(Devarim 25:13) "There shall not be unto you in your pocket a stone and a stone, great and small": I might think that one should not make a litra, a half-litra, or a quarter-litra weight; it is, therefore, written "great and small" — a great weight which "falsifies" the small, i.e., he should not take with the great weight and return with the small, (giving the impression that he is using the same weight).
R. Akiva says: Whence is it derived that one should not keep a sela less than (the value of a shekel, or a dinar less than (the value of) a tarfik? From "There shall not be unto you." (Ibid. 14) "There shall not be unto you in your house a measure and a measure, great and small":
R. Yossi Berebbi says: If you have fulfilled (Ibid. 15) "A whole and just stone," then (Ibid.) "there shall be unto you" (i.e., you will prosper). And if you have transgressed (Ibid. 13) "A stone and a stone," then (Ibid.) "there shall not be unto you."
(Ibid. 14) "There shall not be unto you in your house a measure and a measure": I might think that one should not make a measure of a kav, a tarkav, a half-tarkav, and a quarter tarkav; it is, therefore, written "great and small" — a great which "falsifies" the small, i.e., he should not take (merchandise) with the great and return with the small, (giving the impression that he is using the same measure).
R. Akiva says: Whence is it derived that one should not keep an imperfect measure for use in his own home? From "There shall not be unto you in your house."
And whence is it derived that one should not be precise (in weighing) in a place where an "extra" is generally given (to the customer), and that one should not give an "extra" in a place where it is customary to be precise? From (Ibid. 15) "a just stone shall there be unto you."
And whence is it derived that if one said, in a place where it is customary to give an extra: I shall be precise (and deduct the amount of the "extra" from the price); or, in a place where it is customary to be precise: I shall give him an "extra" and deduct something from the price or add something to the price — Whence is it derived that he is not heeded? From "A whole and just stone shall there be unto you." And whence is it derived that (grain) is not heaped where it is the practice to strike it, and that it is not struck where it is the practice to heap it? From "a just ephah (measure) shall there be unto you." And whence is it derived that if one said, in a place where it is generally struck: I shall heap it and add to the price; or, in a place where it is generally heaped: I shall strike it and deduct from the price — Whence is it derived that he is not heeded? From "a whole and just measure shall there be unto you."
Variantly: "and just shall there be unto you": From here it was ruled: The wholesaler should clean the vessels once in thirty days, and the private person, once a year, (so that past adhesions not falsify the weight.) R. Shimon b. Gamliel says: Just the opposite. A shopkeeper cleans his measure twice a week (For a shopkeeper is not required to "drip" three drops as a wholesaler and a homemaker are, and residue remains in the vessel and sticks to it), and he wipes his weights (i.e., he cleans the stones of his scales with which he measures wet things) once a week. And he cleans his scales for every weighing.
"shall there be unto you": Appoint a market commissioner to this end. R. Elazar b. Chananiah b. Chizkiah b. Gurion says: It is written (Ezekiel 46:11) ("the meal-offering,) an ephah (measure) for a bull and an ephah for a ram." Now is the measure for a bull and a ram and a sheep the same? We are hereby apprised that both the large ephah and the small ephah are called "ephah."
(דברים כה יג) לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ בְּכִיסְךָ אֶבֶן וָאָבֶן, יָכוֹל לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה לִיטְרָא וַחֲצִי לִיטְרָא וּרְבִיעַ לִיטְרָא? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: גְּדוֹלָה וּקְטַנָּה, גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁהִיא מַכְחֶשֶׁת אֶת הַקְּטַנָּה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא נוֹטֵל בַּגְּדוֹלָה וּמַחֲזִיר בַּקְּטַנָּה.
(Devarim 25:13) "There shall not be unto you in your pocket a stone and a stone, great and small": I might think that one should not make a litra, a half-litra, or a quarter-litra weight; it is, therefore, written "great and small" — a great weight which "falsifies" the small, i.e., he should not take with the great weight and return with the small, (giving the impression that he is using the same weight).
רַבִּי עֲקִיבָה אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂים סֶלַע פָּחוּת מִשֶּׁקֶל וְלֹא דִּינָר פָּחוּת מִטַּרְפָּעִיקָא? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ.
R. Akiva says: Whence is it derived that one should not keep a sela less than (the value of a shekel, or a dinar less than (the value of) a tarfik? From "There shall not be unto you." (Ibid. 14) "There shall not be unto you in your house a measure and a measure, great and small":
רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אִם קִיַּמְתָּ, הֲרֵי הוּא בְּלֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ.
R. Yossi Berebbi says: If you have fulfilled (Ibid. 15) "A whole and just stone," then (Ibid.) "there shall be unto you" (i.e., you will prosper). And if you have transgressed (Ibid. 13) "A stone and a stone," then (Ibid.) "there shall not be unto you."
(דברים כה יד) לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ בְּבֵיתְךָ אֵיפָה וְאֵיפָה, יָכוֹל לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה תַּרְקָב וַחֲצִי תַּרְקָב וּרְבִיעַ תַּרְקָב? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: גְּדוֹלָה וּקְטַנָּה, גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁהִיא מַכְחֶשֶׁת אֶת הַקְּטַנָּה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא נוֹטֵל בַּגְּדוֹלָה וּמַחֲזִיר בַּקְּטַנָּה.
(Ibid. 14) "There shall not be unto you in your house a measure and a measure": I might think that one should not make a measure of a kav, a tarkav, a half-tarkav, and a quarter tarkav; it is, therefore, written "great and small" — a great which "falsifies" the small, i.e., he should not take (merchandise) with the great and return with the small, (giving the impression that he is using the same measure).
רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם מִדָּה בַּת אַרְבַּעַת קַבִּים לִהְיוֹת מוֹדֵד בָּהּ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ.
R. Akiva says: Whence is it derived that one should not keep an imperfect measure for use in his own home? From "There shall not be unto you in your house."
מִנַּיִן שֶׁאֵין מְעַיְּנִים בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁמַּכְרִיעִים וְאֵין מַכְרִיעִים בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁמְּעַיְּנִים? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה. יָכוֹל אֲפִלּוּ אָמַר הֲרֵינִי מְעַיֵּן בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁמַּכְרִיעִים לִפְחוֹת לוֹ מִן הַדָּמִים אוֹ לְהַכְרִיעַ בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁמְּעַיְּנִים לְהוֹסִיף לוֹ עַל הַדָּמִים? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וָצֶדֶק יִהְיֶה לָּךְ.
And whence is it derived that one should not be precise (in weighing) in a place where an "extra" is generally given (to the customer), and that one should not give an "extra" in a place where it is customary to be precise? From (Ibid. 15) "a just stone shall there be unto you."
מִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יִגְדּוֹשׁ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁמּוֹחֲקִים וְלֹא יִמְחוֹק בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁגּוֹדְשִׁים? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה. יָכוֹל אִם אָמַר הֲרֵינִי מוֹחֵק בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁגּוֹדְשִׁים עַל מְנָת לִפְחוֹת לוֹ מִן הַדָּמִים, אוֹ הֲרֵינִי גּוֹדֵשׁ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁמּוֹחֲקִים עַל מְנָת לְהוֹסִיף לוֹ עַל הַדָּמִים, שֶׁאֵין שׁוֹמְעִים לוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: וָצֶדֶק יִהְיֶה לָּךְ.
And whence is it derived that if one said, in a place where it is customary to give an extra: I shall be precise (and deduct the amount of the "extra" from the price); or, in a place where it is customary to be precise: I shall give him an "extra" and deduct something from the price or add something to the price — Whence is it derived that he is not heeded? From "A whole and just stone shall there be unto you." And whence is it derived that (grain) is not heaped where it is the practice to strike it, and that it is not struck where it is the practice to heap it? From "a just ephah (measure) shall there be unto you." And whence is it derived that if one said, in a place where it is generally struck: I shall heap it and add to the price; or, in a place where it is generally heaped: I shall strike it and deduct from the price — Whence is it derived that he is not heeded? From "a whole and just measure shall there be unto you."
יִהְיֶה לָּךְ, מַנֵּה אַגְרוֹנוֹמוֹס עַל כָּךְ, מִכָּן אָמְרוּ: הַסִּיטוֹן מְקַנֵּחַ מִדּוֹתָיו אַחַת לִשְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם, וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת אַחַת לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ וְכוּ׳ מַתְנִי׳
Variantly: "and just shall there be unto you": From here it was ruled: The wholesaler should clean the vessels once in thirty days, and the private person, once a year, (so that past adhesions not falsify the weight.) R. Shimon b. Gamliel says: Just the opposite. A shopkeeper cleans his measure twice a week (For a shopkeeper is not required to "drip" three drops as a wholesaler and a homemaker are, and residue remains in the vessel and sticks to it), and he wipes his weights (i.e., he cleans the stones of his scales with which he measures wet things) once a week. And he cleans his scales for every weighing.
אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חֲנַנְיָה בֶּן חִזְקִיָּה בֶּן גָּרוֹן אוֹמֵר: הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (יחזקאל מו יא): ״אֵיפָה לַפָּר וְאֵיפָה לָאַיִל וְאֵיפָה לַכֶּבֶשׂ״, וְכִי מִדַּת פָּרִים וְאֵילִים וּכְבָשִׂים אַחַת הִיא? וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (במדבר כט ג): ״שְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים לַפָּר וּשְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים לָאַיִל וְעִשָּׂרוֹן אֶחָד לַכֶּבֶשׂ״! אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁאֵיפָה גְּדוֹלָה וְאֵיפָה קְטַנָּה קְרוּיָה אֵיפָה.
"shall there be unto you": Appoint a market commissioner to this end. R. Elazar b. Chananiah b. Chizkiah b. Gurion says: It is written (Ezekiel 46:11) ("the meal-offering,) an ephah (measure) for a bull and an ephah for a ram." Now is the measure for a bull and a ram and a sheep the same? We are hereby apprised that both the large ephah and the small ephah are called "ephah."