְלֹא בְחִידֹת. רַבָּנָן אָמְרִין כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים רָאוּ מִתּוֹךְ אִיסְפַּקְלַרְיָא מְלֻכְלֶכֶת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (הושע יב, יא): וְאָנֹכִי חָזוֹן הִרְבֵּיתִי וּבְיַד הַנְּבִיאִים אֲדַמֶּה, וּמשֶׁה רָאָה מִתּוֹךְ אִיסְפַּקְלַרְיָא מְצֻחְצַחַת, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יב, ח): וּתְמֻנַת ה' יַבִּיט. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁנִּגְלָה עַל בֶּן בֵּיתוֹ בָּאִיקוֹנִין שֶׁלּוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה שְׁכִינָה נִגְלֵית עַל הַיְּחִידִים, אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא (ישעיה מ, ה): וְנִגְלָה כְּבוֹד ה' וְרָאוּ כָל בָּשָׂר יַחְדָּו כִּי פִּי ה' דִּבֵּר.
What is the difference between Moses and all the [other] prophets? Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai and the Rabbis: Rabbi Yehuda says: The prophets would see through nine looking glasses. That is what is written: “The appearance of the vision that I saw [was like the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city; and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the Kevar River]” (Ezekiel 43:3).22The words appearance, vision, and saw appear a total of eight times, and in one of those instances the word visions appears in plural, for a total of nine. This alludes to the fact that the prophet saw his prophecy as though looking through nine layers of glass. Moses saw through one looking glass, as it is stated: “And a vision and not in riddles” (Numbers 12:8). The Rabbis said: All the prophets saw through a murky looking glass. That is what is written: “[I spoke to the prophets;] I proliferated visions and granted imagery to the prophets” (Hosea 12:11). Moses saw through a polished looking glass. That is what is written: “And a vision and not in riddles” (Numbers 12:8). Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya: This is analogous to a king who revealed himself to a member of his household in his image.23He allowed him to see the king without any intervening curtains. In this world, the Divine Presence appears only to individuals, but in the future: “The glory of the Lord will be revealed, and all flesh will see together that the mouth of the Lord has spoken” (Isaiah 40:5).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה וַיְדַבֵּר ה', מִכָּן אָמְרוּ כָּל תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ דַעַת, נְבֵלָה טוֹבָה הֵימֶנּוּ, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁכֵּן, צֵא וּלְמַד מִמּשֶׁה אֲבִי הַחָכְמָה, אֲבִי הַנְּבִיאִים, שֶׁהוֹצִיא יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם, וְעַל יָדוֹ נַעֲשׂוּ כַּמָּה נִסִּים בְּמִצְרַיִם וְנוֹרָאוֹת עַל יַם סוּף, וְעָלָה לִשְׁמֵי מָרוֹם וְהוֹרִיד תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְנִתְעַסֵּק בִּמְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְלֹא נִכְנַס לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים עַד שֶׁקָּרָא לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא א, א): וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה וַיְדַבֵּר, לְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות ג, ד): וַיַּרְא ה' כִּי סָר לִרְאוֹת וגו', בַּסְּנֶה הִפְסִיק אֵלָיו בֵּין קְרִיאָה לְדִבּוּר, בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אֵין כָּאן הַפְסָקָה. בַּסְּנֶה מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁכָּעַס עַל עַבְדּוֹ וְצִוָּה לְחָבְשׁוֹ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִין, כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַוֶּה אֶת הַשָּׁלִיחַ אֵינוֹ מְצַוֶּה אֶלָּא מִבַּחוּץ, אֲבָל בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד כְּשֶׁהוּא שָׂמֵחַ בְּבָנָיו וּבְנֵי בֵיתוֹ שְׂמֵחִים, כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַוֶּה אֶת הַשָּׁלִיחַ אֵינוֹ מְצַוֵּהוּ אֶלָּא מִבִּפְנִים, כְּמִי שֶׁהוּא מוֹשִׁיבוֹ בֵּין בִּרְכָּיו וּכְיַד אָדָם עַל בְּנוֹ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה,
Another matter: “He called to Moses, and the Lord spoke” – from here they said: Any Torah scholar who lacks sense, a carcass is better than he is. Know that it is so, and learn it from Moses, the father of wisdom, the father of the prophets, who took Israel out of Egypt. Through him numerous miracles were performed in Egypt and awe-inspiring acts at the Red Sea; he ascended to the heavens on High, brought down the Torah from heaven, engaged in the labor of the Tabernacle; but he did not enter into the innermost chambers24The Holy of Holies. until He called him, as it is stated: “He called to Moses, and [the Lord] spoke.” Elsewhere it is stated: “The Lord saw that he turned to see; [God called to him from the midst of the bush, and He said: Moses, Moses]” (Exodus 3:4). At the bush, there was an interruption between the call and the speech. In the Tent of Meeting there is no interruption. At the bush, to what is the matter comparable? To a king of flesh and blood who became angry at his servant and commanded that he be incarcerated in prison. When he commands the emissary [to free him], he commands him only outside.25He commands the emissary from afar, rather than calling the emissary in to him, because the incarcerated individual is not dear to the king. Similarly, Israel was incarcerated in Egypt, and God spoke to Moses from a distance. But in the Tent of Meeting [it is comparable to a king] when he rejoices in his children, and the members of his household are joyful. When He commands the emissary [regarding his children], he commands him only inside, as one who sits him between his knees, as a person would with his son. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses [and the Lord spoke to him].”